What is the West Bank and where is it geographically located?

The West Bank is a landlocked territory situated on the western bank of the Jordan River. It is the larger of the two Palestinian territories, the other being the Gaza Strip, and is located in the Levant region of West Asia, near the Mediterranean Sea coast. It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east, and by Israel to the south, west, and north.

What is the current political and legal status of the West Bank?

Since 1967, the West Bank has been under Israeli occupation. While claimed by the State of Palestine and partially administered by the Palestinian National Authority in Areas A and B, it is considered occupied territory under international law. The international community, including the UN Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and the International Committee of the Red Cross, refers to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as occupied Palestinian territory.

How did the West Bank emerge as a distinct territory?

The territory emerged following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Initially, it was occupied and subsequently annexed by Jordan in 1950, being named the 'West Bank'. This annexation was recognized only by a few countries, including the United Kingdom and Iraq. The territory was then occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.

What were the key outcomes of the Oslo Accords regarding the administration of the West Bank?

The Oslo Accords, signed in the mid-1990s, divided the West Bank into three administrative areas: Area A, Area B, and Area C. Area A is under full Palestinian National Authority (PNA) civil administration, Area B is under joint Israeli-Palestinian military and Palestinian civil control, and Area C, comprising about 60% of the West Bank, remains under full Israeli control. These accords aimed to establish a framework for Palestinian self-governance but did not result in a final status agreement for Area C.

What are the primary languages spoken in the West Bank?

The common languages spoken in the West Bank are Arabic and Hebrew. Arabic is the primary language of the Palestinian population, while Hebrew is spoken by the Israeli population, including settlers.

What are the main religions present in the West Bank?

The West Bank is religiously diverse, with Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Samaritanism all having a significant presence. Many of the most important holy sites for these religions are located within the territory.

What is the total land area of the West Bank?

The West Bank has a land area of approximately 5,655 square kilometers (2,183 square miles). This area constitutes about 21.2% of the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, excluding Jordan.

What was the population of the West Bank according to the 2021 estimate?

According to a 2021 estimate, the population of the West Bank was approximately 2,949,246 people. This figure includes both Palestinian residents and Israeli settlers living in the territory.

What currencies are used in the West Bank?

The currencies used in the West Bank are the Israeli shekel (ILS) and the Jordanian dinar (JOD). Both are accepted as legal tender within the territory.

What are the time zones observed in the West Bank?

The West Bank observes Palestine Standard Time (PST), which is UTC+2, and Palestine Summer Time (PST), which is UTC+3 during daylight saving time.

What is the Arabic name for the West Bank, and what does it signify?

The Arabic name for the West Bank is 'ad-Daffah al-Gharbiyyah', which translates to 'the western bank'. This name signifies its geographical location on the western side of the Jordan River.

How is the West Bank referred to in Hebrew, and what are the common terms used?

In Hebrew, the territory is sometimes referred to as 'Hagada HaMa'aravit', meaning 'the western bank'. However, it is more commonly known as 'Yehuda VeShomron', which translates to 'Judea and Samaria'.

What does the term 'Cisjordan' mean, and in which languages is it typically used?

Cisjordan is a neo-Latin term that literally means 'on this side of the River Jordan'. It is the usual name for the territory in Romance languages such as Spanish ('Cisjordania'), French ('Cisjordanie'), and Italian ('Cisgiordania'), as well as in some other languages like Hungarian ('Ciszjordánia').

What was the status of the West Bank during the Ottoman period?

From 1517 to 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under Ottoman rule as part of Ottoman Syria. During the early Ottoman period, parts of the northern West Bank were administered by the Turabay dynasty, a semi-autonomous polity.

What role did the San Remo conference play in the history of the West Bank?

At the 1920 San Remo conference, the victorious Allies of World War I allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine. This decision incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and laid the groundwork for the British Mandate's administration of the territory from 1920 to 1948.

How did the UN Partition Plan of 1947 propose to divide the territory that includes the West Bank?

