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Adidas was founded by Rudolf Dassler, and the company was originally known as 'Dassler Sports Gear'.
Answer: False
Adidas was founded by Adolf Dassler, not Rudolf. The original family business was named 'Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik,' or 'Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory'.
Adolf Dassler improved spiked running shoes by using lighter materials like canvas and rubber instead of heavy metal spikes.
Answer: True
Adolf Dassler enhanced the quality of spiked running shoes by transitioning from heavy metal spikes to lighter materials such as canvas and rubber.
At the 1936 Summer Olympics, U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens used Adolf Dassler's handmade spikes, winning four gold medals and significantly boosting the brand's reputation.
Answer: True
Jesse Owens's success at the 1936 Olympics, achieved while wearing Adolf Dassler's handmade spikes, significantly elevated the global recognition of Dassler shoes.
The Dassler brothers split in 1949, with Adolf founding Puma and Rudolf founding Adidas.
Answer: False
The Dassler brothers split in 1947, not 1949. Adolf founded Adidas, and Rudolf founded Ruda (later Puma).
Adidas acquired its iconic three stripes identity mark in 1952 from Karhu Sports for €1,600 and two bottles of whiskey.
Answer: True
The three stripes, a key part of Adidas's identity, were indeed acquired from Karhu Sports in 1952 for the specified sum and goods.
Herzogenaurach was known as 'the town of bent necks' because residents would look up to see which brand of hats strangers were wearing.
Answer: False
Herzogenaurach was known as 'the town of bent necks' because residents would look down to see which brand of shoes strangers were wearing, reflecting the intense rivalry between Adidas and Puma.
Who founded Adidas?
Answer: Adolf Dassler
Adolf Dassler is credited with founding Adidas after the split from his brother Rudolf.
How did Adolf Dassler improve spiked running shoes in the early years?
Answer: By transitioning from heavy metal spikes to lighter materials like canvas and rubber.
Adolf Dassler's innovation involved using lighter materials such as canvas and rubber to improve the quality of spiked running shoes.
Which athlete's performance at the 1936 Summer Olympics significantly boosted the reputation of Dassler shoes?
Answer: Jesse Owens
Jesse Owens's four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics, achieved while wearing Dassler's handmade spikes, brought significant global recognition to the brand.
What was the initial name of Rudolf Dassler's new firm after the split from his brother?
Answer: Ruda
After the split, Rudolf Dassler initially named his new firm Ruda, which was later rebranded as Puma.
From which company did Adidas acquire its three stripes identity mark in 1952?
Answer: Karhu Sports
Adidas acquired its iconic three stripes from the Finnish sports company Karhu Sports in 1952.
Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, specializing in athletic apparel and footwear.
Answer: True
Adidas AG is indeed a German multinational corporation, and its headquarters are located in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, specializing in athletic apparel and footwear.
Adidas is the largest sportswear manufacturer globally, surpassing Nike in worldwide sales.
Answer: False
Adidas is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, but it is the second-largest worldwide, trailing Nike.
The Adidas Group includes Adidas AG, a significant stake in the football club Bayern Munich, and the fitness technology company Runtastic.
Answer: True
The Adidas Group's portfolio includes Adidas AG, an 8.33% stake in Bayern Munich, and the Austrian fitness technology company Runtastic.
For the year 2023, Adidas reported a revenue of €23.683 billion.
Answer: False
The reported revenue of €23.683 billion was for the year 2024, not 2023.
French industrialist Bernard Tapie owned Adidas from 1990 to 1992, purchasing it for £1.6 billion and later facing financial difficulties.
Answer: True
Bernard Tapie's ownership of Adidas from 1990 to 1992 was marked by his purchase for £1.6 billion and subsequent financial challenges in servicing the loan.
Robert Louis-Dreyfus became the CEO of Adidas in 1994 after the company was taken over by Crèdit Lyonnais bank.
Answer: True
Robert Louis-Dreyfus assumed the CEO role in 1994, following Crèdit Lyonnais bank's control of Adidas after Bernard Tapie's financial issues.
In 1997, Adidas acquired the Salomon Group, which led to the company being renamed Adidas-Salomon AG and allowed it to compete with Nike Golf.
