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Abjuration refers exclusively to the act of formally renouncing a religious faith.
Answer: False
Abjuration is a broader term encompassing the formal renunciation or forswearing of various things, not exclusively religious faith. It can include giving up citizenship, rights, or privileges, and its etymology from the Latin 'abjurare' signifies 'to forswear'.
The Latin root "abjurare" directly translates to "to swear allegiance."
Answer: False
The Latin verb "abjurare," from which "abjuration" is derived, translates to "to forswear" or "to renounce under oath," not "to swear allegiance."
What is the core meaning of the term "abjuration"?
Answer: A solemn repudiation or renunciation, often under oath.
The term 'abjuration' fundamentally means a solemn repudiation or renunciation, frequently formalized through an oath. This act involves formally forswearing or giving up something, such as a belief, claim, or allegiance.
The word "abjuration" originates from which Latin verb?
Answer: abjurare (to forswear)
The word 'abjuration' is derived from the Latin verb 'abjurare,' which translates to 'to forswear' or 'to renounce under oath,' highlighting its core meaning of formal denial or abandonment.
The term "abjure" means to formally renounce or forswear something.
Answer: True
The verb 'abjure' signifies the act of formally renouncing, abandoning, or forswearing something, often under oath, aligning with the broader concept of abjuration.
An oath adds a layer of solemnity and binding commitment to the act of abjuration.
Answer: True
An oath elevates the act of abjuration by invoking a higher authority or moral obligation, thereby imbuing the renunciation or repudiation with greater solemnity and binding commitment.
Renouncing citizenship implies giving up the rights and responsibilities associated with being a citizen.
Answer: True
Formally renouncing citizenship involves the voluntary relinquishment of all associated rights, privileges, and responsibilities that come with being a national of a particular country.
Abjuring a privilege means formally accepting it.
Answer: False
Abjuring a privilege means formally renouncing or giving up that specific right or advantage, not accepting it.
In ancient English law, "abjuration of the realm" required the individual to leave the kingdom permanently without any possibility of return.
Answer: False
While 'abjuration of the realm' mandated permanent departure, the oath did not preclude return if explicit permission was granted by the sovereign. It was a severe measure typically imposed on fugitives seeking sanctuary.
The oath of abjuration of the realm included a promise to travel only by the King's highway and limit stays to one night in any location.
Answer: True
The oath of abjuration of the realm stipulated adherence to the King's highway, limited stays to one night in any location, and diligent seeking of passage overseas, among other conditions for departure.
Abjuration of the realm was typically imposed on individuals seeking to gain legal sanctuary.
Answer: True
The practice of abjuration of the realm was commonly invoked for fugitives who had committed crimes and sought sanctuary, offering them exile as an alternative to punishment.
The English "Oath of Abjuration" in 1643 was primarily aimed at securing loyalty to the monarchy against foreign invasion.
Answer: False
The 1643 Oath of Abjuration in England was enacted during the Civil War period and focused on renouncing papal supremacy and specific Catholic doctrines, rather than securing loyalty against foreign invasion.
Refusing the Oath of Abjuration in England during 1656-1657 resulted in the confiscation of one-third of the recusant's property.
Answer: False
Refusal of the Oath of Abjuration in England during 1656-1657 led to the confiscation of two-thirds of the recusant's property, not one-third.
The Oath of Abjuration in England discouraged the Gallicanizing faction within Catholicism because it was too lenient.
Answer: False
The Oath of Abjuration, particularly its stringent requirements and penalties, discouraged the Gallicanizing faction within English Catholicism because it was considered too extreme and was condemned by the Pope.
The English Commonwealth's Oath of Abjuration required belief in Purgatory.
Answer: False
The English Commonwealth's Oath of Abjuration required individuals to renounce belief in Purgatory, among other Catholic doctrines, not to believe in it.
In the context of ancient English law, what did "abjuration of the realm" specifically entail for an individual?
Answer: To depart the kingdom immediately and never return without the sovereign's permission.
Abjuration of the realm required an oath to depart the kingdom immediately and permanently, unless explicit permission was granted by the sovereign. This was a severe measure for fugitives seeking sanctuary.
Who typically took the oath of "abjuration of the realm" in ancient English law?
Answer: Fugitives who had committed crimes and sought sanctuary.
The oath of abjuration of the realm was typically taken by fugitives who had committed crimes and sought sanctuary, choosing exile over facing legal consequences within the kingdom.
The English "Oath of Abjuration" passed in August 1643 required adherents to renounce which of the following?
Answer: The Pope's supremacy and specific Catholic doctrines.
The 1643 Oath of Abjuration required individuals to renounce the Pope's supremacy and specific Catholic doctrines, such as transubstantiation and the existence of Purgatory, reflecting the religious conflicts of the Civil War era.
What was a severe consequence for Catholics refusing the Oath of Abjuration in England around 1656-1657?
Answer: Confiscation of two-thirds of their property.
Refusal to take the Oath of Abjuration in England during 1656-1657 resulted in severe penalties, including the confiscation of two-thirds of the recusant's property and the loss of most civic rights.
Which of the following is NOT a belief renounced in the English Commonwealth's Oath of Abjuration?
Answer: The necessity of good works for salvation.
The English Commonwealth's Oath of Abjuration required renunciation of papal authority, transubstantiation, and Purgatory. It did not explicitly require renunciation of the belief that salvation cannot be merited by works, which is more aligned with Protestant theology.
The oath taken by fugitives in ancient England required them to swear they would never return unless permitted by the King.
Answer: True
The oath of abjuration of the realm for fugitives in ancient England included a solemn promise to depart the kingdom and never return without the sovereign's explicit permission.
Historically, sanctuary offered immunity from all legal consequences, including subsequent abjuration.
Answer: False
Sanctuary provided immunity from arrest and punishment within its bounds, but it did not offer immunity from the legal process itself. Abjuration of the realm was often a consequence or alternative to facing trial after leaving sanctuary.
The English Civil War occurred before the 1643 Oath of Abjuration.
Answer: True
The English Civil War began in 1642, and the Oath of Abjuration was enacted in August 1643, placing its passage firmly within the context of the ongoing conflict.
The historical concept of "sanctuary" in relation to legal proceedings meant:
Answer: A designated area offering immunity from arrest or punishment.
Historically, sanctuary referred to a designated place or status that provided immunity from arrest or legal punishment, often sought by fugitives. Abjuration of the realm was frequently a consequence or alternative to facing justice after leaving sanctuary.
The oath taken by fugitives in ancient England required them to swear they would never return unless permitted by the King.
Answer: True
The oath of abjuration of the realm for fugitives in ancient England included a solemn promise to depart the kingdom and never return without the sovereign's explicit permission.
The English Oath of Abjuration after the Glorious Revolution aimed to support the claim of James II's Catholic heirs.
Answer: False
The Oath of Abjuration after the Glorious Revolution was designed to repudiate the claim of James II's heirs and support the Protestant succession, thereby solidifying the post-1688 monarchy.
The Oath of Abjuration in England under William III was imposed on Members of Parliament and clergy.
Answer: True
Following the Glorious Revolution, the Oath of Abjuration was imposed on various influential groups in England, including Members of Parliament and clergy, to ensure loyalty to the new Protestant monarchy.
The Oath of Abjuration was eventually replaced by the Oath of Supremacy in Great Britain.
Answer: False
The Oath of Abjuration was eventually superseded by the Oath of Allegiance in Great Britain, not the Oath of Supremacy.
In Ireland, the Oath of Abjuration was initially required only of clergy.
Answer: False
In Ireland, the Oath of Abjuration, starting in 1703, was initially required of state officeholders, teachers, lawyers, and the clergy of the established church, not exclusively clergy.
By 1709 in Ireland, any adult male could be compelled to take the Oath of Abjuration by a magistrate.
Answer: True
The application of the Oath of Abjuration in Ireland expanded significantly; by 1709, any adult male could be compelled to take it upon demand by a magistrate.
The "Papists Act 1716" is related to English post-Reformation oaths.
Answer: True
The "Papists Act 1716" is indeed related to English post-Reformation oaths, reflecting ongoing legislative efforts concerning Catholics and their oaths of allegiance and abjuration in Britain.
The Oath of Abjuration in England and Great Britain was primarily intended to solidify the Protestant succession after the Glorious Revolution.
Answer: True
Following the Glorious Revolution, the Oath of Abjuration served as a crucial mechanism to affirm loyalty to the Protestant monarchy and explicitly deny the claims of the exiled Stuart heirs, thereby securing the Protestant succession.
The Oath of Abjuration in England and Great Britain after 1688 was mainly intended to:
Answer: Deny the royal title of James II's heirs and support the Protestant monarchy.
Following the Glorious Revolution, the Oath of Abjuration was primarily designed to repudiate the claims of the exiled Stuart heirs and to secure loyalty to the reigning Protestant monarchy, thereby stabilizing the succession.
Which monarch's claim to the throne was explicitly repudiated by the Oath of Abjuration in post-1688 England?
Answer: James II
The Oath of Abjuration in post-1688 England explicitly repudiated the royal title and claim of James II and his descendants, reinforcing the legitimacy of the post-Revolutionary monarchy.
What oath eventually replaced the Oath of Abjuration in Great Britain?
Answer: The Oath of Allegiance
Over time, the Oath of Abjuration was eventually superseded by the Oath of Allegiance in Great Britain, reflecting shifts in the requirements for affirming loyalty to the Crown.
In Ireland, the Oath of Abjuration was required of voters starting in which year?
Answer: 1703
In Ireland, the Oath of Abjuration was initially required of specific officeholders and clergy starting in 1703, and its application was later expanded to include voters and other adult males.
The Oath of Abjuration imposed in Ireland starting in 1703 was expanded to include whom by 1709?
Answer: All adult males upon demand by a magistrate.
By 1709, the requirement to take the Oath of Abjuration in Ireland had expanded significantly; any adult male could be compelled to take it by a magistrate, demonstrating an increased enforcement of loyalty oaths.
The "See also" section mentions "English post-Reformation oaths" and the "Papists Act 1716" suggesting a connection to:
Answer: Legislation and oaths concerning Catholics in British history.
The mention of "English post-Reformation oaths" and the "Papists Act 1716" in the "See also" section strongly indicates a connection to the historical context of legislation and oaths specifically targeting or affecting Catholics in British history.
The Oath of Abjuration in England and Great Britain under William III, George I, and George III was primarily imposed on individuals in what roles?
Answer: Members of Parliament, clergy, and various laymen.
The Oath of Abjuration was imposed on a broad spectrum of individuals in positions of influence and public life in England and Great Britain, including Members of Parliament, clergy, and various laymen, to ensure loyalty to the Protestant succession.
The "See also" section mentions "English post-Reformation oaths" and the "Papists Act 1716" suggesting a connection to:
Answer: Legislation and oaths concerning Catholics in British history.
The mention of "English post-Reformation oaths" and the "Papists Act 1716" in the "See also" section strongly indicates a connection to the historical context of legislation and oaths specifically targeting or affecting Catholics in British history.
The "Killing Time" in Scotland was a period associated with the administration of the Abjuration Oath.
Answer: True
The period known as "The Killing Time" in Scotland during the 1680s was characterized by intense persecution and the administration of oaths, including the Abjuration Oath, particularly against Covenanters.
The Scottish Abjuration Oath was designed to align with the core beliefs of the Covenanters.
Answer: False
The Scottish Abjuration Oath was deliberately designed to conflict with the core beliefs and allegiances of the Covenanters, forcing them to renounce tenets central to their faith.
In Scotland during the 1680s, refusing the Abjuration Oath, even if unarmed, guaranteed a trial by jury and potential leniency.
Answer: False
In Scotland during the 1680s, refusing the Abjuration Oath, even if unarmed, could lead to summary execution for high treason following a field trial, rather than guaranteed leniency or a jury trial.
John Brown was executed in Scotland for refusing to take the Abjuration Oath.
Answer: True
John Brown, a Covenanter, was executed in Scotland on May 1, 1685, for refusing to take the Abjuration Oath, under the authority of John Graham ('Bluidy Clavers').
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe) declared independence from the Holy Roman Emperor.
Answer: False
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe) declared independence from King Philip II of Spain, not the Holy Roman Emperor.
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, the Act of Abjuration, was issued on July 26, 1581.
Answer: True
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, the formal Act of Abjuration by the Low Countries, was issued on July 26, 1581, marking a significant step towards Dutch independence.
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands was a key event in the Thirty Years' War.
Answer: False
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands was a pivotal event in the Eighty Years' War (Dutch Revolt), not the Thirty Years' War.
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe is considered a foundational document for Dutch independence.
Answer: True
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, or Act of Abjuration, issued in 1581, is indeed considered a foundational document for the independence of the Netherlands from Spanish rule.
The Eighty Years' War was fought between the Low Countries and France.
Answer: False
The Eighty Years' War was fought between the Low Countries (modern Netherlands and Belgium) and the Spanish Habsburg rulers, not France.
The Scottish Abjuration Oath could lead to execution even if the suspect was unarmed.
Answer: True
In Scotland during "The Killing Time," refusal to take the Abjuration Oath, even by unarmed individuals, could result in summary execution for high treason.
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe) declared independence from the Holy Roman Emperor.
Answer: False
The Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe) declared independence from King Philip II of Spain, not the Holy Roman Emperor.
Which historical event is directly linked to the Act of Abjuration (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe)?
Answer: The Dutch Revolt
The Act of Abjuration (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe) is directly linked to the Dutch Revolt, also known as the Eighty Years' War, serving as the formal declaration of independence by the Low Countries from Spanish rule.
What was the primary political goal of the Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands?
Answer: To declare independence from King Philip II of Spain.
The primary political goal of the Act of Abjuration in the Netherlands was to formally declare independence from the rule of King Philip II of Spain, thereby ending decades of conflict.
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, the Act of Abjuration, marked the culmination of which conflict?
Answer: The Eighty Years' War (Dutch Revolt)
The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, the Act of Abjuration, served as the formal declaration of independence and marked a significant culmination of the Eighty Years' War, also known as the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule.
Who was John Graham, mentioned in connection with John Brown's execution?
Answer: The official known as "Bluidy Clavers" who executed John Brown.
John Graham, also known by the epithet 'Bluidy Clavers,' was the official responsible for the execution of John Brown in Scotland for refusing to take the Abjuration Oath.
During "The Killing Time" in Scotland, the Abjuration Oath was primarily used against which group?
Answer: Covenanters.
During the period known as "The Killing Time" in Scotland (the 1680s), the Abjuration Oath was primarily administered to and enforced against the Covenanters, a group of Presbyterians who resisted attempts to impose episcopal church governance.
What was the fate of Covenanters in Scotland who refused to swear the Abjuration Oath during "The Killing Time"?
Answer: They could face summary execution for high treason.
In Scotland during "The Killing Time," Covenanters who refused to swear the Abjuration Oath, even if unarmed, faced the possibility of summary execution for high treason following a field trial.
What was the consequence for families of Covenanters executed in Scotland for refusing the oath?
Answer: They could be forcibly removed from their homes.
Beyond the execution of the individual, the families of Covenanters executed for refusing the oath in Scotland could face severe repercussions, including being forcibly removed from their homes if they had communicated with the condemned or refused the oath themselves.
Who was John Graham, mentioned in connection with John Brown's execution?
Answer: The official known as "Bluidy Clavers" who executed John Brown.
John Graham, also known by the epithet 'Bluidy Clavers,' was the official responsible for the execution of John Brown in Scotland for refusing to take the Abjuration Oath.
The "Bilino Polje abjuration" involved clergy of the Bosnian Church renouncing their faith under duress.
Answer: False
The Bilino Polje abjuration involved clergy of the Bosnian Church affirming papal primacy and renouncing certain errors, but the sources suggest these errors stemmed from ignorance rather than deliberate heresy, and the context implies a reconciliation effort rather than outright renunciation of faith under duress.
Ban Kulin and Giovanni da Casamari were principal figures in the 1203 Bilino Polje abjuration.
Answer: True
Ban Kulin, the ruler of Bosnia, and Giovanni da Casamari, representing papal authority, were indeed principal figures involved in the Bilino Polje abjuration event of 1203.
The signatories of the Bilino Polje abjuration affirmed the independence of the Bosnian Church from papal authority.
Answer: False
The signatories of the Bilino Polje abjuration explicitly affirmed the primacy of the Pope, thereby acknowledging papal authority rather than asserting the independence of the Bosnian Church from it.
The errors addressed in the Bilino Polje abjuration were considered deliberate acts of heresy.
Answer: False
The errors addressed in the Bilino Polje abjuration were characterized as stemming from ignorance rather than deliberate heretical doctrines, indicating a focus on correction and reconciliation.
The Bilino Polje abjuration took place in Hungary in 1203.
Answer: False
The Bilino Polje abjuration took place in Bosnia in 1203. While the document was later taken to Buda, Hungary, for examination, the event itself occurred in Bosnia.
The Bosnian Church was a denomination primarily located in medieval Serbia.
Answer: False
The Bosnian Church was a Christian church that existed in medieval Bosnia, not primarily in medieval Serbia.
Ban Kulin ruled Bosnia during the early 13th century.
Answer: True
Ban Kulin reigned as the ruler of Bosnia from 1180 to 1204, which encompasses the early 13th century and the period of the Bilino Polje abjuration.
The Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203 affirmed the primacy of the Pope.
Answer: True
A key outcome of the Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203 was the affirmation of the primacy of the Pope by the signatories, signifying a move towards reconciliation with Roman Catholic doctrine.
The Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203 affirmed the primacy of the Pope.
Answer: True
The Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203 explicitly affirmed the primacy of the Pope, signifying a formal acknowledgment of papal authority by the signatories.
The "Bilino Polje abjuration" in 1203 primarily concerned:
Answer: Clergy of the Bosnian Church affirming papal primacy.
The Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203 primarily involved clergy of the Bosnian Church affirming papal primacy and renouncing certain errors, as part of a reconciliation effort with the Roman Catholic Church.
Who was Ban Kulin, involved in the 1203 Bilino Polje event?
Answer: A ruler of Bosnia.
Ban Kulin was the Ban (ruler) of Bosnia during the period of the Bilino Polje abjuration in 1203. His reign is noted for relative stability and significant events concerning the Bosnian Church.
What was the nature of the errors addressed in the Bilino Polje abjuration, according to the source?
Answer: Errors stemming from ignorance rather than deliberate heresy.
The errors addressed in the Bilino Polje abjuration were characterized as arising from ignorance rather than deliberate heretical intent, suggesting a focus on correction and adherence to established doctrine.
What happened to the document signed at Bilino Polje after its initial signing?
Answer: True
Following its signing on April 8, 1203, the document from the Bilino Polje abjuration was transported to Buda, Hungary, where it was presented to King Emeric and the high clergy for review.
What does the term "recusant" typically refer to in the historical context of English oaths?
Answer: Someone who refuses to attend the established church services.
Historically, particularly in England, a 'recusant' was an individual who refused to attend the services of the established Church of England, most commonly referring to Roman Catholics who adhered to the Pope's authority.
The Gallicanism movement within Catholicism aimed to:
Answer: Assert the independence of the French Church from papal authority.
Gallicanism was a movement within French Catholicism that sought to assert the independence of the French Church from papal authority, emphasizing the rights of the French monarchy and episcopacy.
What is the theological concept of "Transubstantiation"?
Answer: The doctrine that the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ.
Transubstantiation is a core doctrine of the Catholic Church, asserting that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ, while their outward appearances remain unchanged.
What does the phrase "salvation cannot be merited by works" imply?
Answer: Salvation is primarily achieved through faith and divine grace.
The theological statement "salvation cannot be merited by works" implies that salvation is understood as a gift received through faith and divine grace, rather than something earned through human actions or adherence to laws.
What does the term "Papal Supremacy" refer to?
Answer: The Pope's supreme authority over the entire Catholic Church.
Papal Supremacy is the doctrine asserting the Pope's supreme authority and jurisdiction over the entire Catholic Church, including matters of faith, morals, and governance.
Which of the following best describes the "established church"?
Answer: A religious body with official legal status and state recognition.
An established church is a religious body that holds official legal status and recognition within a state, often receiving state support or enjoying particular privileges, distinguishing it from other religious organizations.
High treason involves betraying one's country, such as attempting to overthrow the government.
Answer: True
High treason is legally defined as the crime of betraying one's country, typically involving acts such as attempting to overthrow the government or harm the sovereign.
The Glorious Revolution resulted in the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under James II.
Answer: False
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to the overthrow of James II and the establishment of a joint monarchy under William III and Mary II, thus ending the direct Stuart rule under James II.
The House of Stuart ruled England until the early 18th century.
Answer: True
The House of Stuart reigned in England from 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, which falls within the early 18th century, marking the end of their direct rule.
In historical English context, a "recusant" was someone who actively supported the Church of England.
Answer: False
Historically, a "recusant" in England referred to someone who refused to attend the services of the established Church of England, typically Roman Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope.
Gallicanism sought to increase the Pope's authority over the French monarchy.
Answer: False
Gallicanism aimed to limit papal authority over the French Church and assert the independence of the French monarchy and episcopacy from direct papal control.
The Scottish Covenanters sought to establish episcopal church governance against Presbyterianism.
Answer: False
The Scottish Covenanters were staunch advocates for Presbyterian church governance and actively resisted attempts by the monarchy to impose episcopal structures.
Papal Supremacy refers to the doctrine that the Pope has ultimate authority over the entire Catholic Church.
Answer: True
Papal Supremacy is the doctrine asserting the Pope's supreme authority and jurisdiction over the entire Catholic Church, including matters of faith, morals, and governance.
Transubstantiation is the belief that the bread and wine for the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ.
Answer: True
Transubstantiation is a core doctrine of the Catholic Church, asserting that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ, while their outward appearances remain unchanged.
The doctrine of Purgatory suggests souls are purified after death to enter Heaven.
Answer: True
Purgatory is a doctrine, primarily within Catholicism, describing a state of purification after death for souls in God's grace who need cleansing before entering Heaven.
In historical English context, a "recusant" was someone who actively supported the Church of England.
Answer: False
Historically, a "recusant" in England referred to someone who refused to attend the services of the established Church of England, typically Roman Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope.
Gallicanism sought to increase the Pope's authority over the French monarchy.
Answer: False
Gallicanism aimed to limit papal authority over the French Church and assert the independence of the French monarchy and episcopacy from direct papal control.
The Scottish Covenanters sought to establish episcopal church governance against Presbyterianism.
Answer: False
The Scottish Covenanters were staunch advocates for Presbyterian church governance and actively resisted attempts by the monarchy to impose episcopal structures.
High treason involves betraying one's country, such as attempting to overthrow the government.
Answer: True
High treason is legally defined as the crime of betraying one's country, typically involving acts such as attempting to overthrow the government or harm the sovereign.
The Glorious Revolution resulted in the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under James II.
Answer: False
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to the overthrow of James II and the establishment of a joint monarchy under William III and Mary II, thus ending the direct Stuart rule under James II.
The House of Stuart ruled England until the early 18th century.
Answer: True
The House of Stuart reigned in England from 1603 until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, which falls within the early 18th century, marking the end of their direct rule.
An "established church" is always a minority religion officially recognized by the state.
Answer: False
An established church is a religious body with official state recognition and legal status; it is not necessarily a minority religion, often representing the majority or historically dominant faith within a nation.
What does the term "Papal Supremacy" refer to?
Answer: The Pope's supreme authority over the entire Catholic Church.
Papal Supremacy is the doctrine asserting the Pope's supreme authority and jurisdiction over the entire Catholic Church, including matters of faith, morals, and governance.
Which of the following best describes the "established church"?
Answer: A religious body with official legal status and state recognition.
An established church is a religious body that holds official legal status and recognition within a state, often receiving state support or enjoying particular privileges, distinguishing it from other religious organizations.