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Total Categories: 7
The assertion that Alaska Natives constitute a monolithic group, characterized by a single shared language and culture, is accurate.
Answer: False
Alaska Natives represent a highly diverse population comprising numerous distinct cultural and linguistic groups, such as the Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Tlingit, and Northern Athabaskan peoples, rather than a monolithic entity.
The Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Northern Athabaskan peoples are all recognized as Alaska Natives.
Answer: True
The Indigenous peoples of Alaska encompass a broad spectrum of distinct cultural and linguistic groups, including the Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and various Northern Athabaskan peoples.
As of 2018, Alaska Natives constituted approximately 15.4% of Alaska's total population.
Answer: True
Estimates from 2018 indicate that Alaska Natives comprised approximately 15.4% of the overall population within the state of Alaska.
The 2010 census data indicated that the majority of Alaska Natives resided in rural areas.
Answer: False
Contrary to the assertion, the 2010 census revealed a notable increase in the percentage of Alaska Natives living in urban areas, with 44% residing in urban settings, up from 38% in 2000.
According to the 2010 census, the Inupiat tribal grouping constituted the largest population representation within the Nome Census Area.
Answer: True
Data from the 2010 census indicates that the Inupiat tribal grouping represented the largest demographic segment within the Nome Census Area, comprising 67.46% of its population.
The Aleutians East Borough exhibited the highest percentage of Aleut population in the 2010 census.
Answer: True
Based on the 2010 census, the Aleutians East Borough recorded the highest proportion of residents identifying with the Aleut tribal grouping, at 95.58%.
Identify the group that is NOT listed as a primary linguistic group of Alaska Natives within the provided source material.
Answer: Navajo
The source material enumerates Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Northern Athabaskan as primary linguistic groups of Alaska Natives. Navajo is not included among these.
According to 2018 estimates, what percentage of Alaska's population did Alaska Natives constitute?
Answer: Approximately 15.4%
Estimates from 2018 indicate that Alaska Natives represented approximately 15.4% of the total population of Alaska.
What was the observed trend in the distribution of Alaska Natives between urban and rural areas between 2000 and 2010?
Answer: A notable increase in the percentage of Alaska Natives living in urban areas.
The period between 2000 and 2010 saw a significant demographic shift, with a notable increase in the proportion of Alaska Natives residing in urban areas, rising from 38% to 44%.
In the Nome Census Area, which tribal grouping had the largest population percentage according to the 2010 census?
Answer: Inupiat
The 2010 census data for the Nome Census Area indicates that the Inupiat tribal grouping constituted the largest population segment, representing 67.46% of the area's residents.
Anthropological consensus posits that the ancestral migrations of Alaska Natives originated from Europe, traversing the Atlantic Ocean.
Answer: False
The prevailing anthropological theories indicate that the ancestors of Alaska Natives migrated from Asia, utilizing either the Bering land bridge or maritime routes, not from Europe across the Atlantic.
Genetic evidence suggests a close ancestral relationship between contemporary Alaska Natives and Indigenous peoples of South America.
Answer: False
Genetic studies indicate that present-day Alaska Natives are not closely related to the Indigenous peoples of South America; rather, some groups in Alaska descend from a later migration wave confined to northern North America.
Alaska Natives are descendants of a migration wave that exclusively settled in northern North America.
Answer: True
Certain present-day Alaska Native groups are understood to descend from a later migration wave that established populations across northern North America, without extending further south into South America.
Which theory is predominantly proposed for the migration of Alaska Native ancestors from Asia?
Answer: Traveling across the Bering land bridge or by sea
Anthropological theories suggest that the ancestors of Alaska Natives migrated from Asia, primarily via the Bering land bridge or through maritime routes.
What did genetic evidence reveal regarding the relationship between Alaska Natives and Indigenous peoples of South America?
Answer: Alaska Natives descend from a later migration wave unrelated to South American groups.
Genetic evidence indicates that while some Indigenous peoples of the Americas share common ancestry, present-day Alaska Natives are not closely related to South American groups, with some descending from a distinct, later migration wave.
Russian Orthodox missionaries were instrumental in translating Christian scripture into Native Alaskan languages.
Answer: True
During the period of Russian contact, Russian Orthodox missionaries undertook the translation of Christian scriptures into Indigenous Alaskan languages, such as Tlingit, and established numerous congregations.
The Russian-American Company maintained ethical labor practices and fair contracts with the Aleut population.
Answer: False
The Russian-American Company coerced Aleuts into labor for the fur trade, employed systematic violence, and introduced Eurasian diseases, leading to significant exploitation and population decline, rather than ethical treatment.
'Iasak' represented a form of tribute imposed by Russian colonizers, predominantly collected in the form of otter pelts.
Answer: True
'Iasak' was a system of taxation implemented by the Russians on Indigenous populations, primarily requiring tribute in the form of otter pelts, serving as a mechanism of colonial exploitation.
The primary factor contributing to the substantial decline in the Aleut population during early Russian contact was inter-company warfare.
Answer: False
The most devastating cause of the Aleut population decline was the introduction of infectious diseases from Eurasia, to which they had no immunity, leading to an estimated 80% mortality rate.
The Russian-American Company's policy of mandatory conscription for seal hunting primarily involved Indigenous women.
Answer: False
The Russian-American Company conscripted Indigenous men aged 18 to 50 for seal hunting, which disrupted communities by separating men from families and leaving villages vulnerable.
The Alaska Native population experienced a significant increase between 1741 and 1880 due to Russian settlement.
Answer: False
Conversely, the Alaska Native population experienced a drastic decline, estimated from 80,000 in 1741 to 33,000 by 1880, primarily due to the introduction of Eurasian diseases during the Russian colonial period.
The term 'promyshlenniki' refers to Russian explorers who were primarily engaged in mapping Alaska's interior.
Answer: False
The term 'promyshlenniki' denotes Russian fur traders and adventurers who engaged in hunting and resource extraction, often coercing Indigenous populations into labor, rather than being primarily explorers or cartographers.
What characterized the initial nature of Russian interaction with Alaska Natives in the 18th century?
Answer: Involved trade, establishment of settlements, and presence of missionaries.
The initial Russian encounters in the 18th century involved trade, the founding of settlements, and the activities of Russian Orthodox missionaries, particularly in regions like the Aleutian Islands.
Which Indigenous group was coerced by the Russian-American Company into labor for the fur trade?
Answer: Aleut
The Aleut people were subjected to coercion by the Russian-American Company, being forced into labor for the fur trade and other activities, leading to severe exploitation.
What was the primary form of tribute demanded by the 'iasak' system during the Russian colonial period?
Answer: Otter pelts
The 'iasak' system primarily demanded tribute in the form of otter pelts from Indigenous populations as a means of colonial economic exploitation.
What was the most significant factor contributing to the devastating population decline among the Aleut people during early Russian contact?
Answer: Introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases
The introduction of infectious diseases from Eurasia, to which the Aleut population had no immunity, was the primary cause of their catastrophic population decline during the initial generations of Russian contact.
How did the Russian-American Company's mandatory conscription for seal hunting impact Indigenous communities?
Answer: It separated men from families and villages, altering community structures.
The mandatory conscription of men for seal hunting by the Russian-American Company disrupted community structures by separating males from their families and villages, leaving behind only women, children, and the elderly.
What does the term 'iasak' refer to in the context of Russian colonization in Alaska?
Answer: A form of tribute, primarily in furs.
'Iasak' denotes a system of tribute or taxation imposed by Russian colonizers on Indigenous populations, typically collected in the form of furs, such as otter pelts.
Beyond forced labor, what significant negative impact did the Russian-American Company have on the Aleut population?
Answer: Significant population decline due to Eurasian diseases.
The introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases by the Russian-American Company led to a catastrophic decline in the Aleut population, representing one of the most severe consequences of Russian colonization.
In the context of Russian activities in Alaska, what does the term 'promyshlenniki' denote?
Answer: Fur traders and adventurers
The term 'promyshlenniki' refers to Russian fur traders and adventurers who were active in Alaska, often engaging in resource extraction and labor coercion.
Beyond religious conversion, what significant linguistic contribution did Russian Orthodox missionaries make?
Answer: They were the first to translate Christian scripture into Native languages.
Russian Orthodox missionaries were pioneers in translating Christian scriptures into various Native Alaskan languages, such as Tlingit, thereby playing a crucial role in linguistic documentation and adaptation.
The United States acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867 without consulting the Indigenous inhabitants.
Answer: True
The purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867 was conducted between the U.S. and Russia, with no consultation or consideration given to the Indigenous populations residing there.
Following American settlement, Alaska Natives were granted full and equal rights equivalent to those of white settlers.
Answer: False
Post-American settlement, Alaska Natives faced significant discrimination and were not granted equal rights; they were treated as second-class citizens, with segregation evident in public spaces and limited opportunities.
During World War II, Aleuts were evacuated from their homes for safety, but the process was poorly managed, resulting in significant hardship and loss.
Answer: True
The forced evacuation of Aleuts during World War II was poorly executed, leading to deaths among the vulnerable population and the destruction or looting of their homes and possessions upon their eventual return.
What was the immediate consequence for Alaska Natives' land rights following the U.S. purchase of Alaska in 1867?
Answer: Their traditional lands were treated as 'open land' for settlers without compensation.
Upon the U.S. purchase of Alaska, Indigenous lands were largely considered 'open land,' allowing settlers to claim them without recognizing or compensating Native inhabitants for their traditional territories.
How were the Aleuts treated during their forced evacuation during World War II?
Answer: The evacuation was poorly managed, leading to deaths and loss of property.
The forced evacuation of Aleuts during World War II was characterized by poor management, resulting in fatalities among the displaced population and the subsequent loss of homes and belongings.
What major historical event precipitated the forced evacuation and subsequent hardships experienced by the Aleut population during World War II?
Answer: World War II
World War II was the catalyst for the forced evacuation of the Aleut population from their ancestral lands, undertaken for perceived safety reasons but resulting in significant suffering and loss.
The Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945 is recognized as the first anti-discrimination state law enacted in the United States.
Answer: True
The Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945 was a pioneering piece of legislation, establishing itself as the first state-level anti-discrimination law in the U.S. and prohibiting segregation.
The Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood (ANS) were established to advocate for Indigenous rights.
Answer: True
The Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB), founded in 1912, and the Alaska Native Sisterhood (ANS), founded in 1915, were crucial organizations formed to champion and advocate for the civil and political rights of Alaska Natives.
In 1915, Alaskan Natives were granted the unconditional right to vote.
Answer: False
While the Alaska Territorial legislature granted Alaskan Natives the right to vote in 1915, this right was conditional upon their renunciation of cultural customs and traditions.
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), enacted in 1971, was designed to resolve land and financial claims for Alaska Natives.
Answer: True
ANCSA was a landmark piece of legislation passed in 1971 to address historical land and resource claims by Alaska Natives, establishing regional corporations to manage settlements.
Alaska Natives generally possess reservations similar in legal status and structure to those established for many other Native American tribes in the contiguous U.S.
Answer: False
A significant distinction is that Alaska Natives typically do not have reservations (with few exceptions), unlike many tribes in the contiguous U.S., and their tribal governments face limitations regarding taxation on tribal lands.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 prohibits Alaska Natives from harvesting whales.
Answer: False
The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 specifically reserves the right for Alaska Natives to harvest whales and other marine mammals, acknowledging their traditional practices.
Alaska Natives possess extensive treaty protections for their general subsistence rights, comparable to tribes in the contiguous U.S.
Answer: False
Unlike many tribes in the contiguous United States, Alaska Natives generally lack explicit treaty protections for their broad subsistence rights, although specific rights, such as for marine mammals, are recognized.
Elizabeth Peratrovich, a Tlingit activist, was pivotal in advocating for the passage of the Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945.
Answer: True
Elizabeth Peratrovich, a prominent Tlingit activist, played a crucial role in the legislative efforts that led to the enactment of the Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945, which prohibited segregation.
The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 conferred U.S. citizenship upon all Native Americans, including those residing in Alaska.
Answer: True
The Indian Citizenship Act, enacted in 1924, was a significant legislative measure that granted U.S. citizenship to all Indigenous peoples within the territorial boundaries of the United States, including Alaska Natives.
The Alaska Federation of Natives is primarily focused on the preservation of historical artifacts.
Answer: False
The Alaska Federation of Natives is a major advocacy organization representing Alaska Natives, focusing on political, economic, and social issues, rather than solely on the preservation of historical artifacts.
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) extinguished aboriginal hunting and fishing rights in the state.
Answer: True
A key provision of ANCSA was the extinguishment of aboriginal hunting and fishing rights in exchange for land and monetary settlements, a point of contention and significant impact on subsistence practices.
The Alaska Native Allotment Act of 1906 enabled Alaska Natives to acquire individual land titles.
Answer: True
Enacted in 1906, the Alaska Native Allotment Act provided a framework for Alaska Natives to obtain individual land titles, distinct from policies affecting other Native American populations.
The Supreme Court case 'Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government' affirmed tribal power to tax businesses operating on tribal land.
Answer: False
The Supreme Court ruling in 'Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government' denied tribal governments in Alaska the authority to tax businesses conducted on their lands, significantly impacting tribal sovereignty.
Which legislation, championed by activists like Elizabeth Peratrovich, was a landmark anti-discrimination law passed in Alaska in 1945?
Answer: The Alaska Equal Rights Act
The Alaska Equal Rights Act, passed in 1945 with significant advocacy from figures like Elizabeth Peratrovich, was a foundational law prohibiting segregation and discrimination within the state.
What condition was imposed on Alaskan Natives for eligibility to vote in 1915?
Answer: They had to give up cultural customs and traditions.
The right to vote granted to Alaskan Natives in 1915 was contingent upon their agreement to relinquish their cultural customs and traditions, effectively demanding assimilation for political participation.
What was the primary purpose of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) passed in 1971?
Answer: To settle land and financial claims and establish regional corporations.
ANCSA was enacted in 1971 with the principal aim of resolving land and financial claims of Alaska Natives, establishing regional corporations to manage these settlements and resources.
What is a key legal and governmental distinction for Alaska Natives compared to many other Native Americans?
Answer: Alaska Natives typically do not have reservations (with exceptions), unlike many others.
A significant difference is that most Alaska Native groups do not possess reservations, a common feature for many tribes in the contiguous U.S. Furthermore, tribal governments in Alaska face limitations regarding taxation on tribal lands.
Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, what specific right is preserved for Alaska Natives?
Answer: The right to harvest whales and other marine mammals.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 explicitly recognizes and reserves the right of Alaska Natives to harvest whales and other marine mammals, acknowledging their traditional subsistence practices.
What specific legal protection regarding subsistence rights do Alaska Natives generally lack compared to many tribes in the contiguous U.S.?
Answer: Explicit treaty protections for general subsistence rights.
Unlike many tribes in the contiguous United States, Alaska Natives generally do not possess explicit treaty protections that broadly safeguard their subsistence rights, although specific rights related to marine mammals are acknowledged.
Which organization was formed in 1912 primarily to advocate for citizenship rights for Alaska Natives?
Answer: Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB)
The Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) was established in 1912 with the specific objective of advocating for and securing citizenship rights for Alaska Natives.
The Alaska Native Allotment Act, enacted in 1906, differed from the Dawes Act primarily by:
Answer: Providing individual land titles specifically for Alaska Natives.
The Alaska Native Allotment Act of 1906 was distinct in that it provided a mechanism for Alaska Natives to acquire individual land titles, whereas the Dawes Act applied to other Native American populations with different provisions.
What was the principal outcome of the Supreme Court decision in 'Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government'?
Answer: Denial of tribes' power to tax businesses on their land.
The Supreme Court ruling in 'Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government' determined that tribal governments in Alaska do not possess the inherent authority to tax businesses conducted on their lands.
What significant change regarding land and resources for Alaska Natives was a consequence of the ANCSA of 1971?
Answer: The extinguishment of aboriginal hunting and fishing rights.
A critical outcome of ANCSA was the extinguishment of aboriginal hunting and fishing rights in Alaska, which was part of the comprehensive settlement of land and financial claims.
The Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative aimed to preserve Native Alaskan languages and cultural practices.
Answer: False
Contrary to preserving Native Alaskan languages and cultures, the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative was designed to assimilate Indigenous children, often by suppressing their native languages and cultural practices.
Federal boarding schools actively encouraged Alaska Native children to speak their languages and practice their religions.
Answer: False
Federal boarding schools implemented policies designed to assimilate Indigenous children, which included prohibiting the use of native languages and the practice of traditional religions.
What was a primary objective of the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative concerning Alaska Native children?
Answer: To assimilate children by suppressing their native languages and cultures.
The Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative was fundamentally aimed at assimilating Indigenous children into dominant American culture, which involved actively suppressing their native languages, cultural practices, and familial connections.
Which of the following practices was explicitly prohibited for Alaska Native children in federal boarding schools?
Answer: Speaking native languages
Federal boarding schools enforced policies that prohibited Alaska Native children from speaking their native languages, as part of a broader assimilation agenda.
What is the primary mission of the 'Alaska Native Language Center'?
Answer: Documenting and preserving Alaska Native languages.
The Alaska Native Language Center is dedicated to the critical work of documenting, preserving, and revitalizing the diverse languages spoken by Alaska Natives, ensuring their transmission to future generations.
Shishmaref, Kivalina, Shaktoolik, and Newtok are identified as America's first climate refugees.
Answer: True
These four Alaskan tribes are recognized as America's initial climate refugees due to the imminent threat of displacement caused by climate change impacts such as coastal erosion and permafrost thaw.
Climate change has resulted in improved food and water security for Alaska's native peoples.
Answer: False
Climate change has significantly deteriorated food and water security for Alaska Natives by disrupting animal migration patterns and compromising traditional food storage methods.
The thawing of permafrost has negatively impacted traditional food storage methods for Alaska Native communities.
Answer: True
The destabilization of permafrost due to warming temperatures has rendered traditional underground ice cellars unusable, spoiling stored food and negatively impacting food preservation practices.
Thinning ice resulting from climate change poses a significant risk of individuals falling through, creating dangerous situations for Alaska Natives.
Answer: True
Warming temperatures have led to thinner ice cover, increasing the danger of falling through ice, which presents a serious safety hazard for Alaska Natives relying on frozen waterways for travel and subsistence activities.
By 2005, pneumonia had become the leading cause of hospitalizations in affected Alaska Native regions, exacerbated by climate change impacts.
Answer: True
Climate change-induced issues such as deteriorating infrastructure and sanitation problems have contributed to increased respiratory illnesses, with pneumonia identified as the primary cause of hospitalizations in affected Alaska Native regions by 2005.
Subsistence food gathering is no longer a significant economic or cultural activity for most Alaska Natives.
Answer: False
Subsistence food gathering remains a vital economic and cultural practice for a substantial majority of Alaska Natives, integral to their way of life and community sustenance.
Climate change exacerbates food security issues by disrupting animal migration patterns and damaging traditional food storage infrastructure.
Answer: True
Climate change directly impacts food security for Alaska Natives by altering animal migration routes and rendering traditional food storage methods, such as ice cellars, ineffective due to permafrost thaw.
The tribes of Shishmaref, Kivalina, Shaktoolik, and Newtok are primarily identified as:
Answer: America's first climate refugees.
These four Alaskan tribes are recognized as America's initial climate refugees due to the severe impacts of climate change, such as coastal erosion and permafrost thaw, necessitating potential relocation.
Which of the following is a significant consequence of climate change impacting Alaska Native communities, according to the text?
Answer: Destabilization of infrastructure due to permafrost thaw.
The thawing of permafrost, a direct result of climate change, leads to the destabilization of infrastructure, including homes and essential facilities, within Alaska Native communities.
What safety risk is directly linked to thinning ice caused by warming temperatures in Alaska Native regions?
Answer: Greater chance of falling through the ice.
Warming temperatures have resulted in thinner ice formations, significantly increasing the risk of individuals falling through the ice, posing a severe safety hazard for Alaska Natives.
How has climate change affected sanitation and health in Alaska Native communities?
Answer: Led to sanitation problems and increased respiratory illnesses like pneumonia.
Climate change contributes to sanitation problems and infrastructure deterioration, which in turn have led to an increase in respiratory illnesses, such as pneumonia, becoming a leading cause of hospitalization.
What is the significance of subsistence food gathering for Alaska Natives, as indicated by the text?
Answer: It remains a vital economic and cultural activity for many.
Subsistence food gathering continues to be a crucial economic and cultural practice for a significant portion of Alaska Natives, underscoring its enduring importance to their way of life.
Why are the Shishmaref, Kivalina, Shaktoolik, and Newtok tribes considered climate refugees?
Answer: They face displacement due to the impacts of climate change like coastal erosion and permafrost thaw.
These tribes are identified as climate refugees because they are confronting displacement threats stemming directly from climate change impacts, including severe coastal erosion and the destabilization of permafrost.