Answer: True
The acquisition of the Salomon Group in 1997 was a strategic move that led to the renaming of the company and expanded its competitive reach into the golf market.
Adidas acquired Reebok in January 2006 for $3.8 billion, primarily to expand its presence in the European market.
Answer: False
Adidas acquired Reebok in 2006 primarily to increase its business sales in North America and to compete more effectively with Nike globally, not specifically to expand in the European market.
Adidas acquired the outdoor action sport performance brand Five Ten in November 2011 for US$25 million.
Answer: True
The acquisition of Five Ten in November 2011 for US$25 million expanded Adidas's portfolio in the outdoor action sport performance segment.
Adidas sold its TaylorMade golf company, including the Ashworth brand, to KPS Capital Partners for $425 million in May 2017.
Answer: True
The divestiture of TaylorMade golf company, including Ashworth, to KPS Capital Partners in 2017 was a significant corporate transaction.
Adidas sold Reebok to the Authentic Brands Group for approximately $2.5 billion in March 2022.
Answer: True
The sale of Reebok to the Authentic Brands Group in March 2022 for $2.5 billion marked the end of Adidas's ownership of the brand.
Bjørn Gulden became the CEO of Adidas in January 2023.
Answer: True
Bjørn Gulden assumed the role of CEO for Adidas in January 2023.
Where are the headquarters of Adidas AG located?
Answer: Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany
The global headquarters for Adidas AG are situated in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany.
Globally, what is Adidas's ranking among sportswear manufacturers?
Answer: Second-largest
Adidas holds the position of the second-largest sportswear manufacturer worldwide, after Nike.
Which of the following entities is part of the Adidas Group?
Answer: Runtastic
The Adidas Group includes Adidas AG, a stake in Bayern Munich, and the fitness technology company Runtastic.
What was Adidas's reported revenue for the year 2024?
Answer: €23.683 billion
Adidas reported a revenue of €23.683 billion for the year 2024.
Who owned Adidas from 1990 to 1992?
Answer: Bernard Tapie
French industrialist Bernard Tapie owned Adidas for a two-year period from 1990 to 1992.
What significant acquisition did Adidas AG make in 1997?
Answer: The Salomon Group
In 1997, Adidas AG acquired the Salomon Group, which included TaylorMade golf company and Maxfli, expanding its market presence.
What was the strategic importance of Adidas's acquisition of Reebok in 2006?
Answer: To achieve business sales closer to Nike's in North America and compete globally.
The acquisition of Reebok was a strategic move to enhance Adidas's competitive position against Nike, particularly in the North American market, and globally.
Which outdoor action sport performance brand did Adidas acquire in November 2011?
Answer: Five Ten
In November 2011, Adidas acquired Five Ten, an outdoor action sport performance brand, for US$25 million.
To whom did Adidas sell its TaylorMade golf company in May 2017?
Answer: KPS Capital Partners
Adidas divested its TaylorMade golf company, including the Ashworth brand, to KPS Capital Partners in May 2017.
Who is the current CEO of Adidas as of January 2023?
Answer: Bjørn Gulden
Bjørn Gulden assumed the leadership role as CEO of Adidas in January 2023.
The Trefoil logo was designed in 1971 and launched in 1972, coinciding with the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.
Answer: True
The Trefoil logo was indeed designed in 1971 and launched in 1972, aligning with the Munich Summer Olympics.
The Adidas 1, introduced in 2005, was the first production shoe with a microprocessor that automatically adjusted cushioning.
Answer: True
The Adidas 1, launched in 2005, was indeed a pioneering 'intelligent shoe' featuring a microprocessor for automatic cushioning adjustment.
The Adidas Confirmed mobile app, launched in 2015, was the first reservation app in the footwear industry, using geo-targeting for limited edition sneakers.
Answer: True
The Adidas Confirmed app, launched in 2015, pioneered the use of geo-targeting in a reservation app for limited edition sneakers within the footwear industry.
Adidas manufactures a wide range of products including apparel, footwear, sportswear, sports equipment, and toiletries.
Answer: True
Adidas's product portfolio is extensive, covering apparel, footwear, sportswear, sports equipment, and toiletries.