The UN Partition Plan for Palestine recommended dividing the British Mandate into a Jewish state, an Arab state, and an internationally administered enclave for Jerusalem. The plan assigned the hill country of Samaria and Judea, which constitutes the modern-day West Bank, to the proposed Arab state.

What was the significance of the 1949 Armistice Agreements concerning the West Bank?

The 1949 Armistice Agreements established the interim boundary between Israel and Jordan, reflecting the military situation after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. This boundary essentially delineated the territory that would later be known as the West Bank.

What was the economic situation in the West Bank during Jordanian rule (1948-1967)?

During Jordanian rule, agriculture was the primary economic activity, with the West Bank holding half of Jordan's agricultural land. While tourism played a role, investment in the area was somewhat neglected, and the Jordanian dinar was the legal tender. The economy was significantly impacted by the subsequent Israeli occupation after 1967.

How did Israel administer the West Bank after the Six-Day War in 1967?

Following the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Except for East Jerusalem, which was effectively annexed, the West Bank was not annexed by Israel but remained under Israeli military control until 1982. Direct military rule was later transformed into a semi-civil authority under the Ministry of Defense.

What is the status of Israeli settlements in the West Bank according to international law?

The international community, including the United Nations and the International Court of Justice, considers all Israeli settlements in the West Bank to be illegal under international law. This is primarily based on Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits the transfer of an occupying power's population into occupied territories.

What is the significance of Area C within the West Bank?

Area C constitutes approximately 61% of the West Bank's land area and is under full Israeli control. It contains all Israeli settlements, roads connecting them, buffer zones, and most of the Jordan Valley and Judean Desert. This area holds significant resources, including arable land and water springs, crucial for developing a viable Palestinian state.

What impact has the West Bank barrier had on Palestinian movement and the economy?

The West Bank barrier, a complex system of fences and walls, has been criticized for severely restricting Palestinian livelihoods and freedom of movement. Opponents argue it illegally annexes Palestinian land and fragments communities, hindering economic activity. The World Bank has estimated that restrictions on movement cost the West Bank economy hundreds of millions of dollars annually.

How is the West Bank divided administratively by the Palestinian Authority?

Following the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority. These governorates are named after major cities and serve as administrative divisions for the Palestinian population.

What are the major population centers in the West Bank?

The most densely populated areas are located along a mountainous spine running north-south, containing cities like Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Jenin, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Yattah. Israeli settlements such as Ariel, Ma'ale Adumim, and Beitar Illit are also significant population centers. Ramallah serves as a key economic and political hub for Palestinians.

What is the religious composition of the West Bank's population?

The population of the West Bank is predominantly Muslim, making up 80-85% of residents, primarily Sunni. Jewish residents constitute about 12-14%, while Christians and others make up the remaining 1-2.5%.

What is the state of education in the West Bank?

There are seven universities operating in the West Bank, including Bethlehem University, Birzeit University, and An-Najah National University. Palestinian universities have contributed to a high level of education among the population, with a literacy rate of 94.6% reported in 2009. However, student bodies are often politically active, and universities have faced closures due to political activities.

What are the economic consequences of the Israeli occupation on the West Bank?

The Israeli occupation has led to significant economic consequences for the West Bank, including restrictions on trade, movement, and access to resources like land and water. These restrictions hinder Palestinian economic development, particularly in Area C, and contribute to high unemployment rates and economic depression. The World Bank estimates that lifting these restrictions could significantly boost the Palestinian GDP and employment.

How are water resources managed and distributed in the West Bank?

Water resource management in the West Bank is a contentious issue, with Amnesty International highlighting a stark disparity in water access between Palestinians and Israeli settlers. Israeli policies are criticized for discriminatory practices, leading to situations where settlements use significantly more water per capita than neighboring Palestinian communities, who struggle to meet basic needs. Israeli settlers have also reportedly seized Palestinian wells.

What issues arise from Israeli garbage disposal practices in the West Bank?

