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The national security legislation enacted by China for Hong Kong in 2020 is officially designated as the 'Hong Kong National Security Law'.
Answer: False
The official designation of the legislation is the 'Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,' enacted in 2020.
The 2020 Hong Kong national security law was implemented under Article 18 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, permitting its inclusion in Annex III.
Answer: True
The law's implementation in Hong Kong was predicated on Article 18 of the Basic Law, which allows national laws to be applied in the region if listed in Annex III.
Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law mandated that Hong Kong itself legislate against treason, sedition, and subversion.
Answer: True
Article 23 of the Basic Law stipulated that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region should enact its own laws to prohibit acts such as treason, secession, sedition, and subversion.
Beijing chose to enact the national security law directly through the National People's Congress because they believed Hong Kong's legislature could pass it easily.
Answer: False
Reports suggest Beijing enacted the law directly via the NPC because the prevailing political climate in Hong Kong made passage by the local legislature improbable.
What is the official title of the national security law enacted by China for Hong Kong in 2020?
Answer: The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
The official title of the legislation is the 'Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region'.
Which article of the Hong Kong Basic Law served as the legal basis for implementing China's national security law in Hong Kong?
Answer: Article 18
Article 18 of the Hong Kong Basic Law provides the framework for applying national laws listed in Annex III within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law originally required Hong Kong to legislate against which of the following acts?
Answer: Treason, secession, sedition, and subversion
Article 23 of the Basic Law mandated that Hong Kong enact its own laws to prohibit acts such as treason, secession, sedition, and subversion against the Central People's Government.
According to the South China Morning Post, why did Beijing enact the national security law through the National People's Congress rather than Hong Kong's legislature?
Answer: Because the political climate in Hong Kong precluded its passage by the local legislature.
The South China Morning Post reported that Chinese authorities opted for direct enactment via the NPC due to the belief that the prevailing political climate in Hong Kong would prevent its passage through the local legislative council.
How was the national security law integrated into Hong Kong's legal framework after its unanimous passage by the NPCSC?
Answer: It was listed under Annex III of the Basic Law, bypassing local legislature.
The national security law was integrated into Hong Kong's legal system by being listed under Annex III of the Basic Law, thereby bypassing the local legislative process.
The 2020 Hong Kong national security law criminalizes only one principal offense: secession.
Answer: False
The law establishes four categories of offenses: secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces, not solely secession.
The 2020 National Security Law broadened the definition of secession compared to the 2003 proposal by removing the requirement for 'force or serious criminal means'.
Answer: True
The 2020 law expanded the definition of secession to encompass acts committed 'whether or not by force or threat of force,' unlike the more restrictive 2003 proposal.
The 2020 national security law primarily applies only to Hong Kong permanent residents.
Answer: False
The law applies to all individuals within Hong Kong, regardless of nationality or residency, and can also cover offenses committed outside Hong Kong by non-permanent residents.
Article 38 of the national security law asserts jurisdiction only over permanent residents of Hong Kong.
Answer: False
Article 38 asserts extraterritorial jurisdiction, applying to individuals outside Hong Kong, including non-permanent residents, who commit offenses defined by the law.
The maximum prison sentence for secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion under the national security law is ten years.
Answer: False
The maximum prison sentence for these offenses is life imprisonment, not ten years.
The national security law stipulates a minimum sentence of three years for 'other participants' in offenses.
Answer: False
A minimum sentence of three years applies to 'active participants,' while 'other participants' face detention or restriction under three years.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main categories of crimes established by the 2020 Hong Kong national security law?
Answer: Espionage
The four primary offenses criminalized by the law are secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. Espionage is not listed as one of these four main categories.
How did the definition of 'secession' change from the 2003 National Security Bill to the 2020 National Security Law?
Answer: It was broadened to include acts 'whether or not by force or threat of force'.
The 2020 National Security Law expanded the definition of secession to include acts committed 'whether or not by force or threat of force,' a departure from the more restrictive criteria in the 2003 proposal.
Article 38 of the national security law is significant because it:
Answer: Asserts extraterritorial jurisdiction over certain offenses.
Article 38 is notable for asserting the law's jurisdiction over individuals outside of Hong Kong, including non-permanent residents, for offenses committed abroad.
What is the maximum prison sentence for individuals convicted of secession, subversion, terrorism, or collusion under the national security law?
Answer: Life imprisonment
The maximum penalty for the four principal offenses under the national security law—secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces—is life imprisonment.
The 2020 national security law grants authorities the power to conduct searches of individuals suspected of violations without requiring a prior court warrant.
Answer: True
Unlike earlier proposals, the 2020 law explicitly empowers police to conduct searches without a warrant.
An office established by the national security law operates entirely within Hong Kong's existing legal and judicial framework to enforce the law.
Answer: False
The law established an office for safeguarding national security that operates outside of Hong Kong's established jurisdiction and legal system.
Under the 2020 law, jurisdiction for certain national security cases is exclusively retained by Hong Kong courts.
Answer: False
The law allows the central government's Office for Safeguarding National Security and the Supreme People's Court to exercise jurisdiction in specific circumstances, deviating from exclusive local court jurisdiction.
The Hong Kong police issued arrest warrants for activists residing outside Hong Kong in July 2020.
Answer: True
In July 2020, Hong Kong police issued arrest warrants for six activists who were residing outside of Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong police launched a tip-off line for national security information, which was criticized for potentially encouraging citizens to report on each other.
Answer: True
The establishment of a national security tip-off line by the police drew criticism, with concerns raised that it might foster an environment of citizen surveillance and reporting.
Court rulings in October 2021 allowed the national security law to be applied retroactively to reopen the sedition statute.
Answer: True
Despite government assurances against retroactivity, court decisions in October 2021 permitted the retroactive application of the law to revive the sedition statute within the Crimes Ordinance.
The Implementation Rules for Article 43 allow police to conduct warrantless searches and freeze assets.
Answer: True
The Implementation Rules for Article 43 grant the Hong Kong Police Force powers including warrantless searches and asset freezes.
The National Security Department is an independent body established outside the Hong Kong Police Force.
Answer: False
The National Security Department is a specialized unit established within the Hong Kong Police Force to enforce the national security law.
The Hong Kong Security Bureau stated in July 2023 that the extraterritorial application of the law is unique and not common internationally.
Answer: False
The Security Bureau stated that the extraterritorial application aligns with international legal principles and common practice in national security legislation.
By June 2025, over 920,000 reports had been made to the national security hotline.
Answer: True
According to official figures by June 2025, the national security hotline had received more than 920,000 reports.
What is unique about the office established for enforcing the national security law?
Answer: It is established outside of Hong Kong's jurisdiction.
The office responsible for enforcing the national security law is established outside of Hong Kong's jurisdiction, distinguishing it from entities operating strictly within the territory's legal framework.
Which of the following best describes the jurisdictional scope of the 2020 National Security Law compared to the 2003 proposal?
Answer: The 2020 law allows the central government to exercise jurisdiction in certain cases, unlike the 2003 proposal.
While the 2003 proposal envisioned jurisdiction remaining with Hong Kong courts, the 2020 law permits the central government to assert jurisdiction in specific, defined circumstances.
What action did the Hong Kong police take on July 31, 2020, concerning activists living abroad?
Answer: They issued arrest warrants for six activists residing outside Hong Kong.
On July 31, 2020, Hong Kong police issued arrest warrants for six activists who were residing outside of Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong police established a tip-off line for national security information. What was a major criticism of this initiative?
Answer: It could encourage citizens to 'snitch' on each other.
A significant criticism of the police's national security tip-off line was the concern that it might foster an environment where citizens would report on one another.
Court rulings in October 2021 permitted the retroactive application of the national security law to reopen which statute?
Answer: The anti-sedition statute within the Crimes Ordinance.
Court rulings in October 2021 allowed for the retroactive application of the national security law to reopen the sedition statute contained within the Crimes Ordinance.
What power did the Implementation Rules for Article 43 grant the Hong Kong Police Force?
Answer: The power to conduct warrantless searches and intercept communications.
The Implementation Rules for Article 43 empowered the Hong Kong Police Force to conduct searches without warrants, freeze assets, and intercept communications.
The anti-extradition bill protests of 2019-2020 are identified as the primary impetus for the creation of the 2020 Hong Kong national security law.
Answer: True
The widespread protests against the proposed extradition bill in 2019-2020 are cited as the direct cause for the formulation and enactment of the national security law.
The 2003 attempt to enact national security legislation in Hong Kong failed due to widespread public support for the bill.
Answer: False
The 2003 legislative attempt was abandoned due to massive public opposition, including large-scale demonstrations, not support.
What major event in 2019-2020 directly led to the formulation of the 2020 Hong Kong national security law?
Answer: The anti-extradition bill protests
The widespread anti-extradition bill protests that occurred throughout 2019 and into 2020 are identified as the direct catalyst for the national security law's creation.
Daniel R. Russel suggested that China was unaware of the potential negative local and international reactions to the national security law.
Answer: False
Daniel R. Russel indicated that China was fully cognizant of potential negative reactions but demonstrated a resolve to proceed despite them.
Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen announced plans to impose sanctions on Hong Kong in response to the national security law.
Answer: False
President Tsai Ing-wen expressed disappointment and announced the establishment of an office to coordinate humanitarian assistance for Hong Kong residents, not sanctions.
The UK stated that China's implementation of the national security law violated the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
Answer: True
The United Kingdom asserted that the enactment of the national security law constituted a breach of the terms outlined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
The British Cabinet offered a route to British citizenship only for Hong Kong residents holding standard passports.
Answer: False
The route to British citizenship was specifically offered to Hong Kong residents holding British National (Overseas) passports.
Australia suspended its extradition agreement with Hong Kong and later had its own agreement with China suspended in retaliation.
Answer: True
Australia suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong, prompting China to suspend its own extradition agreement with Australia.
US President Donald Trump declared that the 'One country, two systems' principle remained fully effective for Hong Kong after the law's enactment.
Answer: False
President Trump declared the 'One country, two systems' principle no longer applicable to Hong Kong and subsequently terminated its special trade status with the United States.
A US Department of State report identified Carrie Lam as one of ten individuals contributing to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy.
Answer: True
The US Department of State report named Carrie Lam among ten individuals deemed to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy.
The UN Human Rights Committee found the national security law compatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
Answer: False
The UN Human Rights Committee concluded that the national security law was incompatible with the ICCPR and recommended its repeal.
The European Parliament demanded the release of Jimmy Lai in a resolution concerning Hong Kong's free speech rights.
Answer: True
The European Parliament passed a resolution calling for the release of media tycoon Jimmy Lai, citing concerns over Hong Kong's diminishing free speech rights.
The 'lam chau' doctrine refers to Beijing's strategy of using international sanctions to pressure Hong Kong.
Answer: False
The term 'lam chau' was used by opponents of the law to describe their hope that international pressure, such as sanctions, would negatively impact China's economy.
How did Daniel R. Russel characterize China's awareness regarding the potential fallout from enacting the national security law?
Answer: China was fully aware of potential reactions but showed resolve.
Daniel R. Russel observed that China was fully aware of the potential local and international repercussions but demonstrated a strong resolve to proceed regardless.
What was the UK's primary assertion regarding China's actions concerning the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the national security law?
Answer: The law violated the terms of the Joint Declaration.
The United Kingdom contended that China's implementation of the national security law contravened the provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
Which group of Hong Kong residents was eligible for the route to British citizenship announced by the British Cabinet?
Answer: Only Hong Kong residents holding British National (Overseas) passports.
The British Cabinet's offer of a pathway to citizenship was specifically for Hong Kong residents possessing British National (Overseas) passports.
In retaliation for Australia's actions regarding Hong Kong, what did China do?
Answer: Suspended its own extradition agreement with Australia.
In response to Australia's suspension of its extradition agreement with Hong Kong, China retaliated by suspending its own extradition agreement with Australia.
What significant action did US President Donald Trump take regarding Hong Kong's trade status after the national security law was enacted?
Answer: He terminated Hong Kong's special trade status with the United States.
Following the enactment of the national security law, President Trump declared the 'One country, two systems' principle defunct for Hong Kong and terminated its special trade status with the U.S.
Which of the following individuals was named in the US Department of State report for contributing to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy?
Answer: Carrie Lam
Carrie Lam was identified in a US Department of State report as one of ten individuals who had materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy.
What did the UN Human Rights Committee conclude about the Hong Kong national security law in July 2022?
Answer: It was incompatible with the ICCPR and should be repealed.
In July 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee declared the national security law incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and advocated for its repeal.
Following the law's passage, prominent activist Joshua Wong disbanded his group Demosistō.
Answer: False
Joshua Wong, along with other leaders, announced their departure from Demosistō, leading to the group's subsequent disbandment.
Adrian Brown observed a 'chilling effect' in Hong Kong, evidenced by people's reluctance to comment on the new law.
Answer: True
Al Jazeera's Adrian Brown reported on a noticeable 'chilling effect,' characterized by individuals' hesitation to discuss the national security law.
Businesses involved in the 'yellow economy' removed pro-democracy posters and Lennon Walls after the national security law was implemented.
Answer: True
Following the law's implementation, many businesses associated with the 'yellow economy' took down pro-democracy materials and dismantled Lennon Walls.
Web searches related to emigration from Hong Kong decreased significantly after the NPCSC decision on the national security law.
Answer: False
Web searches concerning emigration from Hong Kong saw a tenfold increase following the NPCSC's decision on the national security law in May 2020.
HSBC and Standard Chartered banks publicly opposed the national security law, citing concerns over stability.
Answer: False
Both HSBC and Standard Chartered banks publicly supported the national security law, emphasizing its role in maintaining stability.
Oxford University prohibited faculty from discussing the national security law with students to avoid potential repercussions.
Answer: False
Oxford University implemented measures such as prohibiting the recording of classes and replacing large tutorials with one-on-one meetings to safeguard its community, rather than prohibiting discussion.
Article 38's extraterritorial reach caused Hong Kong students abroad to feel safe returning home.
Answer: False
The extraterritorial application of Article 38 led some Hong Kong students studying abroad to fear returning home due to potential repercussions for online activities.
A Hong Kong student returning from Japan in April 2023 was detained and had her passport confiscated due to critical online comments about the government.
Answer: True
A Hong Kong student studying in Japan was detained upon returning to Hong Kong, had her passport confiscated, and faced scrutiny for critical online statements about the government.
The Hong Kong police ordered the website of the NGO Hong Kong Watch to be taken down in March 2022.
Answer: True
In March 2022, Hong Kong police directed the UK-based NGO Hong Kong Watch to remove its website.
In June 2025, the Hong Kong government warned that celebrating foreign national holidays might violate the National Security Law.
Answer: False
The Hong Kong government issued a warning in June 2025 that celebrating foreign Independence Days could potentially contravene the National Security Law.
The Hong Kong government declared the slogan 'Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times' to be patriotic and permissible under the new law on July 2, 2020.
Answer: False
On July 2, 2020, the Hong Kong government declared the slogan 'Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times' to be subversive and in violation of the national security law.
What did Brian Fong predict as a potential consequence of China's policy change with the national security law?
Answer: Loss of access to foreign capital and technology through Hong Kong
Political analyst Brian Fong described the policy shift as potentially leading to Beijing losing access to foreign capital and technology via Hong Kong.
Which prominent activist group disbanded shortly after the national security law was passed?
Answer: Demosistō
Following the passage of the national security law, the activist group Demosistō announced its disbandment.
What action did many Hong Kong residents take regarding their social media presence after the national security law was implemented?
Answer: They deleted pro-democracy social media posts and accounts.
Many Hong Kong residents deleted past pro-democracy social media content and accounts, and requested journalists to destroy records of previous conversations.
What trend was observed in emigration interest from Hong Kong following the NPCSC decision on the national security law in May 2020?
Answer: A ten-fold increase in web searches related to emigration.
Following the NPCSC's decision on the national security law, web searches related to emigration from Hong Kong increased by a factor of ten.
According to Reuters polls, what was the general trend in Hong Kongers' opinions on the national security law after its implementation?
Answer: Opposition increased, with support hovering around 31%.
Reuters polls indicated an increase in opposition to the law post-implementation, with support levels stabilizing around 31%.
What was the public stance of HSBC and Standard Chartered banks on the national security law?
Answer: They publicly backed the law, citing stability.
Both HSBC and Standard Chartered banks publicly declared their support for the national security law, citing its importance for maintaining economic and social stability in Hong Kong.
What measures did Oxford University take to protect its community from potential repercussions under the national security law?
Answer: Prohibiting the recording of classes and replacing large tutorials with one-on-one meetings.
Oxford University implemented protective measures, including prohibiting class recordings and shifting from large tutorials to one-on-one meetings, to mitigate potential risks associated with the national security law.
The Hong Kong government declared the slogan 'Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times' to be what on July 2, 2020?
Answer: Subversive and in violation of the national security law.
On July 2, 2020, the Hong Kong government officially designated the slogan 'Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times' as subversive and contrary to the national security law.