The first apparel item produced by Adidas was a pair of running shorts in 1967.
Answer: False
The first apparel item produced by Adidas was the Franz Beckenbauer tracksuit, created in 1967.
Adidas is the second-largest manufacturer of sports bras in Europe and the largest globally.
Answer: False
Adidas is the largest manufacturer of sports bras in Europe, but it is the second-largest globally.
The Copa Mundial, released in 1979, is the best-selling football boot of all time.
Answer: True
The Copa Mundial, launched in 1979, holds the record as the best-selling football boot in history.
The 'Teamgeist' ball for the 2006 World Cup was praised by goalkeepers for its predictable flight and comfort.
Answer: False
Goalkeepers generally found the 'Teamgeist' ball less comfortable and claimed it moved unpredictably in flight, despite its ability to travel further.
Adidas's Superstar and Pro Model shoes were known as 'shelltoes' due to their distinctive hard rubber toe box design.
Answer: True
The distinctive hard rubber toe box design of Adidas's Superstar and Pro Model shoes led to their popular nickname, 'shelltoes'.
Adidas Golf manufactures only golf footwear and apparel, excluding accessories.
Answer: False
Adidas Golf manufactures a comprehensive range of products, including golf clothing, footwear, and accessories such as eyewear.
The 'Adidas Futurecraft Biofabric' sneaker, teased in 2016, was made from conventional silk fibers and was fully biodegradable upon release.
Answer: False
The 'Adidas Futurecraft Biofabric' sneaker was made from ocean plastic using 'Biosteel' and was never commercially released, though it was designed to be 100% biodegradable.
The Adilette, developed in 1963, was Adidas's first pair of sandals, originally designed as a locker room shoe.
Answer: True
The Adilette, introduced in 1963, holds the distinction of being Adidas's first sandal, specifically designed for athletes' use in locker rooms.
The Adissage slide sandal is characterized by a plain footbed with no massage nubs, focusing solely on a sleek design.
Answer: False
The Adissage slide sandal is specifically characterized by tiny black massage nubs throughout its footbed, designed to relieve foot aches.
When was the Trefoil logo officially launched, coinciding with a major event?
Answer: 1972, for the Munich Summer Olympics
The Trefoil logo was launched in 1972, coinciding with the Munich Summer Olympics.
What innovative technology did the Adidas 1 shoe, introduced in 005, incorporate?
Answer: A microprocessor to automatically adjust cushioning.
The Adidas 1 was notable for being the first production shoe to feature a microprocessor that dynamically adjusted its cushioning level.
What was the primary function of the Adidas Confirmed mobile app, launched in January 2015?
Answer: To allow consumers to access and reserve limited edition sneakers.
The Adidas Confirmed app was designed as the footwear industry's first reservation app, utilizing geo-targeting for limited edition sneaker releases.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary product category manufactured by Adidas?
Answer: Automobiles
Adidas's primary product categories include apparel, footwear, sportswear, sports equipment, and toiletries, but not automobiles.
What was the first apparel item ever created by Adidas?
Answer: The Franz Beckenbauer tracksuit
The Franz Beckenbauer tracksuit, introduced in 1967, holds the distinction of being Adidas's first apparel item.
What is Adidas's global position in the sports bra market?
Answer: Second-largest
Globally, Adidas is the second-largest manufacturer of sports bras, while holding the largest position in Europe.
Which Adidas football boot holds the record as the best-selling of all time?
Answer: Copa Mundial
The Copa Mundial, released in 1979, is recognized as the best-selling football boot in history.
What was a notable characteristic of the 'Teamgeist' ball used in the 2006 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: It was designed to travel further when struck, leading to more long-range goals.
The 'Teamgeist' ball was specifically designed to travel further when struck, which contributed to an increase in long-range goals during the 2006 World Cup.
Why were Adidas's Superstar and Pro Model shoes affectionately known as 'shelltoes'?
Answer: Due to their distinctive stylized hard rubber toe box design.
The unique hard rubber toe box design of the Superstar and Pro Model shoes earned them the popular moniker 'shelltoes'.
What was a key feature of the 'Adidas Futurecraft Biofabric' sneaker teased in November 2016?
Answer: It was made from ocean plastic using 'Biosteel' and was 100% biodegradable.