Israel has been accused of using the West Bank as a 'sacrifice zone' for waste disposal, operating treatment plants under less stringent regulations than those in Israel. These facilities handle materials like sewage sludge and medical waste, potentially endangering the mountain aquifer. Furthermore, the allocation and treatment of wastewater are unequal, with Palestinian wastewater often untreated while settlement wastewater is managed with greater resources.

What is the impact of Israeli resource extraction policies on the Palestinian economy in the West Bank?

Israel's virtual ban on issuing permits for Palestinian quarries in Area C costs the Palestinian economy millions of dollars annually. While international law dictates that an occupying power should not deplete the assets of occupied territories and that usufruct must benefit the occupied population, Israeli settlements operate numerous quarries, selling most of their materials to Israel and paying royalties to the Israeli military government. This limits the economic potential for Palestinians.

How has the occupation affected Palestinian cultural property and identity?

The Israeli occupation has been linked to the disappearance of Palestinian cultural patrimony through the confiscation of resources, such as the Palestine Archaeological Museum and its library. Personal losses also occur through the ransacking of homes. These changes have contributed to a profound shift in Palestinian identity, fostering a sense of a 'lost paradise' prior to the 1967 conquest.

What challenges does tourism face in the West Bank due to the occupation?

Despite the presence of significant religious sites attractive to tourists, tourism in the Palestinian territories faces challenges due to Israeli control over access points, road systems, checkpoints, and obstacles. This limits Palestinian access to areas like the Dead Sea and hinders the development of Palestinian-managed tourism, with a large portion of tourist revenue reportedly going to Israel. Israeli itineraries often focus predominantly on Jewish history.

What is the demographic situation regarding Palestinian refugees in the West Bank?

In 2008, approximately 30% of the West Bank's Palestinian population, numbering around 754,263 individuals, were identified as refugees or descendants of refugees who were displaced from areas that became part of Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, according to UNRWA statistics.

How has the population distribution changed in Area C of the West Bank between Palestinians and Israelis since 1967?

Since the Israeli occupation began in 1967, the Palestinian population in the Jordan Valley, much of which is in Area C, has significantly decreased due to Israeli demolition of homes and prevention of new construction. Conversely, the Jewish population in Area C has grown substantially, from 1,200 to an estimated 310,000 during a similar period.

What is the role of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) regarding demographic data?

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) conducts official censuses and surveys, such as the household environmental survey, to gather demographic and socioeconomic data. However, discrepancies have been noted between PCBS projections and other data sources, such as first-grade enrollment statistics, raising questions about growth assumptions.

What is the significance of the Israeli Civil Administration's population figures for the West Bank?

The Israeli Civil Administration provides population figures for Palestinians in the West Bank, such as the estimate of 2,657,029 as of May 2012. These figures are part of the ongoing demographic data collection and analysis related to the territory.

What is the general public opinion in the West Bank regarding the Israeli presence?

The Palestinian public opinion generally opposes the Israeli military and settler presence in the West Bank, viewing it as a violation of their right to statehood and sovereignty. This opposition is a central element of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

What is the economic condition of the Palestinian territories in the early 21st century?

The economy of the Palestinian territories has been described as chronically depressed in the early 21st century, with unemployment rates consistently exceeding 20% since the year 2000. This economic hardship is attributed to various factors, including Israeli restrictions and internal Palestinian political divisions.

What is the total length of roadways in the West Bank and Gaza Strip combined?

As of 2010, the combined total length of roadways in the West Bank and Gaza Strip was 4,686 kilometers (2,912 miles).

How do roads in the West Bank affect Israeli settlers versus Palestinians?

It has been observed that for Jewish settlers, roads serve to connect communities, while for Palestinians, they often function as separators. The construction of bypass roads, often on appropriated land, has been criticized for fragmenting Palestinian areas and limiting Palestinian access to their own land and resources.

What impact do checkpoints and barriers have on Palestinian movement and daily life?

