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In international law, annexation is primarily defined as the peaceful transfer of territory through a treaty.
Answer: False
The definition of annexation in international law involves the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over territory, often following military occupation, rather than a peaceful transfer via treaty.
Under contemporary international law, annexation is broadly regarded as a legal and accepted method for territorial acquisition.
Answer: False
Contrary to the assertion, annexation is generally considered an illegal act under current international law. It is viewed as a unilateral seizure of territory, distinct from lawful processes like cession through treaty.
According to international norms, an annexation can be legitimized solely through general recognition from other states and international bodies.
Answer: True
While annexation is generally prohibited, international norms suggest that widespread recognition from other states and international bodies is a crucial factor for potentially legitimizing such a territorial change, although this does not override the prohibition against acquisition by force.
States that acquire territory illegally under international law always use the term 'annexation' to describe their actions.
Answer: False
States engaging in illegal territorial acquisitions often avoid the term 'annexation' to circumvent international condemnation and legal challenges, preferring alternative terminology to describe their actions.
What is the principal characteristic defining annexation within the framework of international law?
Answer: The forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over territory, often following military occupation.
Annexation is principally characterized by the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over territory, typically following military occupation, distinguishing it from peaceful transfers or temporary administration.
What is the general status of annexation under current international law?
Answer: It is generally considered an illegal act.
Under contemporary international law, annexation is generally considered an illegal act, prohibited by principles enshrined in the UN Charter and subsequent legal norms.
How can an annexation potentially gain legal standing according to international norms?
Answer: By receiving general recognition from other states and international bodies.
While the act of annexation itself is generally prohibited, widespread recognition from other states and international bodies is considered a crucial factor for potentially legitimizing such a territorial change.
Why do states sometimes avoid using the term 'annexation' to describe their territorial acquisitions?
Answer: To avoid international condemnation and legal challenges due to its general illegality.
States often avoid the term 'annexation' when acquiring territory through questionable means to circumvent international condemnation and legal challenges, as the practice is generally considered illegal.
The 1907 Porter Convention is the primary international agreement that prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of states.
Answer: False
While the 1907 Hague Conventions (including the Porter Convention) addressed laws of war, the primary international agreement prohibiting the threat or use of force against territorial integrity is Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Answer: True
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter is a cornerstone of modern international law, explicitly prohibiting the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
The Rome Statute of the ICC classifies annexation by the use of force as a war crime.
Answer: False
The Rome Statute classifies annexation by the use of force as an 'act of aggression,' rather than specifically a 'war crime,' although aggression can encompass or lead to war crimes.
Annexation by the use of force is considered an act of aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
Answer: True
The Rome Statute explicitly lists 'the annexation by the use of the force of the territory of another State or part thereof' as an act of aggression.
The Stimson Doctrine, established in 1932, supports the recognition of territorial changes achieved through force.
Answer: False
The Stimson Doctrine advocates for the non-recognition of territorial changes brought about by force or in violation of international agreements.
Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention allows for the deprivation of protected persons' rights if a territory is formally annexed.
Answer: False
Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits the deprivation of protected persons' rights in occupied territory, even if annexation occurs.
International law generally permits territorial changes resulting from the threat or use of force, especially if they occurred before the mid-20th century.
Answer: False
Contemporary international law, particularly since the UN Charter, generally prohibits territorial changes resulting from the threat or use of force, regardless of when they occurred.
International law permits the annexation of territory by force, provided it is carried out swiftly and efficiently.
Answer: False
International law unequivocally prohibits the annexation of territory by force. The UN Charter and subsequent legal principles condemn such actions as illegal acts of aggression.
Which key provision in the UN Charter fundamentally prohibits the use of force to alter territorial integrity?
Answer: Article 2(4) concerning the prohibition of the threat or use of force.
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter is the foundational provision that prohibits member states from threatening or using force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, what classification is given to annexation by the use of force?
Answer: An act of aggression.
The Rome Statute explicitly classifies 'annexation by the use of the force of the territory of another State or part thereof' as an act of aggression.
What principle does the Stimson Doctrine, originating from the US in 1932, uphold regarding territorial changes?
Answer: It advocates for non-recognition of situations created by force or contrary to international pacts.
