What is a voiceless alveolar affricate?

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a classification of consonantal sound produced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, which is the gum line just behind the upper teeth. This category encompasses several distinct sounds that differ perceptually.

What is the most common type of voiceless alveolar affricate, and what is its typical IPA representation?

The most common type is the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, which is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) as [t͡s] (or [t͡s] with a specific diacritic, or historically as [ts]). This sound is similar to the 'ts' sound found in English words like 'cats'.

What IPA symbol is used for the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate?

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is represented in the IPA using symbols such as [t͡θ] or [t͡θ̬] (using the Extended IPA) and is described as being somewhat similar to the 'th' sound in certain pronunciations of the English word 'eighth'.

In which languages can the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate be found?

The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate, represented by the IPA symbol [t͡ɬ], is found in languages such as Cherokee, Mexican Spanish, and Nahuatl.

What is a characteristic of the voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate?

The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate, also known as apico-alveolar or grave, produces a weak hushing sound that is reminiscent of retroflex affricates. It is found in languages like Basque, where it contrasts with a non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

What is the primary manner of articulation for a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate?

The primary manner of articulation for a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is described as a 'sibilant affricate'. This means the sound is produced by first completely stopping the airflow and then releasing it through a narrow channel, creating high-frequency turbulence, similar to a hissing sound.

How is the stop component of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate articulated?

The stop component of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is articulated as a 'laminal alveolar' sound. This means it is produced using the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the gum line behind the upper teeth.

What are the three specific variants of the fricative component for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate?

The three specific variants of the fricative component for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate are: dentalized laminal alveolar, non-retracted alveolar (which can be apical or laminal), and retracted alveolar (which can also be apical or laminal).

How is the dentalized laminal alveolar variant of the fricative component described?

The dentalized laminal alveolar variant, often called 'dental', is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, while the tongue tip rests behind the lower front teeth. This position creates a very strong hissing effect.

What distinguishes the non-retracted alveolar variant of the fricative component?

The non-retracted alveolar variant is articulated with either the tip (apical) or the blade (laminal) of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, without being significantly retracted or advanced.

What is characteristic of the retracted alveolar variant of the fricative component?

The retracted alveolar variant is articulated with the tongue tip or blade positioned slightly behind the alveolar ridge. Acoustically, this variant is similar to postalveolar or retroflex affricates.

What does 'phonation is voiceless' mean for this consonant sound?

When a consonant's phonation is described as 'voiceless', it means the sound is produced without vibration of the vocal cords. In some languages, the vocal cords are actively separated to ensure this, while in others, they are lax, allowing the sound to potentially adopt voicing from adjacent sounds.

What is the airstream mechanism for producing a voiceless alveolar affricate?

The airstream mechanism for producing a voiceless alveolar affricate is 'pulmonic egressive'. This means the sound is articulated by expelling air from the lungs using the intercostal and abdominal muscles, which is the most common mechanism for speech sounds.

In which major language families is the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate commonly found?

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is found in many Indo-European languages, including a significant number of Slavic languages, as well as in languages from other families like Mongolian and Sino-Tibetan.

Can you list some Indo-European languages that feature the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate?

Yes, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is present in languages such as German, Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, and Georgian.

Which East Asian languages include the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate?

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is found in Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, and Cantonese.

What are some international auxiliary languages that incorporate the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate?

Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua are international auxiliary languages that include the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate.

In German, what word exemplifies the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what are its phonetic characteristics?

The German word 'Zeit' (meaning 'time') exemplifies the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate. The fricative component in its pronunciation can vary between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal, and non-retracted apical articulations.

What is the IPA representation and meaning of the Italian word 'grazia'?

The Italian word 'grazia', meaning 'grace', contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate. Its IPA transcription is [ˈɡrat͡sja], and the fricative component can vary between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical articulations, with the latter being denti-alveolar.

How is the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate realized in Eastern Armenian, and what word is used as an example?

In Eastern Armenian, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is exemplified by the word 'canc' (meaning 'net'), which has an IPA pronunciation of [t͡sʰanˈt͡sʰ]. This sound contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in Basque, and how does it contrast?

In Basque, the word 'hots' (meaning 'sound') features a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate with the IPA [ot͡s]. This sound contrasts with a sibilant affricate that has an apical fricative component.

What word in Mandarin Chinese contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what is its IPA?

The Mandarin Chinese word 'zǎocān' (早ān), meaning 'breakfast', contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate. Its pronunciation is transcribed as [t͡sɑoʊ˨˩t͡sɑn], and it contrasts with an aspirated form.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in Cantonese, and what word is used as an example?

In Cantonese, the word 'zou2 caan1' (早ān), meaning 'breakfast', features the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate. Its IPA is /t͡souʇ˥t͡sʀaːn/.

In Hungarian, what word exemplifies the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what is its IPA?

The Hungarian word 'cica' (kitten) contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, with the IPA pronunciation [ˈt͡sit͡sɒ]. This demonstrates the sound's presence in the language.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in Kashmiri, and what word is used as an example?

The Kashmiri word 'cás' (cough), written as ژاس in the Perso-Arabic script, is pronounced with a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡saːs].

In Kazakh, where does the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate typically appear?

In Kazakh, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate typically appears in loanwords borrowed from Russian, such as in the word 'investitsiya' (investment), which is pronounced [investit͡səja].

In Pashto, what word exemplifies the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what is its IPA?

The Pashto word 'śalor' (four), written as څلور, is pronounced with a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡salˈlor].

In Romanian, what word contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what is its IPA?

The Romanian word 'preț' (price) contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [pret͡s]. This sound is a standard realization in Romanian.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in Serbo-Croatian, and what word is used as an example?

In Serbo-Croatian, the word 'cilj' (target), written as циљ in Cyrillic, is pronounced with a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡silj]. The script also uses ڄیڵ for this sound.

In Slovene, what word contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, and what is its IPA?

The Slovene word 'cvet' (bloom) contains the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡svɛːt]. This demonstrates the sound's presence in the language.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in Tyap, and what word is used as an example?

The Tyap word 'tsa' (to begin) is pronounced with a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡sa]. This indicates the presence of the sound in the Tyap language.

What are the defining features of the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate?

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is characterized by its manner of articulation as an affricate (stopping airflow then releasing through a constricted channel), its place of articulation as alveolar (using the tongue tip or blade against the alveolar ridge), and its voiceless phonation (produced without vocal cord vibration).

In which languages is the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate found?

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is found in some dialects of Italian, specifically Sicilian dialects, and in certain varieties of English, such as General American and Received Pronunciation, often as a realization of the /tr/ consonant cluster.

What is the IPA representation for the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate in Sicilian Italian, and what word is it found in?

In Sicilian dialects of Italian, the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is found in words like 'straniero' (foreign), where the /tr/ sequence can be realized as [t͡s̩̊ɹ̝̊]. This realization can be apical and may also be a sequence of [t] and [s] or [θ].

How is the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate realized in General American English, and in what context?

In General American English, the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate, represented as [t͡sʷɪi], can be a phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/, as in the word 'tree'. This is often described as postalveolar in nature.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate in Received Pronunciation English, and in what word does it appear?

In Received Pronunciation English, the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡sɪi], can occur in the word 'tree' as a realization of the /tr/ cluster. This pronunciation is often described as postalveolar.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in English (Cockney), and in what word does it appear?

In broad Cockney English, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate can be found in the word 'tea', transcribed as [t͡səˑi]. This sound can be a word-initial, intervocalic, or word-final allophone of /t/.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in English (New York City), and in what context?

In New York City English, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡si], can be a syllable-initial or sometimes utterance-final allophone of /t/, as heard in the word 'tea'.

What is the IPA for the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate in English (New Zealand), and in what context?

In New Zealand English, the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡si], can be a word-initial allophone of /t/, as heard in the word 'tea'.

Voiceless Alveolar Affricate Wiki: Phonetic Frontiers: The Voiceless Alveolar Affricate Explored

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Introduction to the Sound

Defining the Affricate

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a class of consonantal sounds produced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This classification encompasses several distinct sounds with notable perceptual differences, rather than a single, uniform sound.

Classification Overview

The primary types include:

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate ([t͡s]), the most common variant, akin to the 'ts' in English 'cats'.
The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate ([t͡θ]), which bears resemblance to the 'th' in English 'eighth' and is found in certain dialects.
The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate ([t͡ɬ]), present in languages like Cherokee and Nahuatl.
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate ([t͡s˭]), characterized by a subtle hushing sound, found in languages such as Basque.

This document will primarily focus on the sibilant and non-sibilant varieties.

The Sibilant Variant

Characteristics of [t͡s]

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate, transcribed as [t͡s] or [t͡s] in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), is the most prevalent form. It is produced by initiating a stop consonant ([t]) followed by releasing the air through a narrow channel, creating a high-frequency turbulent noise characteristic of a sibilant fricative ([s]).