Checkpoints, embankments, concrete slabs, and barriers significantly impede Palestinian movement, leading to long travel times and fragmenting townships into isolated enclaves. This affects access to work, education, healthcare, and family, contributing to economic hardship and uncertainty. The confiscation of Palestinian identity cards at checkpoints is also a reported issue.

What are the reported impacts of movement restrictions on Palestinian healthcare access?

Movement restrictions and delays caused by checkpoints have reportedly impacted healthcare access for Palestinians. For instance, the UNFPA estimated that 20% of pregnant women in the West Bank were unable to reach prenatal care due to these difficulties, with some forced to give birth roadside.

What is the economic cost of movement restrictions in the West Bank, according to the World Bank?

The World Bank has estimated that the additional costs arising from longer travel times due to movement restrictions in the West Bank amount to approximately USD 185 million per year. Earlier calculations suggested that restrictions on the Palestinian labor market cost the West Bank around US$229 million annually, negatively impacting the local economy and hindering stability and growth.

What is the significance of Area C for Palestinian economic development?

Area C, which constitutes about 61% of the West Bank and is under full Israeli control, contains vital resources like arable land, water springs, and quarries. Israeli restrictions on Palestinian development and resource extraction in Area C significantly hinder economic growth and the potential for establishing a viable Palestinian state.

What is the international legal stance on Israeli settlements in the West Bank?

The international consensus, supported by numerous UN resolutions and rulings by the International Court of Justice, is that Israeli settlements in the West Bank are illegal under international law. These settlements are considered a violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.

What is the role of the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)?

The Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established by presidential decree in 1995 to manage water resources and implement water policy within the Palestinian territories. Its mandate includes overseeing water infrastructure development and ensuring access to water for the population.

What are the reported issues concerning wastewater treatment in the West Bank?

Significant issues exist regarding wastewater treatment in the West Bank, with a large portion of wastewater originating from Israeli settlements and Jerusalem. While settlements often have adequate treatment facilities, Palestinian communities frequently face inadequate or non-existent wastewater treatment, leading to environmental and health concerns. The development of Palestinian wastewater infrastructure has also been hampered by Israeli restrictions and military operations.

How does Israel's resource extraction policy in Area C affect Palestinians?

Israel's policy of restricting Palestinian access to quarries and mineral resources in Area C significantly impacts the Palestinian economy, costing an estimated US$241 million per year. While international law suggests that resources of occupied territories should benefit the occupied population, Israel licenses settlement quarries that primarily serve the Israeli market, limiting Palestinian economic autonomy.

What has been the impact of the Israeli occupation on Palestinian cultural heritage?

The Israeli occupation has reportedly led to the loss of Palestinian cultural heritage through actions such as the confiscation of archaeological resources, including the Palestine Archaeological Museum and its library. Additionally, the ransacking of homes and looting of valuables have contributed to the erosion of cultural property and Palestinian identity.

What is the significance of the Dead Sea coastline for the West Bank economy?

The West Bank's Dead Sea coastline represents a potential area for tourism development, similar to that in Jordan and Israel. However, Israeli restrictions have limited Palestinian access and infrastructure development, preventing the realization of potential jobs and economic value-added inputs estimated at $126 million annually.

West Bank Wiki: The West Bank: A Geopolitical Crossroads

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Nomenclature and Terminology

"West Bank"

The designation "West Bank" originates from its geographical position on the western side of the Jordan River. This term emerged following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when Jordan annexed the territory west of the river, distinguishing it from the "East Bank" (Transjordan). While widely used in English and other Germanic languages, its adoption signifies a specific historical and political context.

"Cisjordan"

In Romance languages and others, the term "Cisjordan" (derived from Latin, meaning "on this side of the Jordan") is commonly employed. This nomenclature reflects a similar geographical reference point but is utilized across a different linguistic spectrum, highlighting the varied terminologies used to describe the region.