The 'Adidas Futurecraft Biofabric' sneaker concept was notable for its use of ocean plastic and 'Biosteel' fabric, designed to be 100% biodegradable.
What was the original purpose of the Adilette, the first sandals made by Adidas?
Answer: As a locker room shoe for athletes.
The Adilette was initially developed in 1963 as a practical locker room shoe for athletes.
What is a key feature of the Adissage slide sandal's footbed?
Answer: Tiny black massage nubs throughout the footbed.
The Adissage slide sandal is distinctively designed with tiny black massage nubs across its footbed, intended to relieve foot aches.
The 'Pelé Pact' was an agreement between Adidas and Puma to jointly sponsor Pelé for the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
Answer: False
The 'Pelé Pact' was an agreement between Adidas and Puma *not* to engage in a bidding war for Pelé's sponsorship, which Puma subsequently broke.
Adidas successfully sued the NCAA in 1998, forcing them to remove all restrictions on commercial logos on team uniforms.
Answer: False
Adidas withdrew its lawsuit against the NCAA in 1998, and the two organizations subsequently established guidelines for logo use, rather than Adidas forcing the removal of all restrictions.
In 2004, American fashion designer Marc Jacobs launched a joint-venture line with Adidas called 'Adidas by Marc Jacobs'.
Answer: False
In 2004, English fashion designer Stella McCartney, not Marc Jacobs, launched a joint-venture line with Adidas called 'Adidas by Stella McCartney'.
In April 2006, Adidas secured a 5-year deal worth over $200 million to become the official clothing provider for the National Football League (NFL).
Answer: False
In April 2006, Adidas secured an 11-year deal worth over $400 million to become the official clothing provider for the National Basketball Association (NBA), not the NFL.
FIFA has commissioned specially designed footballs from Adidas for the World Cup tournaments since 1970, starting with the Adidas Telstar.
Answer: True
FIFA has consistently commissioned Adidas to design official footballs for the World Cup since 1970, beginning with the iconic Telstar.
The Adidas Finale is the official match ball for the UEFA Europa League.
Answer: False
The Adidas Finale is the official match ball for the UEFA Champions League, not the UEFA Europa League.
Adidas sponsored the New York Yankees baseball team for a period of 11 years, from 1997 to 2008.
Answer: True
Adidas maintained a sponsorship with the New York Yankees baseball team for an 11-year period, from 1997 to 2008.
Adidas began manufacturing cricket footwear in the late 1980s, with India as their initial target market.
Answer: False
Adidas began manufacturing cricket footwear in the mid-1970s, with Australia as their initial target market, not India in the late 1980s.
Adidas sponsored Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar's cricket bat from 2008 until his retirement, creating a personalized 'Adidas MasterBlaster Elite' model.
Answer: True
Sachin Tendulkar's cricket bat was sponsored by Adidas from 2008 until his retirement, featuring a personalized 'Adidas MasterBlaster Elite' model.
In January 2025, the Red Bull Racing Formula One team announced a new multi-year partnership with Adidas.
Answer: False
In January 2025, it was the Mercedes Formula One team, not Red Bull Racing, that announced a new multi-year partnership with Adidas.
Adidas provided gymnastics wear for Team USA from 2000 to 2012.
Answer: True
Adidas supplied gymnastics wear for both men's and women's Team USA through USA Gymnastics for a 12-year period.
Adidas provided uniforms for the National Hockey League (NHL) from the 2017–18 season until the 2023–24 season.
Answer: True
Adidas served as the official uniform provider for the NHL for several seasons, concluding with the 2023–24 season.
In the mid to late 1990s, Adidas categorized its brand into Adidas Performance, Adidas Originals, and Style Essentials.
Answer: True
Adidas strategically segmented its brand into Adidas Performance, Adidas Originals, and Style Essentials during the mid to late 1990s to target different market segments.
Adidas launched 'Impossible Is Nothing' as its global marketing strategy slogan in 2011.
Answer: False
In 2011, Adidas launched 'Adidas is all in' as its global marketing strategy slogan, not 'Impossible Is Nothing'.
In 2025, Adidas collaborated with the Britpop band Oasis for an 'Original Forever' collection, commemorating their legacy with the brand.