This sound is formed with the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge, creating a strong hissing effect. It is a common phoneme across many Indo-European languages, including German, Russian, Polish, and many others, as well as in languages like Japanese and Mandarin Chinese.

Global Presence

The [t͡s] sound is remarkably widespread, appearing in a vast array of languages globally. Its presence spans continents and language families, highlighting its significance in human phonology. Examples include:

European Languages: German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Latvian, Romanian, Portuguese, Spanish.
Asian Languages: Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, Nepali, Tamil, Telugu, Uzbek.
Other: Armenian, Belarusian, Georgian.

Its prevalence makes it a cornerstone of phonetic study.

The Non-Sibilant Variant

Characteristics of [t͡θ]

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate, often transcribed as [t͡θ] or [t͡θ] using Extended IPA symbols, is characterized by a less intense, more breathy fricative release compared to its sibilant counterpart. It is articulated with the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge, but the airflow is less focused, resulting in a weaker turbulent sound.

This sound is perceptually similar to the 'th' in certain pronunciations of English 'eighth'. It is notably found as a regional realization of the /tr/ sequence in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

Regional Occurrence

While less common globally than the sibilant variant, the non-sibilant alveolar affricate holds significance in specific linguistic contexts. Its presence is often tied to particular dialectal features, such as its occurrence in Sicilian Italian, where it represents an allophonic variation of the /tr/ cluster.

Key Phonetic Features

Place and Manner

Place of Articulation: Alveolar. This means the sound is produced with the tongue tip or blade against the alveolar ridge, the bony ridge behind the upper front teeth.

Manner of Articulation: Affricate. This involves a complete stoppage of airflow followed by a slow release through a narrow constriction, creating turbulence. Specifically, it is a sibilant affricate if the turbulence is characterized by a hissing sound, or non-sibilant if the release is more breathy or less hissy.

Phonation and Airflow

Phonation: Voiceless. The vocal cords are held apart, so there is no vibration during the production of the sound.

Airstream Mechanism: Pulmonic Egressive. Air is expelled from the lungs, a common mechanism for most speech sounds.

Oral/Central: It is an oral consonant, with air escaping through the mouth, and a central consonant, with airflow directed along the center of the tongue.

Articulatory Variants

The fricative component of the alveolar affricate can vary:

Dentalized Laminal Alveolar: Articulated very close to the upper front teeth, with a strong hissing effect.
Non-retracted Alveolar: Produced with the tip or blade at the alveolar ridge, termed apical or laminal respectively.
Retracted Alveolar: Articulated slightly behind the alveolar ridge, acoustically closer to postalveolar or retroflex sounds.

These subtle differences contribute to the distinct phonetic profiles of the sound in various languages.

Occurrence Across Languages

Sibilant Affricate ([t͡s])

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a frequent sound in many languages. Its distribution is extensive, appearing in words across diverse linguistic families.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning
German	Zeit	[t͡säit]	'time'
Italian	grazia	[ˈɡrat͡sja]	'grace'
Polish	co	[t͡sɔ]	'what'
Russian	царь (tsar')	[t͡sarʲ]	'Tsar'
Japanese	津波 (tsunami)	[t͡sɯnami]	'Tsunami'
Mandarin Chinese	早餐 (zǎocān)	[tsɑu̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰan⁵⁵]	'breakfast'

Non-Sibilant Affricate ([t͡θ])

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate is less common and often appears as a dialectal variation, particularly in the context of the /tr/ sequence.

Language	Region/Dialect	Word	IPA	Meaning
Italian	Sicilian dialects	straniero	[st͡θaniero]	'foreign'
English	General American (as allophone of /tr/)	tree	[t͡sɹi] or [t͡θɹi]	'tree'

IPA Consonant Chart

Visualizing Consonants

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) provides a comprehensive system for transcribing speech sounds. The consonant chart systematically organizes sounds based on their place and manner of articulation, as well as their phonation.

