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An autograph manuscript is exclusively defined as a document signed by its originator, rather than one written entirely in that person's hand.
Answer: False
The fundamental definition of an autograph or holograph manuscript is one written entirely in the hand of its author or composer, not merely one that has been signed.
The terms 'autograph' and 'holograph' are considered complete synonyms by all scholars, with no nuanced distinctions ever made between them.
Answer: False
While the terms 'autograph' and 'holograph' significantly overlap, scholars like Stanley Boorman and Edward Maunde Thompson have made nuanced distinctions, particularly in musicology and legal contexts.
One of the primary uses of autograph manuscripts is for scholarly study by historians and paleographers, who analyze ancient and historical writing.
Answer: True
Autograph manuscripts are indeed valuable for scholarly study, allowing historians and paleographers to analyze original writings, providing direct insight into historical texts.
A 'protograph' is the hypothesized original form of an autograph, while an 'archetype' is the common ancestor of two closely related textual witnesses.
Answer: False
An 'archetype' is the hypothesized original form of an autograph, while a 'protograph' is the common ancestor of two closely related textual witnesses.
According to *The Oxford English Minidictionary*, a holograph is a manuscript in the author's handwriting, in addition to its meaning as a signature.
Answer: False
*The Oxford English Minidictionary* defines an *autograph* as a manuscript in the author's handwriting (in addition to a signature), while a *holograph* is defined as a document written *entirely* in the handwriting of the person in whose name it appears.
What is the fundamental definition of an autograph or holograph manuscript?
Answer: A manuscript or document that has been written entirely in the hand of its author or composer.
The fundamental definition of an autograph or holograph manuscript is one written entirely in the hand of its author or composer, signifying personal creation of the content.
According to *Webster's Third New International Dictionary*, how is a 'holograph' specifically defined?
Answer: A document, such as a letter, deed, or will, written wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it originates and whose act it purports to be.
*Webster's Third New International Dictionary* defines a 'holograph' as a document, such as a letter, deed, or will, written wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it originates and whose act it purports to be, emphasizing its complete handwritten nature.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary use or significance of autograph manuscripts?
Answer: Serving as a primary source for digital transcription projects without further analysis.
While autograph manuscripts are primary sources, their significance extends beyond mere digital transcription, encompassing scholarly analysis, collectibility, and legal standing, which all require further analysis.
What term refers to the hypothesized original form of an autograph?
Answer: Archetype
An 'archetype' is the hypothesized original form of an autograph, a concept used in textual criticism to reconstruct lost originals.
How does Stanley Boorman differentiate a 'holograph' from a broader 'autograph' in *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*?
Answer: A holograph is a document written in the hand of its author or composer, distinguishing it from an autograph which strictly means merely that the document is written by someone who can be named.
Stanley Boorman clarifies that a 'holograph' specifically refers to a document written by the author or composer of its content, while 'autograph' is a broader term that can apply to any document written by a named individual, even if it's a copy of another's work.
What does *The Oxford English Minidictionary* define as a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person in whose name it appears?
Answer: A holograph
*The Oxford English Minidictionary* defines a 'holograph' as a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person in whose name it appears, emphasizing the complete handwritten nature of the document.
What is the relationship between 'autograph' and 'holograph' according to the fundamental definition provided in the source?
Answer: The meaning of 'autograph' as a document entirely penned by its content's author significantly overlaps with that of 'holograph'.
The fundamental definition indicates a significant overlap, where 'autograph' when referring to a document entirely penned by its author, aligns with 'holograph', both signifying personal creation of the content.
What is a 'paradosis' in the context of manuscripts?
Answer: A proposed best-reading, postulated when scholars attempt to reconstruct the original autograph.
A 'paradosis' is a proposed best-reading, postulated when scholars attempt to reconstruct the original autograph, serving as a scholarly reconstruction in textual criticism.
The Konya manuscript of the *Meccan Revelations*, handwritten by Ibn Arabi, is an example of a 13th-century autograph manuscript.
Answer: True
The Konya manuscript of the *Meccan Revelations*, handwritten by Ibn Arabi in the 13th century, is indeed cited as an example of an autograph manuscript from that period, providing direct textual evidence.
The 19th century saw autograph texts from Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley, Jane Austen, and Abraham Lincoln.
Answer: True
The 19th century is noted for autograph texts from these individuals, among others like the Brontë sisters, providing rich material for literary and historical analysis.
Abraham Lincoln's 1865 last address as president, delivered from the White House window, is an example of an autograph document.
Answer: True
Abraham Lincoln's 1865 last address as president is cited as an example of an autograph document, offering a direct connection to a pivotal moment in American history.
Margaret Atwood's novel *The Testaments* features a central handwritten document known as *The Ardua Hall Holograph*.
Answer: True
Margaret Atwood's 2019 novel, *The Testaments*, features *The Ardua Hall Holograph*, a handwritten document, as a central plot element, illustrating the concept of a significant handwritten document.
Hippoliet Van Peene's autograph of 'De Vlaamse Leeuw' lyrics is dated July 22, 1945.
Answer: False
Hippoliet Van Peene's autograph of 'De Vlaamse Leeuw' lyrics is dated July 22, *1845*, not 1945.
The *Codex Leicester* is a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci, used as an example of an autograph text with illustrations or calculations.
Answer: True
The *Codex Leicester* by Leonardo da Vinci is indeed cited as an example of an autograph text featuring illustrations or calculations, showcasing his diverse intellectual pursuits.
Emily Brontë's diary, dated June 26, 1837, is an example of an autograph text.
Answer: True
Emily Brontë's diary from 1837 is presented as an example of an autograph text, offering a personal and direct insight into her thoughts and experiences.
Francis Crick's autograph letter to his son Michael outlined the discovery of the structure and function of RNA.
Answer: False
Francis Crick's autograph letter to his son Michael outlined the discovery of the structure and function of *DNA*, not RNA, marking a pivotal moment in scientific history.
Bob Dylan's 'Like a Rolling Stone' manuscript represents the final draft lyrics as recorded in June 1965.
Answer: True
Bob Dylan's original working autograph manuscript of 'Like a Rolling Stone' represents the final draft lyrics as recorded in June 1965, offering direct insight into the creative process of a seminal work.
Which of the following historical figures from the Middle Ages is noted for having surviving autograph texts?
Answer: Matthew of Aquasparta
Matthew of Aquasparta is specifically mentioned as a figure from the Middle Ages with surviving autograph texts, providing valuable primary sources for historical study.
Which 18th-century figures are mentioned for their surviving autograph writings?
Answer: Johann Sebastian Bach and Voltaire
Johann Sebastian Bach and Voltaire are specifically mentioned as 18th-century figures with surviving autograph writings, offering direct insights into their intellectual and creative processes.
Which of the following 20th-century figures is NOT mentioned for their autograph texts or calculations?
Answer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is an 18th-century composer and is not mentioned among the 20th-century figures noted for their autograph texts or calculations in the provided context.
What is the Konya manuscript of the *Meccan Revelations* an example of?
Answer: A 13th-century document handwritten by Ibn Arabi.
The Konya manuscript of the *Meccan Revelations* is a significant 13th-century document handwritten by Ibn Arabi, serving as an important example of an early autograph manuscript.
What important scientific discovery was outlined in Francis Crick's autograph letter to his son Michael, dated March 19, 1953?
Answer: The structure and function of DNA.
Francis Crick's autograph letter to his son Michael famously outlined the revolutionary discovery of the structure and function of DNA, standing as a primary source documenting a pivotal moment in scientific history.
Which of the following is an example of a 19th-century autograph text mentioned in the source?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln's 1865 last address as president
Abraham Lincoln's 1865 last address as president is cited as a 19th-century autograph document, offering a direct connection to a pivotal moment in American history.
Which of the following Renaissance figures is known for their autograph works?
Answer: Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci is specifically mentioned as a Renaissance figure known for his autograph works, providing invaluable primary sources for artistic and scientific study.
What is the *Codex Leicester* known for?
Answer: Being a manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci with illustrations or calculations.
The *Codex Leicester* is a renowned manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci, presented as an exemplary autograph text that uniquely combines written content with intricate illustrations or complex calculations, showcasing the breadth of his intellectual pursuits.
In Bach scholarship, Yō Tomita suggests that Bach's copies of other composers' works should be referred to as Bach's autographs if they are entirely in his handwriting.
Answer: False
Yō Tomita explicitly states that Bach's copies of other composers' works should *not* be called Bach's autographs, even if entirely in his handwriting, reserving the term for his original compositions.
A 'partial autograph' of the type where a scribe makes a copy and the composer later adds editorial corrections is recognized in musicology.
Answer: True
Yō Tomita distinguishes this as one of two recognized types of partial autographs in musicology, highlighting the collaborative or revisional nature of some manuscripts.
In Bach scholarship, an 'original manuscript' specifically refers to a score or performance parts written by Bach himself for his own personal use, excluding those written by his scribes.
Answer: False
An 'original manuscript' in Bach scholarship refers to a score or performance parts written by Bach *himself or his scribes* for his own personal use, acknowledging the role of copyists in his working process.
Erik Satie's *Sports et divertissements* includes a 'Préface' and 'Choral inappétissant' on its first autograph page, dated May 15, 1914.
Answer: True
The first page of Erik Satie's autograph of *Sports et divertissements*, dated May 15, 1914, is referenced as including the 'Préface' and 'Choral inappétissant', offering a direct glimpse into his creative process.
Beethoven's final score of his ninth symphony is considered a complete autograph, entirely penned by the composer.
Answer: False
Beethoven's final score of his ninth symphony is described as a partial autograph, specifically a 'non-autograph copy with autograph corrections', indicating it was not entirely penned by him.
X-ray technology was used to differentiate J.S. Bach's original composition from later revisions by his son, C.P.E. Bach, in a specific manuscript.
Answer: True
X-ray technology was indeed used on the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript to differentiate J.S. Bach's original autograph composition from later revisions by C.P.E. Bach, aiding in understanding the work's evolution.
J.S. Bach's autograph report on his choir and orchestra in Leipzig has been studied for insights into his biography.
Answer: False
While Bach's autograph report on his choir and orchestra has been studied for historically informed performance practice, his *autograph letters to Georg Erdmann* are specifically studied for insights into his biography.
A hypothesis suggesting Béla Bartók deliberately planned his compositions using golden ratio principles was widely accepted by later scholarship due to evidence in his computational notes.
Answer: False
Later scholarship rejected this hypothesis due to the *absence* of any such calculations in Bartók's many computational notes, indicating a lack of supporting evidence.
The discovery of Bach's autograph of the Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906, in 1876 was important because it confirmed the Fugue's authenticity.
Answer: True
The discovery of this autograph in 1876 was crucial as it provided definitive proof of the Fugue's authorship, which was previously unauthenticated, resolving a long-standing question.
A 'fair copy' of a musical work is always considered an original source, regardless of who wrote it, as long as it's clear enough for performance.
Answer: False
A fair copy can be considered an original source if the composer had some control over the copying process and possibly added corrections or completions in their own hand, not merely if it's clear for performance.
Richard Wagner's composition method typically involved moving directly from initial ideas to a fair copy, bypassing multiple sketch and draft stages.
Answer: False
Wagner's composition method included several sketch and draft stages before producing a fair copy, indicating a meticulous, multi-step creative process.
J.S. Bach often began composing scores for his cantatas directly, sometimes incorporating sketches and drafts within the composing score itself.
Answer: True
J.S. Bach often began directly with the composing score for his cantatas, integrating sketches and drafts within it, rather than always creating separate preliminary documents.
Scholarly studies of autographs are primarily used to determine the market value of a composition, rather than its authenticity or date of origin.
Answer: False
Scholarly studies of autographs are crucial for establishing the authenticity or date of origin of a composition and discerning a composer's true intentions, not primarily for market value.
John Tyrrell argued that Leoš Janáček's autograph score of his last opera was less authoritative than a scribe's fair copy made under his direction.
Answer: True
John Tyrrell argued that Janáček's autograph score was less authoritative than the fair copy produced by his scribes, which included his corrections and was made under his direction, reflecting his ultimate intentions.
The majority of J.S. Bach's extant autograph compositions are privately owned, with only a small fraction housed in public libraries.
Answer: False
The bulk of J.S. Bach's hundreds of extant autograph compositions are housed at the Berlin State Library, with only about a quarter of those outside this collection being privately owned.
According to Yō Tomita, when should a manuscript of a straightforward transcription be referred to as an 'autograph'?
Answer: Never; manuscripts of straightforward transcriptions should be called a 'copy' or 'transcription manuscript'.
Yō Tomita specifies that manuscripts of straightforward transcriptions should be referred to as a 'copy' or 'transcription manuscript', reserving the term 'autograph' for more complex arrangements involving significant creative input.
What specific type of partial autograph is Beethoven's final score of his ninth symphony?
Answer: A non-autograph copy with autograph corrections.
Beethoven's final score of his ninth symphony is described as a partial autograph, specifically of the 'non-autograph copy with autograph corrections' type, indicating significant handwritten additions by the composer to a copy made by another.
What was the purpose of using X-ray technology on J.S. Bach's manuscript (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 in 2009?
Answer: To differentiate Bach's original composition from later revisions by his son, C.P.E. Bach.
X-ray technology was used on the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript to precisely differentiate J.S. Bach's original autograph composition from later revisions made by his son, C.P.E. Bach, aiding in understanding the work's evolutionary layers.
What specific autograph document of J.S. Bach is studied for insights into his biography?
Answer: His autograph letters to Georg Erdmann.
J.S. Bach's autograph letters to Georg Erdmann are specifically studied for insights into his biography, offering personal perspectives on his life and work.
What was the outcome of later scholarship regarding the hypothesis that Béla Bartók used golden ratio principles in his compositions?
Answer: It was rejected due to the absence of such calculations in his many computational notes.
Later scholarship rejected the hypothesis that Béla Bartók used golden ratio principles due to the complete absence of any such calculations in his extensive computational notes, indicating a lack of supporting evidence.
Where is Vivaldi's autograph of RV 314, a violin concerto, displayed?
Answer: The Buchmuseum at the Saxon State and University Library Dresden (SLUB Dresden).
Vivaldi's autograph of RV 314, a violin concerto, is displayed in the Buchmuseum at the Saxon State and University Library Dresden (SLUB Dresden), allowing for direct study of the composer's original intentions.
Which stage of musical autograph is described as the initial full score?
Answer: Composing score
A 'composing score' is described as the initial full score among the various stages of musical autographs, representing the first complete notation of the work.
What are 'performance parts' in the context of musical autographs?
Answer: The individual sheet music for each musician in a piece with multiple performers.
'Performance parts' refer to the individual sheet music for each musician in a piece with multiple performers, which can exist as autographs, partial autographs, or copies.
How did J.S. Bach sometimes approach composing scores for his cantatas, particularly regarding sketches and drafts?
Answer: He often began directly with the composing score, sometimes incorporating sketches and drafts within that score.
J.S. Bach often began directly with the composing score for his cantatas, integrating sketches and drafts within it, rather than always creating separate preliminary documents, demonstrating a fluid compositional process.
In what way did the Fantasia in Bach's late 1730s autograph of the Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906, transition?
Answer: It began as a fair copy, but the Fugue section gradually shifted into a draft.
The Fantasia in Bach's BWV 906 autograph begins as a fair copy, but halfway through the (likely incomplete) Fugue, the manuscript gradually shifts into a draft, revealing several corrections and changes as Bach continued to develop the piece.
What is a key contribution of scholarly studies of autographs to musicology?
Answer: To establish the authenticity or date of origin of a composition and discern a composer's true intentions.
Scholarly studies of autographs are crucial for establishing the authenticity or date of origin of a composition and discerning a composer's true intentions, providing critical insights into the work's genesis and evolution.
Where are the bulk of J.S. Bach's hundreds of extant autograph compositions housed?
Answer: The Berlin State Library
The overwhelming majority of J.S. Bach's hundreds of extant autograph compositions are housed at the Berlin State Library, highlighting the central role of public institutions in preserving his legacy.
Why does Stanley Boorman suggest identifying scribes and their autographs can be useful for studying composers' works?
Answer: To differentiate between a composer's original work and their copies of others' compositions.
Stanley Boorman suggests identifying scribes and their autographs to help differentiate between a composer's original work and their copies of others' compositions, aiding in attribution and understanding creative output.
What does Yō Tomita consider 'autograph' and 'holograph' to be in Bach scholarship?
Answer: Synonyms, both referring to a manuscript where the writer is the author of the work.
In Bach scholarship, Yō Tomita considers 'autograph' and 'holograph' to be synonyms, both referring to a manuscript where the writer is the author of the work, with 'autograph' generally preferred in manuscript studies.
What is an 'original manuscript' in Bach scholarship?
Answer: A score or performance parts written by Bach himself or his scribes for his own personal use.
In Bach scholarship, an 'original manuscript' refers to a score or performance parts that were written either by Bach himself or by his scribes specifically for his own personal use, serving as primary working documents.
What is the significance of the discovery of Bach's autograph of the Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906, in 1876?
Answer: It provided definitive proof of the Fugue's authorship, which was previously unauthenticated.
The discovery of Bach's autograph of BWV 906 in 1876 was significant because it provided definitive proof of the Fugue's authorship, which was previously unauthenticated, resolving a long-standing question.
Which stage of musical autograph is described as containing early musical ideas?
Answer: Sketch
A 'sketch' is described as the stage of musical autograph containing early musical ideas, representing the initial conceptualization of a composition.
Under what condition can a fair copy be considered an original source, even if not entirely written by the composer?
Answer: If the composer had some control over the copying process and possibly added corrections or completions in their own hand.
A fair copy can be considered an original source if the composer maintained some control over the copying process and potentially added corrections or completions in their own hand, indicating direct involvement in its final form.
What was a characteristic of Richard Wagner's composition method regarding musical autographs?
Answer: He included several sketch and draft stages before producing a fair copy.
Richard Wagner's meticulous composition method typically encompassed several distinct sketch and draft stages, followed by a first complete score, before he finally produced the definitive fair copy, illustrating a highly structured and iterative creative process.
In the case of Leoš Janáček's last opera, what did John Tyrrell argue about the authority of the autograph score versus a scribe's fair copy?
Answer: The autograph score was less authoritative than the fair copy produced by his scribes, which included his corrections.
John Tyrrell argued that Janáček's autograph score was less authoritative than the fair copy produced by his scribes, which was made under his direction and included his corrections, suggesting that the final version could sometimes better reflect his ultimate intentions.
One of J.K. Rowling's autograph copies of *The Tales of Beedle the Bard* sold for over £1.9 million in 2007.
Answer: True
One of seven autograph copies of J.K. Rowling's *The Tales of Beedle the Bard* sold for £1,950,000 in 2007, demonstrating the significant value placed on unique, handwritten works by famous authors.
Gustav Mahler's autograph score of his second symphony set a record in 2016 for the highest price ever paid for an autograph opera.
Answer: False
Gustav Mahler's autograph score of his second symphony set a record in 2016 for the highest price ever paid for an autograph *symphony*, not an opera.
Ludwig van Beethoven's autographs began to be sold for significant prices only in the late 20th century, long after his death.
Answer: False
Beethoven's autographs were sold for considerable prices at auctions just a few months after his death in 1827, indicating their immediate recognition as valuable historical artifacts.
A holographic document is a legal document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears.
Answer: True
A holographic document is defined as a legal document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears, often with special legal recognition.
Holographic last wills are an important type of holographic document that can be legally valid without witnesses in certain jurisdictions.
Answer: True
Holographic last wills are indeed an important type of holographic document that can be legally valid without witnesses in certain jurisdictions, simplifying their execution.
What was the sale price of an autograph page by J.R.R. Tolkien, specifically a manuscript headed 'The Lord of the Rings III,' in December 2018?
Answer: US$81,250
An autograph page by J.R.R. Tolkien, specifically a manuscript headed 'The Lord of the Rings III,' sold for US$81,250 in December 2018, highlighting the significant market value of his original manuscripts.
What was the value of an exceptional J.S. Bach autograph, specifically a music manuscript for the Prelude, Fugue and Allegro for lute or keyboard in E-flat major, BWV 998, sold at auction in 2016?
Answer: Over £2.5 million
An exceptional J.S. Bach autograph for BWV 998 fetched over £2.5 million at auction in 2016, underscoring the extraordinary market value attributed to rare and authenticated works by master composers.
When did Ludwig van Beethoven's autographs begin to be sold for considerable prices at auctions?
Answer: Just a few months after his death in 1827.
Ludwig van Beethoven's autographs began to be sold for considerable prices at auctions remarkably soon after his death in 1827, indicating their immediate recognition as invaluable historical and musical artifacts.
What was the sale price of Beethoven's autograph of the *Große Fuge* (version for four hands) at Sotheby's in 2005?
Answer: £1.1 million
Beethoven's autograph of the *Große Fuge* (version for four hands) was sold for £1.1 million at Sotheby's in 2005, further exemplifying the high market value and desirability of original manuscripts by iconic composers.
What specific legal standing do holographic documents have in some jurisdictions?
Answer: Requirements for them to be witnessed are waived, making the handwritten nature itself a form of authentication.
In some jurisdictions, holographic documents are given specific legal standing where witness requirements are waived, with the handwritten nature serving as a fundamental form of authentication, simplifying their legal validity.
What is a 'holographic last will' an example of?
Answer: A will written entirely by the testator that can be legally valid without witnesses in certain places.
A holographic last will is a will written entirely by the testator that can be legally valid without witnesses in certain jurisdictions, making it a significant legal instrument.