Wiki2Web Studio

Create complete, beautiful interactive educational materials in less than 5 minutes.

Print flashcards, homework worksheets, exams/quizzes, study guides, & more.

Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.

Unsaved Work Found!

It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?



The Philosophical Contributions of Al-Farabi

At a Glance

Title: The Philosophical Contributions of Al-Farabi

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Biography and Origins: 6 flashcards, 7 questions
  • Intellectual Heritage and Influences: 5 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Core Philosophical Concepts: 11 flashcards, 23 questions
  • Contributions to Specific Disciplines: 8 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Political Philosophy and Ethics: 15 flashcards, 17 questions
  • Legacy and Impact: 5 flashcards, 8 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 50
  • True/False Questions: 40
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 33
  • Total Questions: 73

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about The Philosophical Contributions of Al-Farabi

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
  • Import & Edit Existing Kit: Load a .json kit file from your computer to continue your work or to modify a kit created by a colleague.
  • Restore Session: The Studio automatically saves your progress in your browser. If you get interrupted, you can restore your unsaved work with one click.

Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
  • Fill in the term/question and the definition/answer.
  • Assign the flashcard to one of your pre-defined topics.
  • To edit or remove a flashcard, simply use the ✏️ (Edit) or ❌ (Delete) icons next to any entry in the list.

✍️ Question Author: Assessing Understanding

Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
  • Choose a Type: True/False for quick checks or Multiple Choice for more complex assessments.
  • To edit an existing question, click the ✏️ icon. You can change the question text, options, correct answer, and explanation at any time.
  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

📝 Worksheet & 📄 Exam Builder

Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

  • A Student Version, clean and ready for quizzing.
  • A Teacher Version, complete with a detailed answer key and the explanations you wrote.

🖨️ Flashcard Printer

Forget wrestling with table layouts in a word processor. Select a topic, choose a cards-per-page layout, and instantly generate perfectly formatted, print-ready flashcard sheets.

Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

  • 💾 Export & Save Kit: This is your primary save function. It downloads the entire Kit (content, images, and all) to your computer as a single .json file. Use this to create permanent backups and share your work with others.
  • ➕ Import & Merge Kit: Combine your work. You can merge a colleague's Kit into your own or combine two of your lessons into a larger review Kit.

You're now ready to reclaim your time.

You're not just a teacher; you're a curriculum designer, and this is your Studio.

This page is an interactive visualization based on the Wikipedia article "Al-Farabi" (opens in new tab) and its cited references.

Text content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (opens in new tab). Additional terms may apply.

Disclaimer: This website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute any kind of advice. The information is not a substitute for consulting official sources or records or seeking advice from qualified professionals.


Owned and operated by Artificial General Intelligence LLC, a Michigan Registered LLC
Prompt engineering done with Gracekits.com
All rights reserved
Sitemaps | Contact

Export Options





Study Guide: The Philosophical Contributions of Al-Farabi

Study Guide: The Philosophical Contributions of Al-Farabi

Biography and Origins

Al-Farabi was definitively born in Faryab, located in modern-day Iran.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's birthplace is uncertain; while Faryab in Greater Khorasan is a possibility, other locations have also been suggested, and definitive proof is lacking.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is Al-Farabi believed to have been born, and what does his name suggest about his origin?: Al-Farabi's birthplace is uncertain, with possibilities including Faryab in Greater Khorasan or Farab in Transoxiana. The word 'farab' itself is a Persian term referring to an area irrigated by river water, and the name likely indicates his place of origin rather than an ethnic affiliation.

Medieval Arab historians unanimously agreed that Al-Farabi had Persian ethnic origins.

Answer: False

Scholarly debate exists regarding Al-Farabi's ethnic background, with medieval historians offering differing accounts, including suggestions of Persian and Turkic origins.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the debate surrounding Al-Farabi's ethnic background?: Scholars have debated Al-Farabi's ethnic background, with some medieval Arab historians like Ibn Abi Usaibia and Al-Shahrazuri suggesting Persian descent, while others, like Ibn Khallikan, point to Turkic origins. Modern research also considers Sogdian origins, and his works contain glosses in Persian, Sogdian, and Greek, but not Turkish, adding complexity to the discussion.

Al-Farabi spent a significant part of his scholarly life in Baghdad, studying logic and medicine with Syriac Christian scholars.

Answer: True

Historical accounts indicate that Al-Farabi spent a considerable portion of his academic career in Baghdad, where he pursued studies in logic and medicine under the tutelage of Syriac Christian scholars.

Related Concepts:

  • What is known about Al-Farabi's life and education, particularly his teachers?: Little is definitively known about Al-Farabi's life, with much information coming from later biographers who relied on hearsay. It is known that he spent a significant part of his scholarly life in Baghdad, studying logic and medicine with Syriac Christian scholars, including the cleric Yuhanna ibn Haylan. He later lived and worked in Damascus and Egypt before returning to Damascus, where he died around 950-951 CE.

Historians generally agree that Al-Farabi was a devout Sunni Muslim throughout his life.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's specific religious affiliation within Islam remains a subject of scholarly discussion, with various interpretations of his writings and potential influences.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the status of Al-Farabi's religious affiliation within Islam?: Al-Farabi's specific religious affiliation within Islam is a subject of dispute among historians. While some identify him as Sunni, others suggest he was Shia or influenced by Shia thought, citing elements in his political philosophy and writings that align with utopian ideals governed by prophets and imams.

Al-Farabi's name, 'al-Farabi', is derived from a Greek term meaning 'lover of wisdom'.

Answer: False

The name 'al-Farabi' is derived from 'Farab,' a Persian term referring to lands irrigated by river water, indicating his place of origin.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of the Persian term 'farab' as it relates to Al-Farabi's name?: The Persian term 'farab' signifies lands irrigated by river water or springs. The use of this term in Al-Farabi's name likely indicates his place of origin, suggesting a connection to a region known for such geographical features, rather than an ethnic identity.

What does the name 'Farab' likely indicate regarding Al-Farabi's origin?

Answer: His place of origin in an irrigated region

The Persian term 'farab' signifies lands irrigated by river water or springs, suggesting that Al-Farabi's name indicates his place of origin rather than an ethnic affiliation.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is Al-Farabi believed to have been born, and what does his name suggest about his origin?: Al-Farabi's birthplace is uncertain, with possibilities including Faryab in Greater Khorasan or Farab in Transoxiana. The word 'farab' itself is a Persian term referring to an area irrigated by river water, and the name likely indicates his place of origin rather than an ethnic affiliation.

What is the meaning of the Persian term 'farab' mentioned in relation to Al-Farabi's name?

Answer: Lands irrigated by river water

The Persian term 'farab' signifies lands that are irrigated by river water or springs, indicating the likely geographical origin associated with Al-Farabi's name.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of the Persian term 'farab' as it relates to Al-Farabi's name?: The Persian term 'farab' signifies lands irrigated by river water or springs. The use of this term in Al-Farabi's name likely indicates his place of origin, suggesting a connection to a region known for such geographical features, rather than an ethnic identity.

Intellectual Heritage and Influences

Al-Farabi believed that Christian bishops actively promoted the teaching of philosophy after the rise of Christianity.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi observed that Christian bishops tended to limit the teaching of philosophy, particularly logic, after Christianity's ascendancy, leading to more private instruction.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi describe the transmission of philosophical knowledge after Aristotle?: In his work 'On the Appearance of Philosophy,' Al-Farabi traced the transmission of philosophy from Alexandria through the Roman Empire and into the Islamic world. He noted that Christian bishops limited the teaching of philosophy, particularly logic, after the rise of Christianity, with teaching becoming private until the advent of Islam, after which it moved to Antioch and then spread further.

Al-Farabi's cosmology primarily drew from Stoic philosophy and Persian mythology.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's cosmology was primarily influenced by Aristotelian metaphysics and Neoplatonic emanational theory, not Stoic philosophy or Persian mythology.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the main influences on Al-Farabi's philosophical system?: The primary influence on Al-Farabi's philosophy was the Aristotelian tradition, particularly as transmitted through Alexandrian scholars. He also incorporated elements from Neoplatonism, especially in metaphysics and practical philosophy, and was influenced by Ptolemaic astronomy in his cosmological models.

Al-Farabi's commentaries were primarily focused on Greek mathematical texts, not philosophical ones.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi wrote significant commentaries on various Greek philosophical works, including those of Aristotle, in addition to mathematical texts.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific Aristotelian works did Al-Farabi comment on?: Al-Farabi wrote commentaries on several key Aristotelian works, including the 'Nicomachean Ethics,' 'Categories,' 'De Interpretatione,' and 'Prior Analytics.' These commentaries were crucial in transmitting and interpreting Aristotelian thought within the Islamic intellectual tradition.

Al-Farabi's political philosophy, particularly in 'The Virtuous City', was significantly influenced by which Greek philosopher's work?

Answer: Plato

Al-Farabi's political philosophy, notably in 'Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila' (The Virtuous City), drew substantial influence from Plato's 'Republic'.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's political philosophy relate to Plato's ideas?: Al-Farabi's political philosophy, particularly in his work 'Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila' (The Virtuous City), was significantly influenced by Plato's 'Republic.' He theorized an ideal state, but instead of Plato's philosopher-king, he proposed a ruler who was a Prophet-Imam, in direct communion with God.

How did Al-Farabi describe the role of Christian bishops concerning philosophy after the rise of Christianity?

Answer: They limited the teaching of philosophy, especially logic.

Al-Farabi observed that Christian bishops tended to restrict philosophical instruction, particularly in logic, following the religion's establishment.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi describe the transmission of philosophical knowledge after Aristotle?: In his work 'On the Appearance of Philosophy,' Al-Farabi traced the transmission of philosophy from Alexandria through the Roman Empire and into the Islamic world. He noted that Christian bishops limited the teaching of philosophy, particularly logic, after the rise of Christianity, with teaching becoming private until the advent of Islam, after which it moved to Antioch and then spread further.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a source of influence on Al-Farabi's philosophical system?

Answer: Stoic logic

Al-Farabi's system was primarily influenced by Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism, with contributions from Ptolemaic astronomy. Stoic logic is mentioned as an influence on his logical work, but not as a primary source for his overall philosophical system in the same way as Aristotle and Neoplatonism.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the main influences on Al-Farabi's philosophical system?: The primary influence on Al-Farabi's philosophy was the Aristotelian tradition, particularly as transmitted through Alexandrian scholars. He also incorporated elements from Neoplatonism, especially in metaphysics and practical philosophy, and was influenced by Ptolemaic astronomy in his cosmological models.

Al-Farabi's cosmology integrated ideas from which two major philosophical traditions?

Answer: Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism

Al-Farabi's cosmological framework synthesized key concepts from Aristotelian metaphysics and Neoplatonic emanational theories.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the main influences on Al-Farabi's philosophical system?: The primary influence on Al-Farabi's philosophy was the Aristotelian tradition, particularly as transmitted through Alexandrian scholars. He also incorporated elements from Neoplatonism, especially in metaphysics and practical philosophy, and was influenced by Ptolemaic astronomy in his cosmological models.

How did Al-Farabi's practical philosophy differ from his theoretical philosophy?

Answer: His practical philosophy aligned more with Plato, while his theoretical drew heavily from Aristotle.

Al-Farabi's theoretical philosophy was largely grounded in Aristotle, whereas his practical philosophy, encompassing ethics and politics, showed a stronger alignment with Platonic thought.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's practical philosophy differ from his theoretical philosophy?: While Al-Farabi's theoretical philosophy drew heavily from Aristotle, his practical philosophy, encompassing ethics and politics, was more aligned with Plato. He emphasized that philosophers should apply their knowledge to practical pursuits, labeling those who do not as 'futile philosophers.'

How did Al-Farabi describe the transmission of philosophy from Alexandria through the Roman Empire?

Answer: Christian bishops limited its teaching, leading to private instruction.

Al-Farabi noted that after the rise of Christianity, bishops restricted philosophical teaching, leading to its continuation primarily through private instruction.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi describe the transmission of philosophical knowledge after Aristotle?: In his work 'On the Appearance of Philosophy,' Al-Farabi traced the transmission of philosophy from Alexandria through the Roman Empire and into the Islamic world. He noted that Christian bishops limited the teaching of philosophy, particularly logic, after the rise of Christianity, with teaching becoming private until the advent of Islam, after which it moved to Antioch and then spread further.

Al-Farabi's philosophical system synthesized ideas from which traditions, influencing later thinkers like Avicenna?

Answer: Greek philosophy (Aristotle, Neoplatonism) and Ptolemaic astronomy

Al-Farabi's philosophical system synthesized Greek philosophy, particularly Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism, along with Ptolemaic astronomy, significantly influencing subsequent thinkers like Avicenna.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's work influence later medieval thinkers?: Al-Farabi's work significantly influenced later medieval thinkers, including Jewish philosopher Maimonides, whom he greatly impacted. His synthesis of philosophy and his systematic approach paved the way for the philosophical endeavors of Avicenna and others, shaping the trajectory of Islamic and, subsequently, Western philosophy.

Core Philosophical Concepts

Al-Farabi's philosophical interests were limited solely to metaphysics and ethics.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's philosophical interests were extensive, encompassing logic, metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, psychology, and music theory, among other fields.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary fields of Al-Farabi's philosophical interests?: Al-Farabi's philosophical interests were extensive and included philosophy of society and religion, philosophy of language and logic, psychology, epistemology, metaphysics, political philosophy, and ethics. He was also an expert in practical musicianship and music theory.

Al-Farabi's treatise 'On Vacuum' concluded that a perfect vacuum is physically possible and necessary for celestial motion.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi concluded that a perfect vacuum was incoherent, suggesting that space is always occupied by some form of matter, such as air.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's conclusion regarding the existence of a vacuum?: In his treatise 'On Vacuum,' Al-Farabi concluded that a perfect vacuum was incoherent. He suggested that air possesses the ability to expand and fill available space, implying that space is always occupied by some form of matter.

Al-Farabi described the universe as a series of concentric spheres, each governed by an intellect emanating from the First Cause.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi's cosmological model depicted the universe as a hierarchy of intellects, each emanating from the First Cause and governing a celestial sphere.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's cosmology integrate Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ideas?: Al-Farabi's cosmology was based on Aristotelian metaphysics of causation and Neoplatonic emanational theory. He envisioned a universe of concentric spheres, each representing an intellect that emanated from the First Cause (God), with each subsequent intellect causing the next in a chain of being.

Al-Farabi believed God, the First Cause, could be fully understood through logical definition and categorization.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi employed negative theology, asserting that the First Cause (God) could not be fully understood through logical definitions or categorization, emphasizing its transcendent nature.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on the nature of the First Cause (God)?: Al-Farabi relied heavily on negative theology when discussing the First Cause, stating it could not be known through intellectual means like definition or genus and differentia. He believed God's existence is uncaused and that God's primary activity is self-contemplation, which leads to the emanation of the universe.

Al-Farabi categorized the human intellect into potential, actual, acquired, and the Agent Intellect.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi's epistemology includes a four-part division of the intellect: potential, actual, acquired, and the Agent Intellect, which serves as a divine illuminator.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi categorize the human intellect?: Al-Farabi divided the intellect into four categories: potential intellect (the capacity to think), actual intellect (the intellect engaged in thinking), acquired intellect (the state of knowing all intelligibles), and the Agent Intellect (identified as the Tenth Intellect in his cosmology). The first three relate to the human mind, while the fourth is an external, divine source of illumination.

In Al-Farabi's epistemology, the Agent Intellect serves as a passive recipient of knowledge from the human mind.

Answer: False

The Agent Intellect, in Al-Farabi's system, is an active, divine source of illumination that enables the human intellect to grasp abstract concepts, rather than a passive recipient.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the role of the Agent Intellect in Al-Farabi's epistemology?: The Agent Intellect, in Al-Farabi's system, acts as a source of illumination that enables the human intellect to grasp abstract concepts or 'intelligibles.' It works upon the retained sensory forms in the imagination, removing their physical accidents to reveal universal principles.

Al-Farabi's concept of the afterlife involved the personal survival and continuation of individual consciousness.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's view of the afterlife suggested that only the perfected rational faculty merges with the Agent Intellect, rather than the personal consciousness continuing in an individual form.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's perspective on the afterlife?: According to Al-Farabi, the afterlife is not a personal experience with individual distinguishing features. He believed that only the rational faculty, if perfected, survives death and merges with the Agent Intellect, entering a realm of pure intelligence. This view contrasts with common religious conceptions of personal survival after death.

Al-Farabi believed the universe emanated from the First Cause through divine choice and free will.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's cosmology suggested that the universe emanated from the First Cause out of necessity, not through divine choice or free will.

Related Concepts:

  • Did Al-Farabi believe that the universe was created by divine will or necessity?: Al-Farabi's cosmology suggested that the universe emanated from the First Cause out of necessity, not choice or will. This view implies that God's existence inherently causes the creation of the universe, a concept that was later criticized by figures like Al-Ghazzali.

Al-Farabi's model of the soul included internal senses like 'common sense', which were later elaborated by Avicenna.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's model of the soul notably lacked the concept of internal senses like 'common sense,' which were later detailed by philosophers such as Avicenna.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's concept of the soul differ from later Islamic philosophers like Avicenna?: Al-Farabi's model of the soul included appetitive, sensitive, imaginative, and rational faculties, with only the rational part surviving death. Notably absent from his scheme were internal senses like common sense, which would be elaborated upon by later philosophers such as Avicenna and Averroes.

Al-Farabi's philosophical inquiries into dreams focused solely on their interpretation for divination.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi distinguished between the interpretation of dreams and the study of their causes and nature, indicating a broader psychological interest beyond mere divination.

Related Concepts:

  • What distinction did Al-Farabi make regarding dream interpretation?: In his work 'Opinions of the People of the Ideal City,' Al-Farabi distinguished between the interpretation of dreams and the study of the nature and causes of dreams themselves. This suggests an early philosophical interest in the psychology of dreaming.

Al-Farabi's concept of the afterlife suggests that the rational soul, upon death, merges with the Agent Intellect.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi proposed that the perfected rational soul, upon death, achieves union with the Agent Intellect, signifying a form of afterlife.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's perspective on the afterlife?: According to Al-Farabi, the afterlife is not a personal experience with individual distinguishing features. He believed that only the rational faculty, if perfected, survives death and merges with the Agent Intellect, entering a realm of pure intelligence. This view contrasts with common religious conceptions of personal survival after death.

Which of the following fields was NOT among Al-Farabi's primary philosophical interests according to the source?

Answer: Astronomy

Al-Farabi's interests included philosophy of society, religion, language, logic, psychology, epistemology, metaphysics, political philosophy, ethics, and music theory. Astronomy is not explicitly listed as a primary philosophical interest in this context.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary fields of Al-Farabi's philosophical interests?: Al-Farabi's philosophical interests were extensive and included philosophy of society and religion, philosophy of language and logic, psychology, epistemology, metaphysics, political philosophy, and ethics. He was also an expert in practical musicianship and music theory.

According to the source, what was Al-Farabi's conclusion regarding the existence of a vacuum?

Answer: A perfect vacuum is incoherent, as space is always occupied by matter.

In his treatise 'On Vacuum,' Al-Farabi concluded that a perfect vacuum is incoherent, positing that space is invariably occupied by matter, such as air.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's conclusion regarding the existence of a vacuum?: In his treatise 'On Vacuum,' Al-Farabi concluded that a perfect vacuum was incoherent. He suggested that air possesses the ability to expand and fill available space, implying that space is always occupied by some form of matter.

What aspect of Al-Farabi's soul model was notably absent compared to later philosophers like Avicenna?

Answer: Internal senses like common sense

Al-Farabi's model of the soul did not include internal senses such as 'common sense,' a concept that would be further developed by subsequent philosophers like Avicenna.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's concept of the soul differ from later Islamic philosophers like Avicenna?: Al-Farabi's model of the soul included appetitive, sensitive, imaginative, and rational faculties, with only the rational part surviving death. Notably absent from his scheme were internal senses like common sense, which would be elaborated upon by later philosophers such as Avicenna and Averroes.

In Al-Farabi's cosmology, what caused the emanation of the universe?

Answer: The self-contemplation of the First Cause, leading to necessity.

Al-Farabi's cosmology posits that the universe emanates from the First Cause through its necessary self-contemplation, rather than through deliberate choice or will.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's cosmology address the concept of emanation?: Al-Farabi's cosmology described emanation as a process where the First Cause, through self-contemplation, causes the 'overflow' of the second intellect, and this continues sequentially down to the tenth intellect, which governs the material world. This hierarchical structure explains the causal chain from the divine to the material realm.

What role did the Agent Intellect play in Al-Farabi's epistemology?

Answer: It was a divine source of illumination enabling the grasp of abstract concepts.

In Al-Farabi's epistemology, the Agent Intellect functions as a divine source of illumination that empowers the human intellect to comprehend abstract principles and universals.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the role of the Agent Intellect in Al-Farabi's epistemology?: The Agent Intellect, in Al-Farabi's system, acts as a source of illumination that enables the human intellect to grasp abstract concepts or 'intelligibles.' It works upon the retained sensory forms in the imagination, removing their physical accidents to reveal universal principles.

How did Al-Farabi describe the afterlife for the human soul?

Answer: The merging of the perfected rational faculty with the Agent Intellect.

Al-Farabi posited that upon death, the perfected rational faculty of the soul merges with the Agent Intellect, rather than continuing as an individual consciousness.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's perspective on the afterlife?: According to Al-Farabi, the afterlife is not a personal experience with individual distinguishing features. He believed that only the rational faculty, if perfected, survives death and merges with the Agent Intellect, entering a realm of pure intelligence. This view contrasts with common religious conceptions of personal survival after death.

What did Al-Farabi suggest about the nature of the First Cause (God)?

Answer: God's primary activity is self-contemplation, leading to emanation.

Al-Farabi proposed that the First Cause (God) is characterized by self-contemplation, which necessarily leads to the emanation of the universe.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on the nature of the First Cause (God)?: Al-Farabi relied heavily on negative theology when discussing the First Cause, stating it could not be known through intellectual means like definition or genus and differentia. He believed God's existence is uncaused and that God's primary activity is self-contemplation, which leads to the emanation of the universe.

What did Al-Farabi believe about the survival of the human soul after death?

Answer: Only the perfected rational faculty merges with the Agent Intellect.

Al-Farabi posited that upon death, the perfected rational faculty of the soul merges with the Agent Intellect, rather than the individual consciousness persisting.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's concept of the soul differ from later Islamic philosophers like Avicenna?: Al-Farabi's model of the soul included appetitive, sensitive, imaginative, and rational faculties, with only the rational part surviving death. Notably absent from his scheme were internal senses like common sense, which would be elaborated upon by later philosophers such as Avicenna and Averroes.

Al-Farabi's treatise 'On Vacuum' argued against the existence of a vacuum based on the properties of:

Answer: Air

Al-Farabi's argument against the vacuum in his treatise 'On Vacuum' was based on the properties of air, suggesting its capacity to fill available space.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's conclusion regarding the existence of a vacuum?: In his treatise 'On Vacuum,' Al-Farabi concluded that a perfect vacuum was incoherent. He suggested that air possesses the ability to expand and fill available space, implying that space is always occupied by some form of matter.

Al-Farabi's interest in the psychology of dreaming is evidenced by his distinction between:

Answer: The interpretation of dreams and the study of their causes.

Al-Farabi's work indicates an interest in the psychology of dreams, specifically distinguishing between the interpretation of dreams and the investigation of their underlying causes.

Related Concepts:

  • What distinction did Al-Farabi make regarding dream interpretation?: In his work 'Opinions of the People of the Ideal City,' Al-Farabi distinguished between the interpretation of dreams and the study of the nature and causes of dreams themselves. This suggests an early philosophical interest in the psychology of dreaming.

What did Al-Farabi consider the primary function of the Agent Intellect?

Answer: To provide illumination for the human intellect to grasp universals.

The primary function of the Agent Intellect, according to Al-Farabi, was to provide illumination, enabling the human intellect to apprehend abstract concepts and universals.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the role of the Agent Intellect in Al-Farabi's epistemology?: The Agent Intellect, in Al-Farabi's system, acts as a source of illumination that enables the human intellect to grasp abstract concepts or 'intelligibles.' It works upon the retained sensory forms in the imagination, removing their physical accidents to reveal universal principles.

What term did Al-Farabi use for the fourth category of intellect, identified as a divine source of illumination in his cosmology?

Answer: Agent Intellect

Al-Farabi termed the fourth category of intellect, which serves as a divine source of illumination, the 'Agent Intellect'.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi categorize the human intellect?: Al-Farabi divided the intellect into four categories: potential intellect (the capacity to think), actual intellect (the intellect engaged in thinking), acquired intellect (the state of knowing all intelligibles), and the Agent Intellect (identified as the Tenth Intellect in his cosmology). The first three relate to the human mind, while the fourth is an external, divine source of illumination.

Contributions to Specific Disciplines

Al-Farabi's logical work was strictly confined to Aristotelian principles without any additions or modifications.

Answer: False

While primarily Aristotelian, Al-Farabi's logical work incorporated non-Aristotelian elements, including discussions influenced by Stoic traditions and the concept of 'poetic syllogism'.

Related Concepts:

  • What were Al-Farabi's major contributions to the field of logic?: Al-Farabi was primarily an Aristotelian logician but incorporated non-Aristotelian elements into his work. He discussed topics such as future contingents, the number and relation of categories, the connection between logic and grammar, and forms of analogical inference derived from Stoic traditions. He also categorized logic into 'idea' and 'proof'.

Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' primarily focused on the technical aspects of musical performance.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' explored philosophical principles, cosmic connections, and the therapeutic effects of music, rather than focusing solely on technical performance.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir'?: Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' (Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir) is a foundational text in music theory. In it, he explored philosophical principles of music, its cosmic connections, its influence on the soul, and its therapeutic effects. He also detailed how music could be fitted to speech, like poetry, to enhance meaning.

Al-Farabi's work 'De scientiis' provided a comprehensive classification of the sciences during his era.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi's 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum,' known in Latin as 'De scientiis,' offered a systematic classification of the sciences prevalent during his time.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum'?: Al-Farabi's 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum,' known in the Latin West as 'De scientiis,' provided a classification of the sciences. This work was influential in organizing knowledge and understanding the structure of different disciplines within the philosophical and scientific landscape of his time.

Al-Farabi believed music possessed therapeutic effects and could be used to enhance the meaning of texts.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi explored music's therapeutic potential and its capacity to enrich textual meaning by aligning it with speech patterns.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's contribution to the understanding of music's impact?: Al-Farabi explored the therapeutic effects of music on the soul and how music could be used to enhance the meaning of texts by fitting it to speech. His work in music theory provided a philosophical framework for understanding music's influence beyond mere aesthetics.

Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir' is considered a foundational text in music theory.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' (Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir) is recognized as a seminal work in the field of music theory.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir'?: Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' (Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir) is a foundational text in music theory. In it, he explored philosophical principles of music, its cosmic connections, its influence on the soul, and its therapeutic effects. He also detailed how music could be fitted to speech, like poetry, to enhance meaning.

Which of Al-Farabi's works is known in the Latin West as 'De scientiis'?

Answer: Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum

Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum' is known in the Latin West by the title 'De scientiis,' signifying its importance in the classification of knowledge.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum'?: Al-Farabi's 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum,' known in the Latin West as 'De scientiis,' provided a classification of the sciences. This work was influential in organizing knowledge and understanding the structure of different disciplines within the philosophical and scientific landscape of his time.

Which of the following is a key theme in Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music'?

Answer: The philosophical principles, cosmic connections, and therapeutic effects of music

Al-Farabi's 'Grand Book of Music' explored the philosophical underpinnings of music, its connections to the cosmos, and its therapeutic applications, extending beyond mere technical aspects.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's contribution to the understanding of music's impact?: Al-Farabi explored the therapeutic effects of music on the soul and how music could be used to enhance the meaning of texts by fitting it to speech. His work in music theory provided a philosophical framework for understanding music's influence beyond mere aesthetics.

Al-Farabi's classification of sciences, presented in 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum', was significant for:

Answer: Organizing and understanding different disciplines of knowledge.

Al-Farabi's 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum' was significant for its comprehensive classification of sciences, aiding in the organization and understanding of various fields of knowledge.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's work 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum'?: Al-Farabi's 'Kitab Ihsa al-Ulum,' known in the Latin West as 'De scientiis,' provided a classification of the sciences. This work was influential in organizing knowledge and understanding the structure of different disciplines within the philosophical and scientific landscape of his time.

Political Philosophy and Ethics

Al-Farabi viewed religion as a less effective means of conveying truth compared to pure philosophy.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi considered religion a valuable means of conveying truth through symbols and persuasion, complementing philosophy's demonstrative approach.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on the relationship between philosophy and religion?: Al-Farabi viewed religion as a means of conveying truth through symbols and persuasion, similar to Plato's concept of the philosopher's role in guiding the state. He believed the ideal state should be led by a Prophet-Imam who communicates divine law, drawing parallels within the Islamic context.

In his political philosophy, Al-Farabi proposed a ruler who was a philosopher-king, directly mirroring Plato's ideal.

Answer: False

While influenced by Plato's Republic, Al-Farabi proposed a ruler who was a Prophet-Imam, in direct communion with God, rather than a philosopher-king.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's political philosophy relate to Plato's ideas?: Al-Farabi's political philosophy, particularly in his work 'Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila' (The Virtuous City), was significantly influenced by Plato's 'Republic.' He theorized an ideal state, but instead of Plato's philosopher-king, he proposed a ruler who was a Prophet-Imam, in direct communion with God.

Al-Farabi believed that humans are inherently solitary beings who must strive against their nature to achieve societal perfection.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi posited that humans are inherently social beings, requiring connection and interaction with others to achieve societal perfection and mutual support.

Related Concepts:

  • What did Al-Farabi propose about the human soul and its connection to others?: Al-Farabi expressed in 'Opinions of the People of the Ideal City' that individuals cannot achieve ideal states alone but require connection and interaction with others. He believed it is the intrinsic nature of humans to associate with each other for mutual support and the realization of perfection.

Al-Farabi equated human perfection and happiness with achieving mastery in practical crafts and trades.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi equated human perfection and happiness with intellectual contemplation and the attainment of the acquired intellect, not mastery of practical crafts.

Related Concepts:

  • What did Al-Farabi consider to be human perfection or happiness?: Al-Farabi equated human perfection and happiness with constant intellection and contemplation. He believed that through the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding the universal intelligibles, the human intellect becomes associated with the perfection of the Agent Intellect.

Al-Farabi believed prophets received divine truths primarily through rigorous logical deduction, similar to philosophers.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi believed prophets received divine truths through a strong imaginative faculty that allowed them to associate abstract concepts with symbols, facilitating communication to the populace.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi interpret prophetic knowledge?: Al-Farabi believed that prophets possess a strong imaginative faculty that allows them to receive intelligibles from the Agent Intellect and associate them with symbols and images. This imaginative capacity enables them to communicate abstract truths in a way that ordinary people can understand, distinguishing prophetic knowledge by its form rather than its content.

Al-Farabi classified societies that deviated from the ideal state into ignorant, wicked, and errant categories.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi categorized 'vicious' societies, which fail to achieve the ideal state, into three types: ignorant, wicked, and errant societies.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi classify societies that failed to achieve the ideal 'virtuous' state?: Al-Farabi divided 'vicious' societies, which deviate from the ideal virtuous state, into three categories: ignorant societies (which fail to comprehend the purpose of human existence), wicked societies, and errant societies. He also noted the presence of 'weeds' within virtuous societies – individuals who undermine its progress.

Al-Farabi considered the philosopher's role in society to be purely theoretical, with no practical application required.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi emphasized the practical role of the philosopher in society, comparing it to a physician's duty to heal the soul and guide the community towards virtue.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's perspective on the role of the philosopher in society?: Al-Farabi believed philosophers had a crucial practical role in society, akin to physicians guiding the body. They were responsible for healing the souls of citizens, establishing justice, and leading the community towards virtue and happiness by shaping the moral habits of its people.

Al-Farabi viewed democracy as the ideal form of government, superior to rule by a single philosopher-king.

Answer: False

While Al-Farabi considered the Prophet-Imam the ideal ruler, he viewed democracy as a less ideal, though potentially functional, form of government, not superior to the ideal ruler.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on democracy in relation to the ideal state?: While Al-Farabi considered the Prophet-led Medina as the ideal state, he viewed democracy as the closest approximation in the absence of such a ruler. However, he also noted that imperfect states could emerge from democracy and observed that the early Islamic Caliphate, which he saw as republican, was eventually replaced by monarchical systems.

Al-Farabi believed that true happiness was achieved through the accumulation of wealth and material possessions.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi equated true happiness and perfection with intellectual contemplation and the attainment of knowledge, not material accumulation.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's understanding of 'happiness' differ from common religious views?: Al-Farabi defined happiness primarily as intellectual contemplation and the attainment of the acquired intellect, aligning it with philosophical enlightenment. This contrasts with religious traditions that often emphasize spiritual or divine union as the ultimate state of happiness after death.

Al-Farabi believed philosophers should master rhetoric and poetics to effectively communicate abstract truths to the general populace.

Answer: True

Al-Farabi stressed the importance of rhetoric and poetics for philosophers to effectively convey complex philosophical ideas and guide the populace towards virtue.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did Al-Farabi assign to rhetoric and poetics in his political philosophy?: Al-Farabi believed that the ideal philosopher must master rhetoric and poetics to effectively communicate abstract truths to the general populace. This skill was essential for guiding society towards the realization of 'true happiness' and establishing a virtuous state.

Al-Farabi's political philosophy proposed that the ideal state should be led by a council of elders, similar to some ancient Greek republics.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's ideal state was led by a Prophet-Imam, not a council of elders, though he did discuss republican elements in historical states.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's political philosophy address the ideal state and governance?: Al-Farabi theorized about an ideal state, or 'virtuous city,' which he believed should be guided by a philosopher-ruler, whom he identified with the Prophet-Imam in the Islamic context. He saw the philosopher's role as analogous to a physician healing the city's soul by establishing justice and guiding citizens toward true happiness.

Al-Farabi's view on the relationship between philosophy and religion suggested they were fundamentally incompatible and could not coexist.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi viewed philosophy and religion as complementary, with religion conveying truths through symbols and persuasion, thereby supporting philosophical understanding.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on the relationship between reason and revelation?: Al-Farabi integrated reason and revelation, suggesting that the Prophet-Imam, through divine communion, revealed laws that aligned with philosophical truths. He saw philosophy as a means to understand these truths through demonstration, complementing the symbolic and persuasive approach of religion.

What did Al-Farabi believe was the ultimate goal of human perfection and happiness?

Answer: Constant intellection and contemplation

Al-Farabi identified human perfection and happiness with the continuous pursuit of intellectual understanding and contemplation.

Related Concepts:

  • What did Al-Farabi consider to be human perfection or happiness?: Al-Farabi equated human perfection and happiness with constant intellection and contemplation. He believed that through the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding the universal intelligibles, the human intellect becomes associated with the perfection of the Agent Intellect.

How did Al-Farabi view the relationship between religion and philosophy?

Answer: Religion conveyed truth through symbols and persuasion, complementing philosophy.

Al-Farabi considered religion and philosophy to be complementary, with religion serving as a means to convey truths through symbolic language and persuasion, thereby supporting philosophical understanding.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Al-Farabi's view on the relationship between reason and revelation?: Al-Farabi integrated reason and revelation, suggesting that the Prophet-Imam, through divine communion, revealed laws that aligned with philosophical truths. He saw philosophy as a means to understand these truths through demonstration, complementing the symbolic and persuasive approach of religion.

What did Al-Farabi believe was essential for a philosopher to effectively guide society?

Answer: Proficiency in rhetoric and poetics

Al-Farabi believed that philosophers must master rhetoric and poetics to effectively communicate abstract truths and guide society towards virtue and happiness.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did Al-Farabi assign to rhetoric and poetics in his political philosophy?: Al-Farabi believed that the ideal philosopher must master rhetoric and poetics to effectively communicate abstract truths to the general populace. This skill was essential for guiding society towards the realization of 'true happiness' and establishing a virtuous state.

Which of the following is NOT a category Al-Farabi used to classify 'vicious' societies?

Answer: Corrupt societies

Al-Farabi classified deviant societies as ignorant, wicked, or errant, but 'corrupt societies' is not listed as a distinct category in the provided information.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi classify societies that failed to achieve the ideal 'virtuous' state?: Al-Farabi divided 'vicious' societies, which deviate from the ideal virtuous state, into three categories: ignorant societies (which fail to comprehend the purpose of human existence), wicked societies, and errant societies. He also noted the presence of 'weeds' within virtuous societies – individuals who undermine its progress.

What was Al-Farabi's view on the ideal ruler for the 'virtuous city'?

Answer: A Prophet-Imam in direct communion with God.

Al-Farabi's ideal ruler for the 'virtuous city' was a Prophet-Imam, who possessed direct communion with God and could convey divine law.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's political philosophy address the ideal state and governance?: Al-Farabi theorized about an ideal state, or 'virtuous city,' which he believed should be guided by a philosopher-ruler, whom he identified with the Prophet-Imam in the Islamic context. He saw the philosopher's role as analogous to a physician healing the city's soul by establishing justice and guiding citizens toward true happiness.

Legacy and Impact

Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi is widely recognized as the "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism" and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy."

Answer: True

The source identifies Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi with these significant titles, acknowledging his foundational role in Islamic Neoplatonism and political philosophy.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, and what are his most recognized titles?: Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist who lived approximately from 870 to 950/951 CE. He is widely recognized as the "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism" and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy."

Al-Farabi founded a philosophical school that became dominant and overshadowed all subsequent Islamic philosophical movements.

Answer: False

While Al-Farabi established his own philosophical school, it was later overshadowed by Avicennism, rather than dominating all subsequent movements.

Related Concepts:

  • What philosophical school did Al-Farabi establish, and how did it influence later thought?: Al-Farabi founded his own school of early Islamic philosophy, known as 'Farabism' or 'Alfarabism,' though it was later overshadowed by Avicennism. His work synthesized various philosophical traditions and moved from metaphysics towards methodology, influencing subsequent philosophers like Avicenna and paving the way for later scholastic interests.

Al-Farabi earned the title 'First Master' due to his foundational work in logic, predating Aristotle.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi earned the title 'Second Master,' signifying his position as second only to Aristotle in philosophical knowledge.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's title 'Second Master'?: The title 'Second Master' was given to Al-Farabi because he was widely considered second only to Aristotle in philosophical knowledge during his time. This honorific title reflects the profound impact and high regard for his comprehensive philosophical system, which synthesized various intellectual traditions.

Al-Farabi's philosophical system had minimal impact on later medieval thinkers like Maimonides.

Answer: False

Al-Farabi's philosophical system had a significant impact on later medieval thinkers, notably including the Jewish philosopher Maimonides.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's work influence later medieval thinkers?: Al-Farabi's work significantly influenced later medieval thinkers, including Jewish philosopher Maimonides, whom he greatly impacted. His synthesis of philosophy and his systematic approach paved the way for the philosophical endeavors of Avicenna and others, shaping the trajectory of Islamic and, subsequently, Western philosophy.

What are the two most recognized titles attributed to Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi?

Answer: The Father of Islamic Neoplatonism and The Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy

Al-Farabi is widely recognized by scholars as the "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism" and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy," reflecting his profound influence on these areas of thought.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, and what are his most recognized titles?: Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist who lived approximately from 870 to 950/951 CE. He is widely recognized as the "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism" and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy."

Which historical figure was considered second only to Aristotle in philosophical knowledge, earning Al-Farabi the title "Second Master"?

Answer: Aristotle

Al-Farabi earned the title "Second Master" because he was widely regarded as second only to Aristotle in philosophical acumen and knowledge during his time.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Al-Farabi's title 'Second Master'?: The title 'Second Master' was given to Al-Farabi because he was widely considered second only to Aristotle in philosophical knowledge during his time. This honorific title reflects the profound impact and high regard for his comprehensive philosophical system, which synthesized various intellectual traditions.

Al-Farabi's work significantly influenced later medieval thinkers, including which prominent Jewish philosopher?

Answer: Maimonides

Al-Farabi's philosophical contributions profoundly influenced later medieval thinkers, most notably the prominent Jewish philosopher Maimonides.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Al-Farabi's work influence later medieval thinkers?: Al-Farabi's work significantly influenced later medieval thinkers, including Jewish philosopher Maimonides, whom he greatly impacted. His synthesis of philosophy and his systematic approach paved the way for the philosophical endeavors of Avicenna and others, shaping the trajectory of Islamic and, subsequently, Western philosophy.

Which of the following titles is NOT associated with Al-Farabi in the source text?

Answer: The Philosopher of Baghdad

While Al-Farabi was a significant figure in Baghdad, 'The Philosopher of Baghdad' is not listed as one of his recognized titles in the provided source material.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, and what are his most recognized titles?: Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist who lived approximately from 870 to 950/951 CE. He is widely recognized as the "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism" and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy."

Home | Sitemaps | Contact | Terms | Privacy