The Stimson Doctrine posits that territorial changes effected by means of unlawful force or contrary to international agreements should not be recognized as lawful.
How does Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention address annexation?
Answer: It prohibits the deprivation of rights, even if the territory is annexed.
Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits the deprivation of protected persons' rights in occupied territory, irrespective of any change in status, including annexation.
What impact did the Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) of 1949 have on the practice of annexation?
Answer: It made it more difficult for states to bypass international law through annexation.
The Fourth Geneva Convention strengthened protections for civilians in occupied territories, thereby making it more challenging for states to circumvent international law through annexation.
How does the Stimson Doctrine relate to the concept of annexation?
Answer: It implies that territorial changes effected by means of unlawful annexation should not be recognized as lawful.
The Stimson Doctrine asserts that territorial changes brought about by force or in violation of international pacts, such as unlawful annexation, should not be recognized as lawful.
What is the prevailing international legal perspective on territorial changes achieved through the threat or use of force?
Answer: They are generally considered illegal, as enshrined in the UN Charter.
The prevailing international legal perspective, codified in the UN Charter, is that territorial changes achieved through the threat or use of force are illegal.
According to the Rome Statute, annexation by the use of force is classified as:
Answer: An act of aggression.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court classifies annexation by the use of force as an act of aggression.
Military occupation and annexation are legally synonymous under international law, both implying permanent control.
Answer: False
Military occupation implies temporary control, whereas annexation signifies the assertion of permanent legal title and sovereignty. They are distinct legal concepts, not synonymous.
Annexation asserts permanent legal title over territory, whereas military occupation implies only temporary control.
Answer: True
This statement accurately distinguishes between annexation, which involves the assertion of permanent legal title, and military occupation, which implies temporary control.
De facto annexation involves a formal legal declaration by a state claiming permanent sovereignty over territory.
Answer: False
De facto annexation is characterized by establishing facts on the ground and exercising governmental functions without a formal legal declaration of sovereignty, distinguishing it from de jure annexation.
De jure annexation is characterized by a state formally declaring its permanent sovereignty over a territory.
Answer: True
De jure annexation refers specifically to the formal legal act by which a state declares its permanent sovereignty over a territory.
'Creeping annexation' refers to the formal legal process by which states declare sovereignty over occupied territories.
Answer: False
'Creeping annexation' describes the gradual establishment of facts on the ground, such as settlement expansion, without a formal declaration of sovereignty, distinguishing it from formal legal processes.
The term 'creeping annexation' describes actions like settlement expansion in occupied territories, undertaken without a formal declaration of sovereignty.
Answer: True
The term 'creeping annexation' accurately describes the process of gradually asserting control and expanding settlements in occupied territories without a formal declaration of annexation.
Conquest is the legal act of asserting sovereignty over territory, while annexation is merely the military act of defeating an enemy.
Answer: False
Conquest is the military act of taking control of territory, while annexation is the subsequent legal act of asserting sovereignty. Annexation requires a unilateral assertion of title, not just military defeat.
Annexation requires a unilateral assertion of legal title, whereas conquest is simply the military act of taking control of territory.
Answer: True
This statement correctly differentiates conquest as the military act of taking control from annexation as the unilateral assertion of legal title over that territory.
Cession in international law refers to the unilateral act of a state asserting legal title over territory, similar to annexation.
Answer: False
Cession involves the transfer of territory through a formal agreement, such as a treaty, whereas annexation is a unilateral assertion of legal title, often following military occupation.
The 'creeping annexation' argument concerning the West Bank suggests that Israel has formally declared annexation of the territory through its settlement policies.
Answer: False
The 'creeping annexation' argument posits that Israel's actions, such as settlement expansion, constitute annexation in practice, often without a formal declaration, thereby violating international law.
What is the fundamental difference between military occupation and annexation in international law?
Answer: Occupation implies temporary control, while annexation asserts permanent legal title and sovereignty.
Military occupation pertains to temporary control over territory, whereas annexation signifies the assertion of permanent legal title and sovereignty, representing a fundamental distinction in international law.
Which type of annexation is characterized by a state establishing facts on the ground, such as exercising governmental functions, often without a formal declaration?
Answer: De facto annexation
De facto annexation describes the process where a state establishes control and exercises governmental functions on the ground, often without a formal legal declaration, creating a factual situation.