Hebrew Designations

Within Hebrew discourse, the territory is often referred to as "Judea and Samaria" (יהודה ושומרון, Yehuda VeShomron). This naming convention draws upon ancient biblical and historical associations with these regions, reflecting a distinct perspective on the territory's historical and cultural significance.

Historical Trajectory

Ottoman and Mandate Eras

From 1517 to 1917, the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. Following World War I, it became integral to the British Mandate for Palestine (1920-1948). The 1947 UN Partition Plan proposed this area as part of a future Arab state, a proposal that was not universally accepted.

Jordanian Annexation (1948-1967)

Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan occupied and subsequently annexed the territory in 1950, naming it the "West Bank." This annexation was recognized by only a few nations. Palestinians in the West Bank were granted Jordanian citizenship, participating in its political and economic life.

Israeli Occupation (1967-Present)

The Six-Day War in 1967 led to Israel's occupation of the West Bank. Since then, the territory has remained under Israeli military administration, with East Jerusalem being effectively annexed by Israel in 1980. The Oslo Accords in the mid-1990s introduced a division into Areas A, B, and C, altering the administrative and security arrangements.

Geographical and Climatic Context

Area and Terrain

The West Bank encompasses approximately 5,640 square kilometers (2,178 sq mi), constituting about 21.2% of the territory of Mandatory Palestine. The terrain is predominantly rugged and dissected upland, with elevations ranging from the Dead Sea's lowest point to the Judaean Mountains. It is landlocked, bordering Jordan and Israel.

Water Resources

The region includes about 220 km² of water area, notably the northwestern quarter of the Dead Sea. The highlands serve as a critical recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers, highlighting the interconnectedness of water resources.

Climate Characteristics

The climate is predominantly Mediterranean, characterized by cooler, wetter conditions in elevated western areas and drier, hotter conditions in the eastern Judaean Desert and Dead Sea region. Rainfall varies significantly across the territory.

Governance and Legal Status

Political Administration

The Oslo Accords established a division of the West Bank into three administrative areas: Area A (full Palestinian Authority control), Area B (Palestinian civil control, joint Israeli-Palestinian security), and Area C (full Israeli control, comprising about 60% of the territory). This division results in fragmented Palestinian governance and significant Israeli oversight.

International Legal Perspective

The international community, including the UN, ICJ, and EU, largely regards the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as occupied Palestinian territory. International law, particularly the Fourth Geneva Convention, prohibits settlement activity in occupied territories. The ICJ has affirmed the illegality of Israel's occupation and associated practices, including racial segregation and apartheid.

Israeli Settlements and Area C

Area C, under full Israeli control, contains the majority of the West Bank's land resources and all Israeli settlements. These settlements, numbering over 130 (excluding East Jerusalem), are considered illegal under international law by most nations. Israeli civil law is applied within these settlements.

Economic Conditions and Challenges

Economic Impact of Occupation

The Palestinian economy in the West Bank is characterized by chronic depression, with high unemployment rates. Israeli restrictions on movement, access to resources in Area C, and control over trade significantly hinder Palestinian economic development, stability, and growth, as noted by World Bank reports.

Restrictions and Development

Movement restrictions, checkpoints, and the West Bank barrier fragment Palestinian communities and impede access to essential services and markets. The inability of the Palestinian Authority to develop infrastructure in Area C further constrains economic potential and perpetuates dependency.

Labor and Trade

Palestinian labor often commutes to Israel for employment, contributing to remittances but also creating internal labor scarcity. Israeli protectionist policies have historically distorted trade relations, leading to a high degree of import dependency on Israel and limiting Palestinian commercial autonomy.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Road Networks and Restrictions

Road systems in the West Bank are characterized by restrictions that often separate Palestinian communities. Bypass roads, checkpoints, and physical barriers significantly impede Palestinian freedom of movement, impacting daily life, access to employment, and essential services. The World Bank estimates substantial economic costs due to these movement restrictions.

