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Abraham Wikler was primarily known for his work as a pediatric surgeon and a public health advocate.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler was a distinguished psychiatrist and neurologist, not a pediatric surgeon or public health advocate, known for his contributions to drug addiction research.
Abraham Wikler was born in London, England, in the early 20th century.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler was born on October 12, 1910, in the Lower East Side of New York City, United States, not London, England.
Abraham Wikler earned his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1935.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler earned his M.D. degree from the Long Island College of Medicine in 1935, which later became part of SUNY Downstate Medical Center.
After his internship, Wikler pursued further studies in genetics at Stanford University.
Answer: False
After his internship, Wikler undertook a fellowship at Yale University and Northwestern University, focusing on the work of Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning, not genetics at Stanford.
Wikler's father was a Jewish tailor who immigrated from Poland.
Answer: False
Wikler's father was a Jewish butcher who immigrated from the Probuzhna shtetl in Ukraine, not a tailor from Poland.
What were Abraham Wikler's primary professional fields?
Answer: Psychiatrist and neurologist
Abraham Wikler was primarily known as an American psychiatrist and neurologist, making significant contributions to drug addiction research.
Where was Abraham Wikler born?
Answer: Lower East Side of New York City
Abraham Wikler was born on October 12, 1910, in the Lower East Side of New York City, United States.
Which institution awarded Abraham Wikler his M.D. degree in 1935?
Answer: Long Island College of Medicine
Abraham Wikler earned his M.D. degree from the Long Island College of Medicine in 1935.
After his internship, where did Abraham Wikler pursue further studies in conditioning?
Answer: Yale University and Northwestern University
After his internship, Abraham Wikler undertook a one-year fellowship at Yale University and Northwestern University, focusing on Ivan Pavlov's work on classical conditioning.
What was the profession of Abraham Wikler's father?
Answer: A Jewish butcher
Abraham Wikler's father was a Jewish butcher who immigrated from the Probuzhna shtetl in Ukraine.
What does the mention of 'Probuzhna shtetl in Ukraine' tell us about Abraham Wikler's family origins?
Answer: His family had Eastern European Jewish heritage and an immigrant experience.
The mention of the Probuzhna shtetl in Ukraine indicates Abraham Wikler's family's Eastern European Jewish heritage and their immigrant experience in the United States.
Which of the following was NOT one of Abraham Wikler's primary professional roles?
Answer: Cardiologist
Abraham Wikler was a psychiatrist, neurologist, and substance abuse researcher, but not a cardiologist.
Wikler began his career as an intern at a private rehabilitation clinic in California in 1940.
Answer: False
Wikler began his career as an intern in 1940 at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, a prison farm in Lexington, Kentucky, not a private clinic in California.
During his internship at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, Wikler was responsible for managing the administrative duties of the facility.
Answer: False
During his internship, Wikler was responsible for running the narcotic-withdrawal ward and quantifying the effects of opiates, not managing administrative duties.
Abraham Wikler's interest in the neurophysiological basis of addiction was sparked by a patient he diagnosed with physical brain damage, who was previously thought to be grieving.
Answer: True
Wikler's diagnosis of a patient with physical brain damage, previously misdiagnosed as grieving, was pivotal in shifting his focus to the physiological and neurophysiological aspects of addiction.
Upon returning to the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, Abraham Wikler became the chief of the administrative services department.
Answer: False
Upon returning to Lexington, Wikler became the associate director and chief of the section on experimental neuropsychiatry, not the chief of administrative services.
The Lexington Narcotic Hospital was a private, non-profit facility dedicated solely to voluntary drug rehabilitation.
Answer: False
The Lexington Narcotic Hospital was a prison farm operated by the United States Public Health Service, serving a dual role in incarceration and treatment for drug addicts, not a private, non-profit facility.
The Federal Medical Center, Lexington, where Wikler worked, was primarily a research facility with no correctional component.
Answer: False
The Federal Medical Center, Lexington, also known as the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, was a prison farm operated by the USPHS, serving a dual role in incarceration and treatment.
Wikler's diagnosis of a patient with physical brain damage was significant because it confirmed his initial belief that addiction was purely a psychological issue.
Answer: False
The diagnosis was significant because it shifted his perspective towards the physiological and neurophysiological underpinnings of addiction, challenging the idea that it was purely psychological.
Wikler primarily focused on quantifying the effects of stimulants on addicts during his time at Lexington.
Answer: False
During his time at Lexington, Wikler specifically worked to quantify the effects of opiates on addicts, not stimulants.
Neuropsychiatry, in the context of Wikler's role at Lexington, refers to the study of mental disorders linked to nervous system diseases.
Answer: True
Neuropsychiatry is indeed a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system, aligning with Wikler's focus at Lexington.
There were five permanent staff researchers at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital when Wikler was associate director.
Answer: False
During Wikler's time as associate director, there were three permanent staff researchers at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, not five.
Where did Abraham Wikler begin his career as an intern in 1940?
Answer: The Lexington Narcotic Hospital
Abraham Wikler began his career as an intern in 1940 at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky.
What was one of Wikler's specific responsibilities during his internship at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital?
Answer: Running the narcotic-withdrawal ward
During his internship, Abraham Wikler was responsible for running the narcotic-withdrawal ward and quantifying the effects of opiates on addicts.
What sparked Abraham Wikler's interest in the neurophysiological basis of addiction?
Answer: Diagnosing a patient with physical brain damage previously thought to be grieving
Wikler's interest was sparked after diagnosing a patient with physical brain damage, which highlighted the physiological aspects of certain conditions over purely psychological ones.
What role did Abraham Wikler assume upon returning to the Lexington Narcotic Hospital after his fellowship?
Answer: Associate director and chief of the section on experimental neuropsychiatry
Upon returning to Lexington, Abraham Wikler became the associate director and chief of the section on experimental neuropsychiatry.
What was the nature of the Lexington Narcotic Hospital where Wikler worked?
Answer: A prison farm operated by the United States Public Health Service for drug addicts
The Lexington Narcotic Hospital was a prison farm operated by the United States Public Health Service, specifically for drug addicts.
What specific type of drug did Wikler focus on quantifying the effects of during his time at Lexington?
Answer: Opiates
During his time at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital, Abraham Wikler specifically worked to quantify the effects of opiates on addicts.
What does the term 'neuropsychiatry' refer to, in the context of Wikler's role at Lexington?
Answer: A branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system.
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system, aligning with Wikler's research focus.
How many permanent staff researchers were at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital during Wikler's time as associate director?
Answer: Three
During Abraham Wikler's time as associate director, there were three permanent staff researchers at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital.
Wikler's initial observations of conditioned responses in drug withdrawal symptoms suggested that environmental cues could trigger physical and psychological reactions associated with drug use.
Answer: True
Wikler's initial observations demonstrated that environmental cues could indeed trigger withdrawal-like symptoms, highlighting their role in relapse.
Wikler's research at Lexington primarily focused on the sociological aspects of addiction, rather than conditioning.
Answer: False
Wikler's research at Lexington was pioneering in its focus on conditioning as a fundamental aspect of addiction, challenging purely sociological or moral explanations.
Wikler hypothesized that conditioning could lead addicts to relapse even long after the physical symptoms of their addiction had disappeared.
Answer: True
Wikler's central hypothesis was that environmental cues, through conditioning, could trigger relapse long after physical dependence had resolved.
Abraham Wikler explained the 'hustling' behavior of addicts as a purely psychological coping mechanism unrelated to drug effects.
Answer: False
Wikler hypothesized that 'hustling' was a conditioned behavior, reinforced by the drug's effects, not a purely psychological coping mechanism unrelated to the drug.
Wikler's work on conditioning challenged the idea that addiction was solely a physical dependence or a moral failing.
Answer: True
Wikler's research introduced the concept of addiction as a learned, conditioned behavior, thereby challenging the prevailing views of it as purely a physical dependence or a moral failing.
Classical conditioning, as studied by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through rewards and punishments.
Answer: False
Classical conditioning involves learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, whereas learning through rewards and punishments describes operant conditioning.
What significant discovery did Abraham Wikler make regarding drug addiction?
Answer: That addiction is a conditioned behavior
Abraham Wikler was one of the first to propose that addiction is a conditioned behavior, making seminal discoveries in this area.
What types of conditioning did Wikler observe in his research at Lexington?
Answer: Both classical and operant conditioning
In his research at Lexington, Abraham Wikler observed both classical and operant conditioning in humans and rodents.
What was Wikler's hypothesis regarding relapse in addicts based on his observations of conditioning?
Answer: Conditioning led addicts to relapse long after physical symptoms faded.
Wikler hypothesized that environmental cues, through conditioning, could trigger relapse long after the physical symptoms of addiction had disappeared.
How did Abraham Wikler explain the 'hustling' behavior of addicts?
Answer: As a symptom of conditioning, reinforced by drug effects
Wikler hypothesized that 'hustling' behavior was a conditioned response, learned and reinforced by the effects of the drug.
What is classical conditioning, as studied by Ivan Pavlov and relevant to Wikler's work?
Answer: A learning process where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Classical conditioning is a learning process where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, as exemplified by Pavlov's experiments.
What is operant conditioning?
Answer: A type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences, being strengthened by reinforcers and diminished by punishers.
Abraham Wikler retired from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) in 1970.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler retired from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) in 1963, not 1970.
After leaving the USPHS, Abraham Wikler joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley.
Answer: False
After retiring from the USPHS in 1963, Abraham Wikler joined the faculty of the University of Kentucky, not the University of California, Berkeley.
In 1967, Abraham Wikler received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to medicine.
Answer: False
In 1967, Abraham Wikler received the Alumni Achievement Medallion for Distinguished Service to American Medicine from the SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni association, not the Nobel Prize.
Abraham Wikler won the Nathan B. Eddy Award in 1976 from the College on Problems of Drug Dependence.
Answer: True
Abraham Wikler was indeed awarded the Nathan B. Eddy Award in 1976 by the College on Problems of Drug Dependence for his outstanding contributions to drug dependence research.
Abraham Wikler's spouse was named Sarah.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler was married to Ada Wikler, not Sarah.
Abraham Wikler had two children, both of whom became medical doctors.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler had four children, and while his son Daniel is a bioethicist, his daughter Marjorie is a mathematician and historian of science, not a medical doctor.
Marjorie Senechal's 2003 contribution about her father, Abraham Wikler, was titled 'The Legacy of a Pioneer.'
Answer: False
Marjorie Senechal's 2003 contribution about her father was titled 'Narco Brat,' not 'The Legacy of a Pioneer.'
The SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni association awarded Wikler the Alumni Achievement Medallion in 1967.
Answer: True
In 1967, Abraham Wikler received the Alumni Achievement Medallion for Distinguished Service to American Medicine from the SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni association, his alma mater.
Abraham Wikler's daughter, Marjorie Senechal, became a renowned chef.
Answer: False
Abraham Wikler's daughter, Marjorie Senechal, pursued academic fields in mathematics and the history of science, becoming a faculty member at Smith College.
Daniel Wikler, Abraham Wikler's son, is a bioethicist affiliated with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Answer: True
Daniel Wikler, Abraham Wikler's son, is indeed a bioethicist affiliated with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
When did Abraham Wikler retire from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS)?
Answer: 1963
Abraham Wikler retired from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) in 1963.
Where did Abraham Wikler continue his academic career after leaving the USPHS?
Answer: University of Kentucky
After retiring from the USPHS in 1963, Abraham Wikler joined the faculty of the University of Kentucky.
What recognition did Abraham Wikler receive from the SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni association in 1967?
Answer: Their Alumni Achievement Medallion for Distinguished Service to American Medicine
In 1967, Abraham Wikler was awarded the Alumni Achievement Medallion for Distinguished Service to American Medicine by the SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni association.
Which award did Abraham Wikler win in 1976, and from what organization?
Answer: The Nathan B. Eddy Award from the College on Problems of Drug Dependence
In 1976, Abraham Wikler won the Nathan B. Eddy Award from the College on Problems of Drug Dependence.
What was the title of Marjorie Senechal's 2003 contribution about her father, Abraham Wikler?
Answer: Narco Brat
Marjorie Senechal's 2003 contribution to 'Of Human Bondage' about her father, Abraham Wikler, was titled 'Narco Brat.'
What academic fields did Abraham Wikler's daughter, Marjorie Senechal, pursue?
Answer: Mathematics and history of science
Abraham Wikler's daughter, Marjorie Senechal, pursued academic fields in mathematics and the history of science.
What is the professional role of Abraham Wikler's son, Daniel Wikler?
Answer: A bioethicist
Abraham Wikler's son, Daniel Wikler, is a distinguished bioethicist affiliated with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
At what age did Abraham Wikler pass away?
Answer: 70
Abraham Wikler died on March 7, 1981, at the age of 70.
In what year did Abraham Wikler receive the Nathan B. Eddy Award?
Answer: 1976
Abraham Wikler received the Nathan B. Eddy Award in 1976 from the College on Problems of Drug Dependence.
What was the name of Abraham Wikler's wife?
Answer: Ada
Abraham Wikler was married to Ada Wikler.
Which college is Marjorie Senechal, Abraham Wikler's daughter, a faculty member at?
Answer: Smith College
Marjorie Senechal, Abraham Wikler's daughter, is a faculty member at Smith College.
Thomas R. Kosten's 1998 article 'Images in Psychiatry' provided a critical review of Wikler's flawed research methods.
Answer: False
Thomas R. Kosten's article provided a biographical overview of Abraham Wikler, highlighting his life and contributions, not a critical review of flawed research methods.
Jerome H. Jaffe's 1981 article described Abraham Wikler as 'A scholar—sui generis,' meaning he was unique in his field.
Answer: True
Jerome H. Jaffe's article indeed described Wikler as 'A scholar—sui generis,' a Latin phrase signifying his unique and original contributions to his field.
Arnold M. Ludwig's 1989 book, 'Understanding the Alcoholic's Mind,' discusses Wikler's work related to craving and addiction.
Answer: True
Arnold M. Ludwig's book, 'Understanding the Alcoholic's Mind,' references Abraham Wikler's work, specifically discussing concepts related to craving and addiction.
Nancy Dianne Campbell's book, 'Discovering Addiction,' argues that neuroscience's entry into substance abuse research was a complete revolution, unrelated to prior behavioral studies.
Answer: False
Campbell's book characterizes neuroscience's entry as a legitimizing force deeply connected with behavioral antecedents and Wikler's work, not a complete revolution unrelated to prior studies.
Timothy R. McIntire's 2008 survey focused on the historical context of drug addiction in the 19th century, with no direct link to Wikler.
Answer: False
Timothy R. McIntire's 2008 survey was a retrospective of Wikler's career and its implications for understanding and treating drug addiction today, directly linking to Wikler.
The 'doi' (digital object identifier) is a system for tracking physical books in libraries.
Answer: False
A 'doi' is a persistent identifier for academic and professional information, ensuring reliable location of digital content, not for tracking physical books.
How did Wikler's research contribute to the neuroscientific study of addiction?
Answer: It established a foundation for understanding how the brain learns and associates stimuli with drug-seeking behaviors.
Wikler's research on conditioning and relapse played a pioneering role in establishing a foundation for understanding how the brain learns and associates stimuli with drug-seeking behaviors.
What does the Latin phrase 'sui generis' mean, as used to describe Abraham Wikler by Jerome H. Jaffe?
Answer: Of his own kind or unique
The Latin phrase 'sui generis' means 'of his own kind' or 'unique,' signifying Wikler's distinctive contributions to his field.
Which book by Arnold M. Ludwig references Abraham Wikler's work on craving and addiction?
Answer: Understanding the Alcoholic's Mind: The Nature of Craving and How to Control It
Arnold M. Ludwig's 1989 book, 'Understanding the Alcoholic's Mind: The Nature of Craving and How to Control It,' references Abraham Wikler's work on craving and addiction.
How did Nancy Dianne Campbell's book 'Discovering Addiction' characterize the entry of neuroscience into substance abuse research in relation to Wikler's work?
Answer: As a legitimizing force deeply connected with behavioral antecedents and Wikler's work.
Campbell's book characterizes neuroscience's entry as a legitimizing force deeply connected with behavioral antecedents and Wikler's work on conditioning and relapse.
What was the primary focus of Timothy R. McIntire's 2008 survey regarding Abraham Wikler?
Answer: A retrospective survey of Wikler's career and its implications for understanding and treatment of drug addiction.
Timothy R. McIntire's 2008 work was a retrospective survey of Wikler's career and its implications for understanding and treatment of drug addiction in America today.
What was the primary focus of Nancy Dianne Campbell's 2007 book, 'Discovering Addiction'?
Answer: An exploration of the scientific and political aspects of substance abuse research.
Nancy Dianne Campbell's book, 'Discovering Addiction,' primarily focused on exploring the scientific and political aspects of substance abuse research.
What is the significance of a 'doi' (digital object identifier) in academic references?
Answer: It is a persistent identifier used to uniquely identify academic and professional information, ensuring reliable location.
A 'doi' is a persistent identifier that uniquely identifies academic and professional information, ensuring reliable access to cited works.