Answer: True
The 'Original Forever' collection in 2025 is a collaboration between Adidas and the Britpop band Oasis, celebrating their long-standing association.
During the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Adidas provided outfits for the Soviet Union's team, and the company logo was changed to one red stripe on tracksuits, while shoes retained the three stripes.
Answer: True
At the 1980 Moscow Olympics, Adidas supplied the Soviet Union's team outfits, with the Communist Party influencing a design change to one red stripe on tracksuits, while the shoes maintained the three stripes.
The 2014 kit deal between Adidas and Manchester United was valued at a guaranteed minimum of £750 million, making it the most valuable in sports history at the time.
Answer: True
The ten-year kit deal between Adidas and Manchester United, commencing in 2015, was indeed valued at £750 million, setting a new record for sports kit deals at that time.
Magic Johnson was the first NBA player to sign with Adidas and have signature shoes.
Answer: False
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was the first NBA player to sign with Adidas and have signature shoes, not Magic Johnson.
What was the 'Pelé Pact' primarily intended to prevent?
Answer: A bidding war for a sponsorship deal with Pelé.
The 'Pelé Pact' was an agreement between Adidas and Puma to avoid a competitive bidding war for Pelé's sponsorship for the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
What was the outcome of Adidas's 1998 lawsuit against the NCAA regarding commercial logos?
Answer: Adidas withdrew the suit, and both organizations established guidelines.
Adidas withdrew its lawsuit against the NCAA, leading to a collaborative effort to establish guidelines for the use of its three-stripe trademark on team uniforms.
Which fashion designer launched a joint-venture line with Adidas in September 2004?
Answer: Stella McCartney
English fashion designer Stella McCartney launched the 'Adidas by Stella McCartney' women's sports performance collection in 2004.
What was the duration of Adidas's deal to become the official clothing provider for the NBA, announced in April 2006?
Answer: 11 years
Adidas secured an 11-year deal to be the official clothing provider for the NBA, starting in April 2006.
Since when has FIFA commissioned specially designed footballs from Adidas for the World Cup tournaments?
Answer: 1970
FIFA has exclusively commissioned Adidas to design World Cup footballs since the 1970 tournament.
What is the official match ball for the UEFA Champions League?
Answer: The Adidas Finale
The Adidas Finale serves as the official match ball for the prestigious UEFA Champions League.
For what period did Adidas sponsor the New York Yankees baseball team?
Answer: 1997 to 2008
Adidas's sponsorship of the New York Yankees extended for an 11-year period, from 1997 through 2008.
When did Adidas begin manufacturing cricket footwear, and which country was their initial target market?
Answer: Mid-1970s, Australia
Adidas initiated cricket footwear manufacturing in the mid-1970s, with Australia as its primary target market.
Which legendary Indian cricketer did Adidas sponsor for his bat from 2008 until his retirement?
Answer: Sachin Tendulkar
Adidas sponsored the cricket bat of the legendary Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar from 2008 until his retirement.
What new partnership did the Mercedes Formula One team announce with Adidas in January 2025?
Answer: A multi-year partnership.
The Mercedes Formula One team announced a multi-year partnership with Adidas in January 2025.
For what period did Adidas provide gymnastics wear for Team USA?
Answer: 2000 to 2012
Adidas supplied gymnastics wear for Team USA through USA Gymnastics for the period spanning 2000 to 2012.
Which of the following tennis players was historically sponsored by Adidas?
Answer: Stan Smith
Stan Smith is among the prominent tennis players historically sponsored by Adidas, alongside others like Ilie Nastase and Steffi Graf.
Which of the following was one of Adidas's three main brand groups in the mid to late 1990s?
Answer: Adidas Originals
In the mid to late 1990s, Adidas structured its brand into Adidas Performance, Adidas Originals, and Style Essentials, with Originals focusing on heritage designs.
What was Adidas's global marketing strategy slogan launched in 2011?
Answer: Adidas is all in
The global marketing strategy slogan 'Adidas is all in' was launched in 2011 to unify the brand's diverse offerings.
Which Britpop band did Adidas collaborate with for an 'Original Forever' collection in 2025?
Answer: Oasis
Adidas collaborated with the Britpop band Oasis for the 'Original Forever' collection in 2025, celebrating their enduring association.
What was notable about the Adidas tracksuits provided for the Soviet Union's team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow?
Answer: The Communist Party prohibited the company logo, changing the design to one red stripe.
During the 1980 Moscow Olympics, the Communist Party mandated a design change to one red stripe on Adidas tracksuits for the Soviet team, while the shoes retained the three stripes.
What was the value of the ten-year kit deal between Adidas and Manchester United, starting in the 2015–16 season?
Answer: £750 million
The ten-year kit deal between Adidas and Manchester United, which began in the 2015–16 season, was valued at a minimum of £750 million.
Who was the first-ever NBA player to sign with Adidas and have signature shoes?
Answer: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar holds the distinction of being the first NBA player to sign with Adidas and to have signature shoes.
In February 2021, Adidas announced a ban on all leather from its products due to pressure from environmental groups.
Answer: False
In February 2021, Adidas announced a ban on fur from all its products, not leather, in response to animal welfare concerns.
In 2012, Adidas cancelled Jeremy Scott-designed 'shackle' sneakers after civil rights leader Jesse Jackson criticized them as offensive.
Answer: True
Adidas cancelled the Jeremy Scott-designed 'shackle' sneakers in 2012 following widespread criticism, including from Jesse Jackson, who deemed them offensive and insensitive.
Adidas has faced criticism for its labor standards, including issues with subcontracting and workers being fired for striking for better pay in Indonesia.
Answer: True
Adidas has indeed faced criticism regarding its labor standards, particularly concerning issues like subcontracting and the dismissal of workers for striking in Indonesian sweatshops.
The 'Poverty Wages' protest in 2012 involved activists replacing Adidas price tags with 34p tags to highlight low wages for Indonesian workers.
Answer: True
The 'Poverty Wages' protest in 2012 specifically used 34p tags to draw attention to the low hourly wages paid to Indonesian workers producing Adidas goods.
Karen Parkin, Adidas's head of global human resources, resigned in June 2020 due to a financial scandal.
Answer: False
Karen Parkin resigned in June 2020 amid a racial diversity controversy, not a financial scandal, after concerns were raised about her handling of racism in the workplace.
In July 2024, Adidas withdrew an advertising campaign starring Bella Hadid for the SL 72 sneaker due to its association with the 1972 Munich Olympics and the Munich massacre.
Answer: True
The advertising campaign for the SL 72 sneaker was withdrawn in July 2024 due to the sensitive historical association of the 1972 Munich Olympics with the Munich massacre.
What major policy change did Adidas implement in February 2021 regarding materials?
Answer: A ban on fur from all its products.
In response to animal welfare advocacy, Adidas implemented a ban on fur across all its products in February 2021.
What was the main reason for the controversy surrounding the 2012 'shackle' sneakers designed by Jeremy Scott for Adidas?
Answer: Their association with symbols of human degradation, criticized by Jesse Jackson.
The 'shackle' sneakers sparked controversy due to their design, which was criticized by civil rights leader Jesse Jackson as commercializing symbols of human degradation.
What was the 'Poverty Wages' protest organized by War on Want in 2012 primarily highlighting?
Answer: The low hourly wage rate paid to Indonesian workers manufacturing Adidas goods.
The 'Poverty Wages' protest aimed to draw attention to the extremely low hourly wages received by Indonesian workers involved in manufacturing Adidas products.
Why did Karen Parkin, Adidas's head of global human resources, step down in June 2020?
Answer: Amid a racial diversity controversy and concerns about addressing racism in the workplace.
Karen Parkin's resignation in June 2020 was prompted by a racial diversity controversy, specifically concerns raised by Black employees about her failure to adequately address racism in the workplace.
Why did Adidas withdraw an advertising campaign starring Bella Hadid for the SL 72 sneaker in July 2024?
Answer: The campaign was controversial due to the sneaker's association with the 1972 Munich Olympics and the Munich massacre.
The advertising campaign for the SL 72 sneaker was withdrawn because its historical connection to the 1972 Munich Olympics evoked the tragic memory of the Munich massacre, leading to public controversy.