International Phonetic Alphabet ((chart))

Consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̥	ɱ		n̼	n̪̥	n̪	n͇̥	n	n̠̥	n̠	ɳ̥	ɳ	ɲ̥	ɲ	ŋ̥	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	p̼	b̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	g	q	ɢ	ʔ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪͡s̪	d̪͡z̪	t͡s	d͡z	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʈ͡ʂ	ɖ͡ʐ	t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	p͡β	b͡β	p͡f	b͡v			t͡θ	d͡ð	t͡θ	d͡ð	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʈ͡ʂ	ɖ͡ʐ	t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
Sibilant fricative					s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð	θ	ð	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ	ɻ	ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ			ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ		ʋ			ɾ	ɾ		ɹ	ɽ	ɽ						ʀ		ʔ
Trill	ʙ	ʙ							r	r		r	ɽ	ɽ					ʀ	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate							t͡ɬ	d͡ɮ		t͡ꞎ	d͡ꞎ	c͡ʎ̥	ɟ͡ʎ	k͡xʟ̥	g͡ɣʟ
Lateral fricative					ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ		ꞎ	ꞎ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ
Lateral approximant					l̪	l	l		l	ɭ	ɭ	ʎ	ʎ	ʟ	ʟ		ʟ
Lateral tap/flap						ʟ	ʟ		ʟ	ʟ		ʎ		ʟ
Implosive	ƥ	ɓ				ɗ	ʄ	ʄ	ʄ	ɠ	q	ʔ
Ejective	pʼ			tʼ	t͡ʃʼ	ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
Click	ʘ		ǀ	ǃ	ǂ	𝼊	ǁ
Lateral click	ʘ			ǁ
Nasal click	ᵑʘ			ᵑǃ	ᵑǂ	ᵑ𝼊	ᵑǁ
Pharyngeal	ħ	ʕ	ħ	ʕ	ʔ	ʔ	ʜ	ʢ	ʡ
Glottal	ʔ		h	ɦ
IPA help audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

Nasal

n̼

Labial–alveolar

ɳ̼

Labial–retroflex

ŋ̼

Labial–velar

Plosive

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

ʈ͡p

ɖ͡b

Labial–retroflex

k͡p

g͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

q͡p

Labial–uvular

Fricative/approximant

ç

j

Labialized palatal

x

w

Labialized velar

ɧ

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

ɫ

Velarized alveolar

Implosive

ɠ

Labial–velar

Ejective

t͡pʼ

Labial–alveolar

Ejective

t͡pʼ

Labial–alveolar

IPA help
full chart
template

Study Aids

Flashcards

Reinforce your understanding of phonetic terms and examples with interactive flashcards. Test your knowledge of IPA symbols, places of articulation, and language-specific occurrences.

Knowledge Check

Test Your Comprehension

Assess your grasp of the voiceless alveolar affricate and its related concepts with a targeted quiz. This will help solidify your learning and identify areas for further review.

Academic Sources

Cited Works

The information presented here is drawn from established academic and linguistic resources. Please refer to the placeholder below for a comprehensive list of sources used in the generation of this content.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Voiceless Alveolar Affricate" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about voiceless_alveolar_affricate while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

harlem globetrotters

ludger st ühlmeyer

gloucestershire old spots

1996 baltimore orioles season

new zealand football championship

japanese canadians

References

Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)

Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Voiceless alveolar affricate Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional linguistic advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for expert phonetic or linguistic consultation. Always refer to primary academic sources and consult with qualified linguists or phoneticians for specific research or analytical needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Phonetic Frontiers: The Voiceless Alveolar Affricate Explored

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction to the Sound ℹ️

🗣️ Defining the Affricate

🔬 Classification Overview

The Sibilant Variant 🔊

🎶 Characteristics of [t͡s]

🌍 Global Presence

The Non-Sibilant Variant 💨

🌬️ Characteristics of [t͡θ]

🗺️ Regional Occurrence

Key Phonetic Features ⚙️

📍 Place and Manner

🔊 Phonation and Airflow

🎛️ Articulatory Variants

Occurrence Across Languages 🌐

📊 Sibilant Affricate ([t͡s])

📈 Non-Sibilant Affricate ([t͡θ])

IPA Consonant Chart 🗃️

🗺️ Visualizing Consonants

Study Aids 📚

🃏 Flashcards

Knowledge Check ❓

🧠 Test Your Comprehension

Academic Sources 🔗

📜 Cited Works

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction to the Sound

Defining the Affricate

Classification Overview

The Sibilant Variant

Characteristics of [t͡s]

Global Presence

The Non-Sibilant Variant

Characteristics of [t͡θ]

Regional Occurrence

Key Phonetic Features

Place and Manner

Phonation and Airflow

Articulatory Variants

Occurrence Across Languages

Sibilant Affricate ([t͡s])

Non-Sibilant Affricate ([t͡θ])

IPA Consonant Chart

Visualizing Consonants

Study Aids

Flashcards

Knowledge Check

Test Your Comprehension

Academic Sources

Cited Works

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice