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The original Greek root of 'anathema' signified 'a curse' or 'condemnation.'
Answer: False
The original Greek meaning of the root word 'anathema' was 'an offering' or 'anything dedicated,' not 'a curse' or 'condemnation.'
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew term *herem*, associated with anathema, exclusively denoted items dedicated to God for sacrifice.
Answer: False
The Hebrew term *herem* encompassed items consecrated to God or, conversely, items dedicated to destruction, not solely those for sacrifice.
The Septuagint utilized the Greek term *anathema* to translate the Hebrew word *cherem*.
Answer: True
The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, employed the Greek term *anathema* to render the Hebrew word *herem*.
The meaning of the Hebrew term *herem* shifted towards personal conduct enforcement concurrent with the rise of the temple.
Answer: False
The meaning of *herem* shifted towards personal conduct enforcement with the rise of the synagogue, not the temple.
The etymological connection between the Greek term *anathema* and the Hebrew term *herem* resides in their shared meaning of 'dedication to destruction.'
Answer: False
While both terms relate to dedication, *anathema* originally meant 'offering,' and *herem* encompassed both dedication to God and dedication to destruction, not solely 'dedication to destruction' as a shared meaning.
In Judaism, *herem* (rendered as *anathema* in the Septuagint) evolved to function solely as an instrument for communal purification.
Answer: False
In Judaism, *herem* evolved not only as an instrument for communal purification but also for enforcing personal conduct and public morality.
What was the original etymological meaning of the word 'anathema' in Ancient Greek?
Answer: Offering or anything dedicated
The term 'anathema' originates from Ancient Greek, signifying 'an offering' or 'anything dedicated.'
Trace the semantic evolution of 'anathema' from its Greek roots to its application in the New Testament.
Answer: It shifted from 'dedication' to 'curse and expulsion.'
The meaning evolved from the Greek 'offering' or 'dedication' to the New Testament sense of 'curse and expulsion,' influenced by the Hebrew *herem*.
The Greek term *anathema* was employed in the Septuagint to translate which Hebrew word?
Answer: *Herem*
The Greek term *anathema* was used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew word *herem*.
Concurrent with the rise of the synagogue, how did the meaning of the Hebrew term *herem* evolve?
Answer: It evolved into a tool for enforcing personal conduct and public morality.
With the rise of the synagogue, the meaning of *herem* shifted from communal purification to enforcing personal conduct and public morality.
The Hebrew term *herem*, translated as *anathema* in the Septuagint, originally encompassed:
Answer: Things consecrated to God or dedicated to destruction.
The Hebrew term *herem*, translated as *anathema* in the Septuagint, originally encompassed items consecrated to God or dedicated to destruction.
The term 'anathema' exclusively denotes formal church excommunication.
Answer: False
While formal church excommunication is a primary meaning, the term also signifies something intensely detested or shunned.
St. Paul's usage of 'anathema' primarily signified a dedication or offering to God.
Answer: False
Contrary to its original Greek meaning, St. Paul utilized 'anathema' primarily to signify a curse and expulsion from the community.
The noun 'anathema' appears in the Greek New Testament more than ten times.
Answer: False
The noun 'anathema' appears six times in the Greek New Testament.
In the Greek New Testament, 'anathema' specifically denotes the favor of God.
Answer: False
In the Greek New Testament, the term 'anathema' signifies divine disfavour or condemnation, not the favor of God.
The Rite of Orthodoxy references passages from the Book of Proverbs concerning church discipline.
Answer: False
The Rite of Orthodoxy references passages from Romans and Matthew, not the Book of Proverbs, concerning church discipline and avoiding divisive individuals.
The phrase '*anathema sit*' was employed in early Christian councils to affirm the faith through the condemnation of opposing views.
Answer: True
The phrase '*anathema sit*' was used in early Christian councils to formally condemn heretical doctrines and individuals, thereby affirming orthodox faith.
The New Testament usage of 'anathema' effected a semantic shift from dedication to condemnation.
Answer: True
The New Testament usage of 'anathema,' particularly influenced by St. Paul, shifted its primary connotation from its original Greek meaning of dedication to one of curse and condemnation.
In the Early Church, an anathema primarily resulted in temporary suspension from communion.
Answer: False
In the Early Church, an anathema represented a complete separation from the Church, not merely a temporary suspension from communion.
Which biblical figure significantly contributed to the New Testament usage of 'anathema' as a curse and expulsion?
Answer: St. Paul
St. Paul's epistles significantly contributed to the New Testament usage of 'anathema' to denote a curse and expulsion from the Christian community.
How many times does the noun 'anathema' appear in the Greek New Testament?
Answer: 6 times
The noun 'anathema' appears six times within the Greek New Testament.
In the Greek New Testament, 'anathema' signifies:
Answer: God's disfavour or condemnation.
Within the Greek New Testament, the term 'anathema' specifically denotes the 'disfavour of God.'
Which biblical passage advises marking those who cause divisions, as referenced in the Rite of Orthodoxy?
Answer: Romans 16:17-20
Romans 16:17-20 advises marking those who cause divisions and offenses, a passage referenced in the Rite of Orthodoxy.
What does the term 'anathema' signify in its religious sense concerning an individual's relationship with God?
Answer: A curse from God or separation from divine favor due to sin or heresy.
In its religious sense, 'anathema' implies a state of being cursed by God or estranged from divine favor due to sin or heresy, signifying a rupture in the relationship with the divine.
Which of the following is NOT a biblical passage explicitly mentioned as referenced in the lections for the Rite of Orthodoxy?
Answer: John 1:1
The Rite of Orthodoxy lections reference Romans 16:17-20 and Matthew 18:10-18, but not John 1:1.
By the 6th century CE, the liturgical interpretation of 'anathema' had shifted to primarily express strong personal aversion.
Answer: False
By the 6th century CE, the liturgical meaning of 'anathema' had evolved to denote a formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunication and condemnation of heresy.
The Latin phrase '*anathema sit*' signifies 'let him be blessed.'
Answer: False
The Latin phrase '*anathema sit*' translates to 'let him be anathema,' signifying condemnation or excommunication.
The mutual anathematization in 1054 constituted a minor event with negligible impact on church relations.
Answer: False
The mutual excommunications of 1054 significantly escalated the estrangement between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, contributing to the Great Schism.
The term 'anathema' first appeared in modern English during the 17th century.
Answer: False
The term 'anathema' first appeared in modern English in 1526, initially signifying 'something accursed.'
The Council of Elvira, convened circa 306 AD, represents the earliest recorded instance of 'anathema' employed as an extreme religious sanction.
Answer: True
The Council of Elvira, convened circa 306 AD, is documented as the earliest instance of 'anathema' being formally utilized as an extreme religious sanction.
During the 5th century, 'anathema' and 'minor' excommunication were considered synonymous, both entailing exclusion from the Eucharist.
Answer: False
During the 5th century, anathema signified complete separation from the Church, whereas minor excommunication involved exclusion from the Eucharist and worship.
Within Catholic dogmatic canons, 'anathema' signifies exclusion from the faithful predicated upon heresy.
Answer: True
In Catholic dogmatic canons, 'anathema' formally signifies exclusion from the community of the faithful due to heresy.
Documents from the 9th and 12th centuries posited anathema as a lesser form of excommunication compared to general exclusion from sacraments.
Answer: False
Documents from the 9th and 12th centuries considered anathema a 'major excommunication,' signifying exclusion from the faithful, distinct from 'minor excommunication' (exclusion from sacraments).
The solemn form of Catholic anathema was frequently pronounced utilizing the ceremonies of 'bell, book, and candle.'
Answer: True
The solemn form of Catholic anathema was often pronounced using specific ceremonial rites, including the use of a bell, book, and candle.
The 1917 Code of Canon Law maintained a clear distinction between major and minor excommunication, designating only the latter as anathema.
Answer: False
The 1917 Code of Canon Law abandoned the distinction between major and minor excommunication, equating excommunication with anathema, particularly when solemn.
The current 1983 Code of Canon Law frequently employs the term 'anathema' for solemn excommunications.
Answer: False
The current 1983 Code of Canon Law has entirely omitted the term 'anathema.'
Within the Eastern Orthodox Church, *epitemia* signifies complete separation from the Church until repentance.
Answer: False
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, *epitemia* involves restricted participation while remaining in the Church, whereas anathema signifies complete separation until repentance.
Heresy and schism constitute the two primary causes for anathema within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Answer: True
Heresy and schism are identified as the two principal grounds for anathematization within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The purpose of public anathema within the Eastern Orthodox Church is solely to punish the condemned individual.
Answer: False
The purpose of public anathema in the Eastern Orthodox Church is twofold: to warn the condemned and encourage repentance, and to caution others.
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' within the Eastern Orthodox Church involves public pronouncements against numerous heresies.
Answer: True
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' involves public anathemas against numerous historical heresies, commemorating the triumph over Iconoclasm.
The Synodicon is a decree associated with the Council of Nicaea and is proclaimed during Advent.
Answer: False
The Synodicon is related to the Council of Constantinople (843 AD) ending Iconoclasm and is proclaimed during the 'Sunday of Orthodoxy,' not Advent.
The image associated with Pope Gregory XI depicts an anathema in the sense of a blessing.
Answer: False
The image related to Pope Gregory XI depicts an anathema in the sense of a curse, not a blessing.
The *Southwick Codex* contains an image depicting the solemn pronouncement of an anathema.
Answer: False
The *Southwick Codex* mentions anathema but does not contain an image depicting its solemn pronouncement.
Within Catholicism, the 1983 Code of Canon Law entirely removed the term 'anathema.'
Answer: True
The current 1983 Code of Canon Law has omitted the term 'anathema,' and the revised *Pontificale Romanum* no longer specifies solemn ceremonies for excommunication.
The Eastern Orthodox Church views anathema as a final, irreversible damnation.
Answer: False
The Eastern Orthodox Church views anathema as a temporary state that can be lifted upon repentance, not as final damnation.
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' commemorates the conclusion of the Arian controversy.
Answer: False
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' commemorates the restoration of icons after the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm, not the end of the Arian controversy.
By the 6th century CE, what did the liturgical interpretation of 'anathema' primarily denote?
Answer: A formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunication and condemnation of heresy.
By the 6th century CE, 'anathema' primarily denoted a formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunication and the condemnation of heretical doctrines.
What is the meaning of the Latin phrase '*anathema sit*?'
Answer: Let him be anathema.
The Latin phrase '*anathema sit*' translates to 'let him be anathema,' signifying condemnation or excommunication.
The historical event of mutual anathematization in 1054 is significant primarily because it:
Answer: Was a key escalation point in the Great Schism between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.
The mutual excommunications of 1054 significantly exacerbated the estrangement between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, contributing to the Great Schism.
When did the term 'anathema' first appear in modern English, and what was its initial sense?
Answer: 1526, meaning 'something accursed'.
The term 'anathema' first appeared in modern English in 1526, initially signifying 'something accursed.'
What constitutes the earliest recorded instance of 'anathema' being formally utilized as an extreme religious sanction?
Answer: The Council of Elvira (c. 306 AD)
The Council of Elvira, convened circa 306 AD, is documented as the earliest instance of 'anathema' being formally utilized as an extreme religious sanction.
What was the principal distinction between 'anathema' and 'minor' excommunication as differentiated in the 5th century?
Answer: Anathema involved complete separation from the Church, while minor excommunication excluded one from the Eucharist and worship.
In the 5th century, anathema signified complete separation from the Church, whereas minor excommunication involved exclusion from the Eucharist and worship services.
In Catholic dogmatic canons, for what reason is 'anathema' formally declared?
Answer: For exclusion from the faithful due to heresy.
Within Catholic dogmatic canons, 'anathema' is formally declared for exclusion from the community of the faithful due to heresy.
How did the 1917 Code of Canon Law redefine the relationship between excommunication and anathema?
Answer: It equated excommunication with anathema, especially when solemn.
The 1917 Code of Canon Law equated excommunication with anathema, particularly when solemn, abandoning the prior distinction between major and minor excommunication.
What is the status of the term 'anathema' within the current (1983) Code of Canon Law?
Answer: It is no longer present in the code.
The current 1983 Code of Canon Law has entirely omitted the term 'anathema.'
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, what is the principal difference between *epitemia* and anathema?
Answer: *Epitemia* involves restricted participation but remaining in the Church, while anathema is complete separation.
*Epitemia* entails restricted participation while remaining an Orthodox Christian, whereas anathema signifies complete separation from the Church until repentance.
Which two actions are cited as the primary causes for anathema within the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Answer: Schism and heresy
Heresy and schism are identified as the two principal grounds for anathematization within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
What is the intended purpose of public anathema within the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Answer: To warn the condemned and others, encouraging repentance.
The objective of public anathema in the Eastern Orthodox Church is to admonish the condemned, encourage repentance, and caution the wider faithful.
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' in the Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates:
Answer: The end of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' commemorates the restoration of icons following the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
What is the Synodicon proclaimed during the Rite of Orthodoxy?
Answer: An anathema against Iconoclasm and previous heresies.
The Synodicon is a decree proclaimed during the Rite of Orthodoxy, containing an anathema against Iconoclasm and other historical heresies.
What does the image from the Ter Doest abbey manuscript depict?
Answer: An anathema, or curse.
The image from a manuscript of the Ter Doest abbey is described as depicting an anathema, signifying a curse.
Historically, the distinction between 'major' and 'minor' excommunication in Catholicism signified:
Answer: Major was complete separation from the faithful; minor was exclusion from the Eucharist.
Historically, 'major' excommunication (often equated with anathema) meant complete separation from the faithful, while 'minor' excommunication involved exclusion from the Eucharist.
What specific ceremonies were historically associated with a solemn Catholic anathema?
Answer: Using a bell, book, and candle.
Solemn Catholic anathemas were historically pronounced using specific ceremonial rites, including the use of a bell, book, and candle.
The Eastern Orthodox Church employs public anathema primarily to:
Answer: Encourage repentance and warn the faithful.
Public anathema in the Eastern Orthodox Church primarily aims to encourage repentance in the condemned and serve as a warning to the faithful.
How does the Eastern Orthodox Church regard the finality of an anathema?
Answer: As a temporary state that can be lifted upon repentance.
The Eastern Orthodox Church views anathema as a temporary state that can be revoked upon genuine repentance, not as final damnation.
What is the primary purpose of the 'Sunday of Orthodoxy'?
Answer: To celebrate the restoration of icons after Iconoclasm.
The 'Sunday of Orthodoxy' primarily celebrates the restoration of icons following the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
In contemporary secular contexts, 'anathema' is commonly employed to describe something highly praised or admired.
Answer: False
In contemporary secular contexts, 'anathema' is commonly used to describe something or someone intensely detested or shunned.
According to the source material, what are the two principal meanings of the word 'anathema'?
Answer: Something intensely hated or avoided, and a formal church excommunication.
The term 'anathema' possesses two principal meanings: something or someone intensely detested or shunned, and a formal excommunication issued by a church.
In contemporary secular discourse, what does 'anathema' most commonly describe?
Answer: Something or someone intensely detested or shunned.
In contemporary secular discourse, 'anathema' is predominantly used to denote something or someone held in intense detestation or actively shunned.
In secular contexts, describing racial hatred as 'anathema' implies that it is:
Answer: Intensely detested or shunned.
In secular contexts, describing something as 'anathema' means it is intensely detested or shunned.