The term 'creeping annexation', as discussed in relation to Israeli policy, describes actions such as:
Answer: Settlement expansion and resource control without a formal declaration.
'Creeping annexation' refers to the gradual process of asserting control over territory through actions like settlement expansion and resource control, often without a formal declaration of sovereignty.
In the context of territorial acquisition, what distinguishes annexation from conquest?
Answer: Annexation is unilateral assertion of legal title, while conquest is defeating an enemy and taking control.
Conquest is the military act of defeating an enemy and taking control of territory, whereas annexation is the subsequent unilateral assertion of legal title and sovereignty over that territory.
Which of the following best describes the difference between annexation and cession in international law?
Answer: Annexation is a unilateral act asserting legal title, while cession is a transfer through formal agreement like a treaty.
Annexation is a unilateral assertion of legal title, often following occupation, whereas cession is a formal transfer of territory through a treaty or other agreement between states.
What is a key characteristic of de facto annexation as described in the source?
Answer: It involves establishing facts on the ground, often without a formal declaration.
De facto annexation is characterized by the establishment of control and exercise of authority on the ground, typically without a formal legal declaration, creating a factual situation of annexation.
The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 made it easier for states to annex territories by simplifying the legal requirements.
Answer: False
The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, particularly Article 47, strengthened protections for civilians in occupied territories and made it more difficult for states to bypass international law through annexation.
Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law, declaring Jerusalem the 'complete and united' capital, was recognized by the UN Security Council as a legitimate annexation.
Answer: False
The UN Security Council, through multiple resolutions, declared Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem null and void, rejecting its legitimacy.
Israel's incorporation of East Jerusalem after 1967 was initially described as administrative and municipal integration before the 1980 Jerusalem Law.
Answer: True
Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its law and administration to East Jerusalem, initially characterizing it as administrative and municipal integration before the 1980 Jerusalem Law.
The UN Security Council Resolution 497 affirmed Israel's Golan Heights Law of 1981 as having full international legal effect.
Answer: False
UN Security Council Resolution 497 declared Israel's Golan Heights Law of 1981 null and void and without international legal effect.
Israel extended its law, jurisdiction, and administration to the Golan Heights in 1981, an action declared null and void by the UN Security Council.
Answer: True
Israel's extension of its law and administration to the Golan Heights in 1981 was indeed declared null and void by UN Security Council Resolution 497.
Morocco annexed Western Sahara in a single stage following the Madrid Accords of 1975.
Answer: False
Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara occurred in stages, with the initial phase in 1976 and a further expansion in 1979 after Mauritania renounced its claims.
Mauritania abandoned its territorial claims over parts of Western Sahara in 1979, allowing Morocco to complete its annexation.
Answer: True
Mauritania renounced its territorial claims over the southern part of Western Sahara in 1979, which facilitated Morocco's subsequent expansion of its annexation.
The UN General Assembly officially recognizes Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 as a legitimate act under international law.
Answer: False
The UN General Assembly considers Russia's possession of Crimea an 'attempted annexation' and has called for the full restoration of Ukraine's territorial integrity, thus not recognizing it as legitimate.
Russia refers to the 2014 events in Crimea as 're-unification', while the UN General Assembly characterizes it as an 'attempted annexation'.
Answer: True
This statement accurately reflects the differing terminology used by Russia ('re-unification') and the UN General Assembly ('attempted annexation') concerning the 2014 events in Crimea.
Russia declared the annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine in September 2022, following internationally recognized referendums.
Answer: False
While Russia declared the annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine in September 2022, these referendums were not recognized as legitimate or internationally recognized.
On September 30, 2022, Russia declared the annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine, including parts of Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson oblasts.
Answer: True
Russia formally declared the annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts (Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson) on September 30, 2022.
Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1952, shortly after establishing a federation between the two regions.
Answer: False
Ethiopia established a federation with Eritrea in 1952, but it annexed Eritrea in 1962 after dissolving the federation.
Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962 after dissolving a previously established federation.
Answer: True
Ethiopia dissolved the federation with Eritrea in 1962 and subsequently annexed the territory, leading to a protracted war of independence.
Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950 was recognized by the vast majority of the international community, including the United Nations.
Answer: False
Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950 was recognized only by Pakistan and the United Kingdom; the broader international community, including the UN, did not recognize it.
Jordan officially relinquished its claim over the West Bank in 1988.
Answer: True
Jordan officially relinquished its administrative and legal claims over the West Bank in 1988.
South Africa incorporated South West Africa as its fifth province between 1961 and 1990.
Answer: True
South Africa gradually incorporated South West Africa (modern-day Namibia) as its fifth province during the period from 1961 until Namibia's independence in 1990.
Indonesia's annexation of East Timor, administered as Timor Timur, was recognized by the United Nations.
Answer: False
Indonesia's annexation of East Timor, which it administered as Timor Timur, was never recognized by the United Nations.
East Timor achieved independence in 2002 after a 1999 referendum rejected autonomy within Indonesia.
Answer: True
Following a 1999 referendum where the population overwhelmingly rejected autonomy within Indonesia, East Timor achieved independence in 2002.
Saddam Hussein justified the 1990 annexation of Kuwait primarily by claiming it was a response to Kuwait's alleged support for Iraqi opposition groups.
Answer: False
Saddam Hussein's primary justifications for annexing Kuwait in 1990 were based on claims of historical Iraqi sovereignty over Kuwait and retaliation for alleged 'economic warfare,' not support for opposition groups.
Iraq's annexation of Kuwait in 1990 was resolved through military intervention by a US-led coalition authorized by the UN.
Answer: True
The Iraqi annexation of Kuwait was ultimately resolved by military action from a US-led coalition, authorized by UN Security Council resolutions, which expelled Iraqi forces.
China's claim over Tibet is based on the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement, which was signed freely by Tibetan representatives.
Answer: False
While China bases its claim on the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement, many analysts contend that it was signed under duress by Tibetan representatives, raising questions about its legitimacy.
While China controls Tibet, many analysts view its incorporation into the PRC as an annexation, citing potential duress during the signing of the 1951 agreement.
Answer: True
The incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China is viewed by many analysts as an annexation, with concerns raised about the voluntary nature of the 1951 agreement.
Hyderabad State willingly joined India immediately after the British withdrawal, leading to its formal integration.
Answer: False
Hyderabad State initially chose to remain independent after British withdrawal. India subsequently invaded and annexed it through 'Operation Polo' in September 1948.
India annexed Hyderabad State in September 1948 following a military invasion known as 'Operation Polo'.
Answer: True
India annexed Hyderabad State in September 1948 via a military operation termed 'Operation Polo', which led to the state's integration into the Indian Union.
The UN Security Council unanimously condemned India's 1961 military invasion of Goa, Daman, and Diu.
Answer: False
The UN Security Council considered condemning India's 1961 invasion of Goa, but the Soviet Union vetoed the resolution, preventing a unanimous condemnation.
India's 1961 military action against Portuguese-controlled Goa was viewed by Portugal as a national tragedy.
Answer: True
Portugal viewed India's 1961 military action to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu as a national tragedy, marking the end of its colonial presence in India.
Sikkim became a state of India in 1975 following a referendum that supported joining the Indian Union.
Answer: True
Sikkim officially became India's 22nd state in 1975 after a referendum in which the vast majority of the population voted in favor of joining the Indian Union.
The 1950 treaty between India and Sikkim granted Sikkim full independence and control over its external affairs.
Answer: False
The 1950 treaty placed Sikkim under Indian suzerainty, granting India control over its external affairs, defense, and communications, thereby limiting Sikkim's independence.
Western New Guinea became part of Indonesia in 1969 through a UN-supervised process called the 'Act of Free Choice'.
Answer: True
The integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia was formalized in 1969 through the UN-supervised 'Act of Free Choice'.
The UN General Assembly rejected the outcome of the 'Act of Free Choice' concerning Western New Guinea, calling for a new referendum.
Answer: False
The UN General Assembly accepted the report on the implementation of the 'Act of Free Choice,' implicitly recognizing Western New Guinea's integration into Indonesia.
South Vietnam was formally annexed by North Vietnam through a peace treaty signed in 1975.
Answer: False
North Vietnam achieved de facto annexation of South Vietnam through military victory and the collapse of the South Vietnamese government in 1975, not through a peace treaty.
North Vietnam achieved de facto annexation of South Vietnam after its military victory in the Spring Offensive of 1975.
Answer: True
The Spring Offensive of 1975 culminated in the military defeat of South Vietnam, leading to North Vietnam's de facto annexation and the eventual reunification of the country.
In 2015, Norway claimed sovereignty over an unclaimed sector of Antarctica.
Answer: True
In 2015, Norway formally claimed sovereignty over an unclaimed sector of Antarctica situated between established Norwegian territorial claims.
Britain's claim over Rockall in 1955 was formalized through a treaty signed with neighboring states.
Answer: False
Britain's claim over Rockall in 1955 was formalized by depositing a plaque and hoisting the Union Flag, not through a treaty with neighboring states.
Prior to 1975, Sikkim was fully independent and not under any form of Indian control or suzerainty.
Answer: False
A treaty in 1950 placed Sikkim under Indian suzerainty, granting India control over its external affairs, defense, and communications, thus it was not fully independent.
The UN played no role in the process that led to Western New Guinea becoming part of Indonesia.
Answer: False
The UN played a significant role by supervising the 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969, which determined Western New Guinea's integration into Indonesia.
The 1980 Jerusalem Law, declaring Jerusalem the 'complete and united' capital of Israel, is universally accepted under international law.
Answer: False
The 1980 Jerusalem Law is not universally accepted; numerous UN Security Council resolutions have declared Israel's actions in East Jerusalem null and void.
The 1999 referendum in East Timor resulted in an overwhelming vote in favor of continued autonomy within Indonesia.
Answer: False
The 1999 referendum in East Timor resulted in an overwhelming vote against autonomy within Indonesia, leading to its eventual independence.
Territory that has been illegally annexed is considered to have its legal status changed, and international humanitarian law no longer applies.
Answer: False
Illegally annexed territory remains under occupation, and international humanitarian law continues to apply to protect the rights of its inhabitants.
The 1975 Spring Offensive led to a peace treaty that formally annexed South Vietnam into North Vietnam.
Answer: False
The 1975 Spring Offensive resulted in the military defeat of South Vietnam, leading to its de facto annexation by North Vietnam, not a formal annexation via a peace treaty.
The UN General Assembly's stance on the Russian annexation of Crimea is that it is a legitimate reunification based on historical ties.
Answer: False
The UN General Assembly characterizes the Russian actions in Crimea as an 'attempted annexation' and upholds Ukraine's territorial integrity, thus not recognizing it as legitimate reunification.
Russia's historical claim to Crimea is based solely on its possession following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Answer: False
Russia cites historical ties dating back to the Russian Empire (1783-1917) and the Soviet era (1921-1954) as bases for its claim to Crimea, not solely its post-1991 possession.
The Madrid Accords of 1975 led to the withdrawal of Spanish troops from Western Sahara and its immediate independence.
Answer: False
The Madrid Accords led to Spain ceding administration of Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania, not its immediate independence.
The UN Security Council Resolution 497 endorsed Israel's Golan Heights Law of 1981, recognizing its legal effect.
Answer: False
UN Security Council Resolution 497 declared Israel's Golan Heights Law of 1981 null and void and without international legal effect.
In the 1975 referendum, a small majority of Sikkim's population voted to maintain its monarchy and reject integration with India.
Answer: False
The 1975 referendum in Sikkim resulted in an overwhelming vote (97.5%) in favor of joining the Indian Union and abolishing the monarchy.
In 2019, the United States recognized the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory, a move consistent with international law.
Answer: False
The US recognition of the Golan Heights as Israeli territory in 2019 was widely criticized internationally and contradicted the prevailing international legal consensus, including UN positions, which consider it occupied territory.
Iraq's justification for annexing Kuwait in 1990 was based on Kuwait's alleged historical status as an Iraqi province and retaliation for economic warfare.
Answer: True
Iraq's stated justifications for annexing Kuwait included claims of historical Iraqi sovereignty and retaliation for alleged economic warfare, such as over-extraction of oil.
Following the British withdrawal, Hyderabad State peacefully integrated into India through a mutual agreement signed in 1948.
Answer: False
Hyderabad State did not peacefully integrate; India launched 'Operation Polo,' a military invasion, leading to its annexation in September 1948.
The 1950 treaty between India and Sikkim established Sikkim as a fully independent nation with complete control over its foreign policy.
Answer: False
The 1950 treaty placed Sikkim under Indian suzerainty, granting India control over its foreign policy and defense, thus it was not fully independent.
The Madrid Accords of 1975 involved Spain transferring administration of Western Sahara directly to Morocco, bypassing Mauritania.
Answer: False
The Madrid Accords of 1975 involved Spain ceding administration of Western Sahara to both Morocco and Mauritania, not bypassing Mauritania.
What was the international community's primary response, as expressed through UN Security Council resolutions, to Israel's actions in East Jerusalem after 1967?
Answer: The UN Security Council declared Israel's annexation null and void.
Multiple UN Security Council resolutions declared Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem null and void, rejecting its legal validity.
UN Security Council Resolution 497 addressed Israel's actions in the Golan Heights by:
Answer: Declaring Israel's extension of law and administration to the Golan Heights null and void.
UN Security Council Resolution 497 declared Israel's 1981 Golan Heights Law, which extended its jurisdiction, to be null and void and without international legal effect.
How does the UN General Assembly characterize Russia's actions in Crimea in 2014, in contrast to Russia's own description?
Answer: UN GA: 'Attempted annexation'; Russia: 'Re-unification'.
The UN General Assembly characterizes Russia's actions in Crimea as an 'attempted annexation,' while Russia refers to it as 're-unification'.
Which event was crucial for Morocco to extend its annexation of Western Sahara to include areas previously administered by Mauritania?
Answer: Mauritania's renunciation of its territorial claims in 1979.
Mauritania's decision in 1979 to abandon its territorial claims over parts of Western Sahara was critical for Morocco to consolidate and extend its annexation over the entire territory.
What was the international legal status of Indonesia's annexation of East Timor?
Answer: It was never recognized by the United Nations.
Indonesia's annexation of East Timor, despite its administration of the territory as Timor Timur, was consistently rejected and never recognized by the United Nations.
How was the Iraqi annexation of Kuwait in 1990 ultimately resolved?
Answer: Through the intervention of a US-led coalition authorized by UN Security Council resolutions.
The Iraqi annexation of Kuwait was resolved through military intervention by a US-led coalition, acting under UN Security Council authorization, which expelled Iraqi forces.
According to the source, what is a primary basis for China's claim over Tibet, and what concern is raised about the agreement under which China gained control?
Answer: Based on historical Qing dynasty rule, with concerns the 1951 agreement was signed under duress.
China bases its claim on historical Qing dynasty rule, but concerns exist that the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement, through which it gained control, was signed under duress by Tibetan representatives.
How did India incorporate Hyderabad State after the withdrawal of British rule?
Answer: Through a military invasion ('Operation Polo') leading to annexation via treaty.
India incorporated Hyderabad State in September 1948 through 'Operation Polo,' a military invasion, which resulted in the signing of an annexation treaty.
What international action regarding the 1961 conflict over Goa was vetoed by the Soviet Union?
Answer: A resolution condemning India's military invasion.
The Soviet Union exercised its veto power in the UN Security Council to block a resolution that would have condemned India's 1961 military invasion of Goa.
What was the final step in Sikkim's process of becoming a state of India?
Answer: An overwhelming vote in favor of joining India during a 1975 referendum.
The final step in Sikkim's integration into India was the 1975 referendum, where the population overwhelmingly supported joining the Indian Union.
What UN-supervised process determined the integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia?
Answer: The 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969.
The integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia was determined by the UN-supervised 'Act of Free Choice' conducted in 1969.
How did North Vietnam achieve annexation of South Vietnam?
Answer: Through military victory and the dissolution of the South Vietnamese government.
North Vietnam achieved de facto annexation of South Vietnam through military victory in 1975, leading to the collapse of the South Vietnamese government and subsequent reunification.
Which countries, according to the source, recognized Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950?
Answer: The United Kingdom and Pakistan.
Only the United Kingdom and Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950; the broader international community, including the UN, did not.
What was the outcome of the 1999 referendum in East Timor concerning Indonesian rule?
Answer: The population voted to reject autonomy within Indonesia, leading to independence.
The 1999 referendum in East Timor resulted in an overwhelming rejection of autonomy within Indonesia, paving the way for its independence.
What is the legal status of territory that has been illegally annexed under international law?
Answer: It remains under occupation, and international humanitarian law continues to apply.
Territory illegally annexed remains under occupation according to international law, and consequently, international humanitarian law continues to apply to protect the population.
The de facto annexation of South Vietnam by North Vietnam was primarily a result of:
Answer: The military defeat and collapse of the South Vietnamese state.
North Vietnam's de facto annexation of South Vietnam was achieved through military victory in 1975, leading to the collapse of the South Vietnamese state.
What was the international reaction to the United States' 2019 recognition of the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory?
Answer: The UN Secretary-General and others reiterated that the status under international law had not changed.
The US recognition of the Golan Heights as Israeli territory was met with widespread international criticism, with the UN Secretary-General and others reaffirming that the status of the territory under international law remained unchanged.
How did Ethiopia incorporate Eritrea in the mid-20th century?
Answer: By dissolving a federation and formally annexing Eritrea in 1962.
Ethiopia established a federation with Eritrea in 1952, but dissolved it in 1962 to formally annex Eritrea.
Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law, declaring Jerusalem the 'complete and united' capital, is widely interpreted as an act of:
Answer: De facto annexation, declared null and void by UN resolutions.
Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law is widely interpreted as de facto annexation, a move that has been declared null and void by numerous UN Security Council resolutions.
What specific territorial claim did Norway make in 2015?
Answer: Claimed an unclaimed area of Antarctica between existing borders.
In 2015, Norway formally claimed sovereignty over an unclaimed sector of Antarctica situated between its existing territorial claims.
How did Britain formally stake its claim to Rockall in 1955?
Answer: By depositing a plaque and hoisting the Union Flag on the rock.
Britain formally claimed Rockall in 1955 by depositing a plaque and hoisting the Union Flag on the islet.
What was Sikkim's political status prior to its integration into India in 1975?
Answer: A state with de facto independence initially, then under Indian suzerainty from 1950.
Prior to 1975, Sikkim experienced a period of de facto independence followed by a treaty in 1950 that placed it under Indian suzerainty, controlling its external affairs and defense.
What role did the United Nations play in the process of Western New Guinea becoming part of Indonesia?
Answer: It supervised the 'Act of Free Choice' and accepted the outcome report.
The UN supervised the 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969, which determined Western New Guinea's integration into Indonesia, and subsequently accepted the report on its implementation.
Russia declared the annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine on which date?
Answer: September 30, 2022
Russia declared the annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts on September 30, 2022.
What led directly to East Timor achieving independence in 2002?
Answer: A 1999 referendum where the population rejected autonomy within Indonesia.
The 1999 referendum, in which East Timor rejected autonomy within Indonesia, directly led to its subsequent independence in 2002.
What was the role of the Madrid Accords in 1975 concerning Western Sahara?
Answer: They led to Spain ceding administration of the territory to Mauritania and Morocco.
The Madrid Accords of 1975 facilitated Spain's withdrawal from Western Sahara by arranging for the administration of the territory to be transferred to Morocco and Mauritania.
When did Jordan officially relinquish its claim over the West Bank?
Answer: 1988
Jordan officially relinquished its claims over the West Bank in 1988.
How did South Africa incorporate the territory of South West Africa?
Answer: By annexing it as its fifth province between 1961 and 1990.
South Africa incorporated South West Africa (modern-day Namibia) as its fifth province through a gradual process spanning from 1961 to 1990.
What is the significance of the 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969 concerning Western New Guinea?
Answer: It was a UN-supervised process determining the territory's integration into Indonesia.
The 'Act of Free Choice' in 1969 was a UN-supervised process that determined Western New Guinea's integration into Indonesia.
What action did Ethiopia take in 1962 regarding Eritrea?
Answer: Ethiopia dissolved the federation and annexed Eritrea.
In 1962, Ethiopia dissolved the federation with Eritrea and proceeded to annex the territory.
What was 'Operation Polo' mentioned in the context of Hyderabad State?
Answer: A military invasion launched by India leading to Hyderabad's annexation.
'Operation Polo' was the designation for the Indian military invasion of Hyderabad State in September 1948, which resulted in its annexation.