The West Bank Barrier

The Israeli West Bank barrier, a complex system of fences and walls, runs largely along the 1949 Green Line but deviates into the West Bank to encompass Israeli settlements. While Israel cites security concerns, opponents argue it facilitates annexation, violates international law, and severely restricts Palestinian movement and economic activity.

Infrastructure Status

The region's infrastructure includes limited rail plans, a closed airport (Atarot), and key crossing points to Jordan (Allenby Bridge). Palestinian transportation and communication services are provided by Palestinian companies, but are subject to Israeli regulations and control, particularly concerning movement and development in Area C.

Public Opinion and Perspectives

Palestinian Views

Palestinian public opinion overwhelmingly opposes the Israeli military and settler presence, viewing it as an infringement on their right to self-determination and sovereignty. There is a strong desire for an independent Palestinian state encompassing the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Israeli Perspectives

Israeli public opinion is divided. Significant segments support withdrawal and peaceful coexistence based on a two-state solution ("land for peace"). Others advocate for maintaining a military presence, partial annexation, or full assimilation of the Palestinian population, with demographic concerns often cited as a factor in policy considerations.

International Consensus

The broader international community largely supports a two-state solution and views Israeli settlements in the West Bank as illegal under international law. UN resolutions and international court rulings consistently affirm the status of the West Bank as occupied territory.

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References

According to Mansour, the population stood at 803,600,[37]

It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be incorrect; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261â263.

George Washington University. Law School (2005). The George Washington international law review. George Washington University. p. 390. Retrieved 21 December 2010. Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank

Armstrong, Karen. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996. p. 387.

Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy

Gorenberg, Gershom. "The Accidental Empire". New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2006. p. 99.

A full list of references for this article are available at the West Bank Wikipedia page

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This document has been generated by an AI, synthesizing information from publicly available data. It is intended for academic and informational purposes, providing a structured overview of the West Bank's complex geopolitical, historical, and administrative landscape. The content is based on the provided source material and aims for accuracy within that context.

This is not professional advice. The information presented does not constitute legal, political, or historical consultation. Given the sensitive and multifaceted nature of the subject matter, readers are strongly encouraged to consult primary sources, academic research, and official documentation for comprehensive and nuanced understanding. The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The West Bank: A Geopolitical Crossroads

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Nomenclature and Terminology 🏷️

🗺️ "West Bank"

📜 "Cisjordan"

🔠 Hebrew Designations

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🕌 Ottoman and Mandate Eras

🇯🇴 Jordanian Annexation (1948-1967)

🇮🇱 Israeli Occupation (1967-Present)

Geographical and Climatic Context 🌍

📏 Area and Terrain

💧 Water Resources

☀️ Climate Characteristics

Governance and Legal Status ⚖️

🤝 Political Administration

🏛️ International Legal Perspective

🏠 Israeli Settlements and Area C

Economic Conditions and Challenges 💰

📉 Economic Impact of Occupation

🚧 Restrictions and Development

📈 Labor and Trade

Transportation and Infrastructure 🛣️

🚗 Road Networks and Restrictions

🧱 The West Bank Barrier

✈️ Infrastructure Status

Public Opinion and Perspectives 🗣️

🇵🇸 Palestinian Views

🇮🇱 Israeli Perspectives

🌍 International Consensus

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Nomenclature and Terminology

"West Bank"

"Cisjordan"

Hebrew Designations

Historical Trajectory

Ottoman and Mandate Eras

Jordanian Annexation (1948-1967)

Israeli Occupation (1967-Present)

Geographical and Climatic Context

Area and Terrain

Water Resources

Climate Characteristics

Governance and Legal Status

Political Administration

International Legal Perspective

Israeli Settlements and Area C

Economic Conditions and Challenges

Economic Impact of Occupation

Restrictions and Development

Labor and Trade

Transportation and Infrastructure

Road Networks and Restrictions

The West Bank Barrier

Infrastructure Status

Public Opinion and Perspectives

Palestinian Views

Israeli Perspectives

International Consensus

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice