What is the scientific name of the White-backed woodpecker?

The scientific name of the White-backed woodpecker is *Dendrocopos leucotos*. This binomial nomenclature classifies it within the genus *Dendrocopos*, which is part of the woodpecker family, Picidae.

What is the conservation status of the White-backed woodpecker according to the IUCN Red List?

The White-backed woodpecker is classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN Red List, based on version 3.1 of their assessment. This designation indicates that the species is not currently considered threatened with extinction.

What is the etymological origin of the specific epithet *leucotos*?

The specific epithet *leucotos* is derived from Classical Greek, combining the words *leukos*, meaning "white," and *-nōtos*, meaning "-backed." This name directly refers to a prominent physical characteristic of the bird.

Where is the type locality for the White-backed woodpecker?

The type locality for the White-backed woodpecker is Silesia, a historical region that is now predominantly located in Poland. The type locality is the geographical area from which the species was first scientifically described.

Which genus was introduced by Carl Ludwig Koch, and when?

The genus *Dendrocopos* was introduced by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816. The White-backed woodpecker is currently placed within this genus.

How many subspecies of the White-backed woodpecker are recognized in the provided text?

The article recognizes twelve subspecies of the White-backed woodpecker. These subspecies are distributed across various geographical regions within Eurasia.

Which subspecies of the White-backed woodpecker is sometimes considered a distinct species, and what is its common name?

The subspecies *D. l. owstoni*, found on Amami Ōshima Island, is sometimes considered a distinct species known as the Amami woodpecker. This highlights potential taxonomic distinctions within the species complex.

How does the White-backed woodpecker's size compare to other spotted woodpeckers in the western Palearctic?

The White-backed woodpecker is the largest among the spotted woodpeckers found in the western Palearctic region. It typically measures between 24 to 26 centimeters in length with a wingspan of 38 to 40 centimeters.

What are the key plumage differences between the White-backed woodpecker and the great spotted woodpecker?

While sharing similarities, the White-backed woodpecker is distinguished from the great spotted woodpecker by having white bars across its wings rather than spots, and a white lower back. These markings are key identification features.

How do the male and female White-backed woodpeckers differ in their plumage?

The primary plumage difference between the sexes is the color of the crown: the male White-backed woodpecker has a red crown, while the female has a black crown. This is a common characteristic of sexual dimorphism in birds.

What are the characteristic vocalizations of the White-backed woodpecker?

The White-backed woodpecker's vocalizations include a soft call described as 'kiuk' and a longer call identified as 'kweek'. Male woodpeckers also produce very loud drumming sounds.

Where is the nominate race, *D. l. leucotos*, distributed?

The nominate race, *D. l. leucotos*, is widespread across Eurasia, ranging from north, central, and eastern Europe to northeast Asia, including Korea and Sakhalin. This subspecies covers the most extensive geographical area.

What is the geographical range of the subspecies *D. l. lilfordi*?

The subspecies *D. l. lilfordi* is found from the Pyrenees eastward through Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia. It also occurs in the Balkans and Turkey.

What type of habitat does the White-backed woodpecker require to thrive?

The White-backed woodpecker requires large tracts of mature deciduous forests that contain a high amount of standing and lying dead wood. This specific habitat provides essential resources for its survival, including nesting sites and food.

What has been the population trend of the White-backed woodpecker in the Nordic countries?

The population of the White-backed woodpecker has experienced a decline in the Nordic countries. This trend has led to specific conservation efforts being implemented.

What conservation measure has the Swedish government implemented for the White-backed woodpecker?

Due to its population decline in Sweden, the Swedish government has enacted protection for the White-backed woodpecker as part of its national Biodiversity Action Plan. This action underscores the species' conservation status in the region.

How does the White-backed woodpecker construct its nest, and what are the typical dimensions of the nest hole?

During the breeding season, the White-backed woodpecker excavates a nest hole in a decaying tree trunk. The hole is typically about 7 centimeters wide and 30 centimeters deep.

How many eggs does a White-backed woodpecker typically lay, and what is the incubation period?

A White-backed woodpecker usually lays three to five white eggs. The incubation period for these eggs lasts between 10 and 11 days.

What constitutes the primary diet of the White-backed woodpecker?

The White-backed woodpecker primarily feeds on wood-boring beetles and their larvae. Its diet also includes other insects, nuts, seeds, and berries.

What is the typical lifespan of a White-backed woodpecker in its natural habitat?

In the wild, the White-backed woodpecker typically survives for a period of three to four years. This lifespan is influenced by various environmental factors and predation.

What is the approximate lifespan of a White-backed woodpecker when kept in captivity?

When kept in captivity, White-backed woodpeckers have been observed to survive for approximately eleven years. This is significantly longer than their typical lifespan in the wild.

What is the taxonomic classification of the White-backed woodpecker from Kingdom to Species?

The White-backed woodpecker's taxonomic classification is: Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Aves, Order: Piciformes, Family: Picidae, Genus: *Dendrocopos*, and Species: *Dendrocopos leucotos*. This hierarchical structure places it within the broader animal kingdom and specifically within the woodpecker family.

What information is conveyed by the distribution maps shown for the White-backed woodpecker?

The distribution maps illustrate the geographical areas where the White-backed woodpecker can be found, including a general map of Eurasia and a more specific map detailing its range within Europe and western Asia. These maps are crucial for understanding its habitat spread.

What is the purpose of the 'Authority control' section in the article?

The 'Authority control' section provides links to various databases and catalogs that help in uniquely identifying and managing information about the White-backed woodpecker. This ensures consistency and facilitates access to related data from different sources.

What are some of the taxonomic identifiers listed for the White-backed woodpecker?

The article lists numerous taxonomic identifiers, including links to Wikidata, Wikispecies, Avibase, BioLib, BirdLife, BOLD, Birds of the World (BOW), Catalogue of Life (CoL), eBird, EUNIS, EURING, Fauna Europaea, GBIF, iNaturalist, IRMNG, ITIS, IUCN, NBN, NCBI, Observation.org, Open Tree of Life, and Paleobiology Database. These identifiers serve as unique references across different biological information systems.

What is the significance of the reference to *Picus leucotos* by Bechstein in 1802?

The reference to *Picus leucotos* by Bechstein in 1802 is significant because it marks the initial scientific description and naming of the White-backed woodpecker. This foundational taxonomic work established its scientific identity.

What kind of information does the *Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names* provide regarding the White-backed woodpecker?

The *Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names* by James A. Jobling, cited in the article, provides the etymological meanings of scientific bird names. For the White-backed woodpecker, it explains the origin of its specific epithet, *leucotos*, as meaning 'white-backed'.

What role does the *Check-List of Birds of the World* play in the classification of the White-backed woodpecker?

The *Check-List of Birds of the World*, edited by James Lee Peters, is cited as a source for the species' classification, including its placement and specific page number within the publication. Such checklists are vital for standardizing avian taxonomy.

What information does the *IOC World Bird List* provide about the White-backed woodpecker?

The *IOC World Bird List* provides an authoritative classification and checklist of bird species. For the White-backed woodpecker, it confirms its placement within the genus *Dendrocopos* and provides version details for its classification.

What is the significance of the 2016 BirdLife International reference concerning *Dendrocopos owstoni*?

The 2016 BirdLife International reference for *Dendrocopos owstoni* pertains to its conservation status, listing it as a distinct species. This citation highlights potential taxonomic discussions or classifications regarding this particular subspecies.

What is the purpose of citing *The Birds of the Western Palearctic* in the article?

Citing *The Birds of the Western Palearctic* serves as a reference for detailed descriptions of bird species found in that geographical area, including the White-backed woodpecker. This comprehensive work likely offers in-depth information on its characteristics and behavior.

What does the mention of Gerard Gorman's book 'Woodpeckers of Europe' suggest?

The mention of Gerard Gorman's book in the 'Further reading' section suggests it is a valuable resource for readers seeking more in-depth information about woodpeckers, including the White-backed woodpecker. It likely provides a comprehensive study of the European Picidae family.

What kind of information is typically available through the Avibase external link for the White-backed woodpecker?

The external link to Avibase provides access to a comprehensive database of bird information. For the White-backed woodpecker, this would likely include details on its taxonomy, distribution, and other relevant data.

What are the specific geographical locations for the subspecies *D. l. uralensis*?

The subspecies *D. l. uralensis* is located in the region stretching from the west Ural Mountains eastward to Lake Baikal. This subspecies occupies a significant portion of the Siberian territory.

Which Japanese islands are associated with the subspecies *D. l. subcirris* and *D. l. stejnegeri*?

The subspecies *D. l. subcirris* is found on Hokkaido, Japan's northernmost main island. The subspecies *D. l. stejnegeri* inhabits northern Honshū, another major island of Japan.

What are the distribution areas for the subspecies *D. l. namiyei*, *D. l. takahashii*, and *D. l. quelpartensis*?

The subspecies *D. l. namiyei* is found on the southern Japanese islands of Honshū, Kyushu, and Shikoku. *D. l. takahashii* is located on Ulleungdo Island, off the coast of eastern Korea, and *D. l. quelpartensis* resides on Jeju Island, also off the coast of South Korea.

Where is the subspecies *D. l. owstoni* found, and what is its notable taxonomic consideration?

The subspecies *D. l. owstoni* is found on Amami Ōshima Island in the northern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. It is notable because it is sometimes considered a distinct species, referred to as the Amami woodpecker.

What regions of China are inhabited by the subspecies *D. l. tangi* and *D. l. fohkiensis*?

The subspecies *D. l. tangi* is found in Sichuan province in western China, while *D. l. fohkiensis* inhabits the mountains of Fujian province in southeast China. These subspecies represent the species' presence in different parts of China.

What is the geographical location of the subspecies *D. l. insularis*?

The subspecies *D. l. insularis* is found on Taiwan. This subspecies represents the species' presence on the island of Taiwan.

What is the significance of the IUCN Red List classification 'Least Concern' for the White-backed woodpecker?

The 'Least Concern' classification by the IUCN Red List indicates that the White-backed woodpecker is widespread and abundant enough not to be considered at high risk of extinction. However, localized population declines, such as in Nordic countries, necessitate continued monitoring.

What does the term 'type locality' mean in the context of species description?

The 'type locality' refers to the specific geographical location from which the specimen used for the original scientific description of a species was collected. For the White-backed woodpecker, this location is Silesia.

What are the typical dimensions of the nest hole excavated by the White-backed woodpecker?

The White-backed woodpecker excavates a nest hole that is approximately 7 centimeters wide and 30 centimeters deep. This is typically done in a decaying tree trunk.

What is the primary food source for the White-backed woodpecker?

The White-backed woodpecker primarily consumes wood-boring beetles and their larvae. It also supplements its diet with other insects, nuts, seeds, and berries.

What is the typical lifespan of a White-backed woodpecker in the wild?

In the wild, the White-backed woodpecker typically survives for three to four years. This lifespan is influenced by factors such as food availability, predation, and environmental conditions.

How does the lifespan of a White-backed woodpecker in captivity compare to its lifespan in the wild?

White-backed woodpeckers in captivity can survive for approximately eleven years, which is considerably longer than their typical lifespan of three to four years in the wild. This difference highlights the impact of controlled environments on longevity.

What is the purpose of the 'Taxon identifiers' section in the article?

The 'Taxon identifiers' section provides links to various databases and resources that uniquely identify and catalog information about the White-backed woodpecker. These identifiers help in cross-referencing and accessing comprehensive data from different biological information systems.

What does the reference to *Dendrocopos leucotos* distribution map in Europe and western Asia illustrate?

The distribution map for Europe and western Asia illustrates the geographical range of the White-backed woodpecker across these specific regions, helping to visualize its habitat and distribution patterns.

What is the significance of the reference to the National Biodiversity Action Plan of Sweden in relation to the White-backed woodpecker?

The reference to Sweden's National Biodiversity Action Plan indicates that the White-backed woodpecker is a species of conservation concern in that country, leading to specific protective measures being implemented. This highlights its status within national conservation strategies.

What information is provided by the citation from Stanley Cramp's *Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa*?

Stanley Cramp's work is cited, likely providing detailed information on the White-backed woodpecker's distribution, ecology, or behavior within the specified regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Such encyclopedic works are crucial for comprehensive species profiles.

What are the primary reasons for the White-backed woodpecker's need for mature deciduous forests with dead wood?

Mature deciduous forests with ample standing and lying dead wood are crucial for the White-backed woodpecker because they provide essential nesting sites, as the bird excavates its nest holes in decaying tree trunks, and also offer foraging opportunities.

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Taxonomy

Classification and Nomenclature

The White-backed Woodpecker, scientifically designated as Dendrocopos leucotos, was formally described by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. The specific epithet, leucotos, is derived from Classical Greek, combining leukos (white) and -nōtos (backed), aptly referencing a key physical characteristic.^[3]^[4] The species is currently classified within the genus Dendrocopos, a taxonomic group established by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Recognized Subspecies

The species exhibits considerable geographic variation, leading to the recognition of twelve distinct subspecies. These subspecies are distributed across the Eurasian continent, with notable variations in plumage and range. For instance, D. l. owstoni, found in the Amami Islands, has been proposed as a distinct species, the Amami Woodpecker, highlighting ongoing taxonomic considerations.^[8]

D. l. leucotos (Bechstein, 1802): Widespread across Eurasia from Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe to Northeast Asia, Korea, and Sakhalin.
D. l. uralensis (Malherbe, 1860): Found from the western Ural Mountains to Lake Baikal.
D. l. lilfordi (Sharpe & Dresser, 1871): Ranges from the Pyrenees to Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia.
D. l. tangi Cheng, 1956: Native to Sichuan province in western China.
D. l. subcirris (Stejneger, 1886): Inhabits Hokkaido, northern Japan.
D. l. stejnegeri (Kuroda, 1921): Found in northern Honshu, Japan.
D. l. namiyei (Stejneger, 1886): Occurs in southern Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan.
D. l. takahashii (Kuroda & Mori, 1920): Found on Ulleungdo Island, off eastern Korea.
D. l. quelpartensis (Kuroda & Mori, 1918): Native to Jeju Island, off South Korea.
D. l. owstoni (Ogawa, 1905): Found on Amami Ōshima Island in the northern Ryukyu Islands, Japan.
D. l. fohkiensis (Buturlin, 1908): Native to the mountains of Fujian province, southeast China.
D. l. insularis (Gould, 1863): Found on Taiwan.

Description

Morphological Characteristics

The White-backed Woodpecker is distinguished as the largest species among the spotted woodpeckers found within the western Palearctic region. Adults typically measure between 24 to 26 centimeters in length, with a wingspan ranging from 38 to 40 centimeters. Its plumage bears a resemblance to that of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, but it is characterized by distinct white barring across the wings and a prominent white lower back, setting it apart visually.^[9]

Sexual Dimorphism

A notable aspect of its morphology is the sexual dimorphism observed in the crown coloration. Males typically exhibit a red crown, whereas females possess a black crown. This distinction aids in differentiating the sexes during field observations.^[9]

Vocalizations

The species is known for its characteristic drumming patterns produced by males, which are notably loud and resonant. Vocalizations include a soft 'kiuk' sound and a longer 'kweek' call, contributing to its auditory presence within its habitat.

Distribution and Habitat

Geographic Range

The nominate subspecies, D. l. leucotos, is distributed across central and northern Europe, extending eastward through the Balkans and Turkey (represented by D. l. lilfordi). Further east, ten additional subspecies are found, with the species' range reaching as far as Korea and Japan.^[2]

Habitat Preferences

This species is intrinsically linked to mature deciduous forests, requiring extensive areas with a significant presence of standing deadwood and fallen logs. Its presence is indicative of healthy, old-growth forest ecosystems.

Population Trends and Conservation

The White-backed Woodpecker is considered a scarce species in certain regions. In the Nordic countries, its population has experienced a decline, prompting protective measures. In Sweden, for example, the species is included in the national Biodiversity Action Plan due to these population decreases.^[10] Globally, it is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, reflecting its broader population stability across its extensive range.^[1]

Ecology and Behavior

Nesting Habits

During the breeding season, the White-backed Woodpecker excavates nest cavities within decaying tree trunks. These excavated holes are typically about 7 centimeters in width and extend to a depth of approximately 30 centimeters, providing a secure environment for reproduction.

Reproduction Cycle

The typical clutch size consists of three to five white eggs. The incubation period lasts for approximately 10 to 11 days, after which the young are cared for by the parents.

Diet and Foraging

The primary food source for this species consists of wood-boring beetle larvae. Its diet also includes a variety of other insects, supplemented by nuts, seeds, and berries, indicating an opportunistic foraging strategy that adapts to seasonal availability.

Lifespan

Longevity in Different Environments

In its natural habitat, the White-backed Woodpecker typically survives for a period of three to four years. However, individuals maintained in captivity have demonstrated a significantly longer lifespan, potentially reaching approximately eleven years, suggesting the influence of environmental factors and protection on longevity.^[11]

References

Source Citations

The information presented on this page is derived from scholarly and ornithological sources, meticulously cited to ensure academic rigor and traceability.

BirdLife International (2020). "Dendrocopos leucotos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22727124A181844246. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22727124A181844246.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
BirdLife International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2014. Dendrocopos leucotos. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 27 May 2015.
Bechstein, Johann Matthäus (1802). Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und für Deutschland, oder, Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands für Liebhaber dieses Theils der Naturgeschichte (in German). Leipzig: Carl Friedrich Enoch Richter. p. 66.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 189.
Koch, C.L. (1816). System der baierischen Zoologie (in German). Vol. 1. Nürnberg: Stein. pp. xxvii, 72.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
BirdLife International (2016). "Dendrocopos owstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727132A94941890. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727132A94941890.en. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
The Birds of the Western Palearctic [Abridged]. OUP. 1997. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
National Biodiversity Action Plan of Sweden, Upsala (1999)
Cramp, Stanley (1986). Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198575076.

External Resources

Online Databases

Access additional data and resources pertaining to the White-backed Woodpecker through these specialized platforms:

Avibase - The World's Bird Database (opens in new tab)

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References

A full list of references for this article are available at the White-backed woodpecker Wikipedia page

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This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence model. The content is based on publicly available data, primarily from Wikipedia, and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness, the information may not be entirely up-to-date or exhaustive.

This content is not a substitute for expert ornithological or ecological consultation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified professionals for specific research or conservation needs. The creators of this page are not liable for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The White-backed Woodpecker

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Taxonomy

Classification and Nomenclature

Recognized Subspecies

Description

Morphological Characteristics

Sexual Dimorphism

Vocalizations

Distribution and Habitat

Geographic Range

Habitat Preferences

Population Trends and Conservation

Ecology and Behavior

Nesting Habits

Reproduction Cycle

Diet and Foraging

Lifespan

Longevity in Different Environments

References

Source Citations

Further Reading

Scholarly Works

External Resources

Online Databases

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The White-backed Woodpecker

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Taxonomy 🔬

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Distribution and Habitat 🌍

📍 Geographic Range

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Taxonomy

Classification and Nomenclature

Recognized Subspecies

Description

Morphological Characteristics

Sexual Dimorphism

Vocalizations

Distribution and Habitat

Geographic Range

Habitat Preferences

Population Trends and Conservation

Ecology and Behavior

Nesting Habits

Reproduction Cycle

Diet and Foraging

Lifespan

Longevity in Different Environments

References

Source Citations

Further Reading

Scholarly Works

External Resources

Online Databases

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