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Total Categories: 6
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is also known as the Oxus Civilization.
Answer: True
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is also referred to as the Oxus Civilization, reflecting its geographical association with the Amu Darya (Oxus River).
Viktor Sarianidi named the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in 1990 after extensive excavations in Turkmenistan.
Answer: False
Viktor Sarianidi named the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) in 1976, following his significant excavations in the region.
Sandro Salvatori's chronological framework places the BMAC's Integration Era from approximately 2400 to 1950 BC.
Answer: True
Sandro Salvatori's hypothesis suggests that the Integration Era of the BMAC, representing its urban phase, spanned approximately from 2400 to 1950 BC.
Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet propose a chronological framework for the BMAC's urban phase that ends significantly earlier than Salvatori's.
Answer: False
Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet propose a framework for the BMAC's urban phase (c. 2250-1700 BC) that largely overlaps with, but extends later than, Salvatori's proposed end date of 1950 BC.
The Regionalization Era, starting around 4600 BC, saw the development of Chalcolithic cultures and a diversification of pottery styles in the Kopet Dag region.
Answer: True
The Regionalization Era, beginning circa 4600 BC, marked the emergence of Chalcolithic cultures in the Kopet Dag piedmont, characterized by population growth and the diversification of pottery styles.
The Late Regionalization Era (2800 to 2400 BC) saw the development of proto-urban societies in the Kopet Dag oases, with wheel-turned pottery and viticulture.
Answer: True
During the Late Regionalization Era (2800-2400 BC), proto-urban societies emerged in the Kopet Dag oases, evidenced by developments such as wheel-turned pottery and the practice of viticulture.
The Integration Era, corresponding to the Late Bronze Age, marked the peak of urban development for the BMAC.
Answer: False
The Integration Era of the BMAC corresponds to the Middle Bronze Age, not the Late Bronze Age, and it represented the peak of the civilization's urban development.
What is the alternative name for the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)?
Answer: The Oxus Civilization
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is also known by the alternative name, the Oxus Civilization.
Who is credited with naming the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex and in what year?
Answer: Viktor Sarianidi in 1976
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) was named by Viktor Sarianidi in 1976.
Which chronological framework for the BMAC's urban phase is proposed by Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet?
Answer: Around 2250 to 1700 BC
Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet propose a chronological framework for the BMAC's urban phase that spans approximately 2250 to 1700 BC.
The Regionalization Era (starting ~4600 BC) in the BMAC's development is associated with:
Answer: The formation of Chalcolithic cultures and diversification of pottery styles.
The Regionalization Era, commencing around 4600 BC, is linked to the development of Chalcolithic cultures and a diversification of pottery styles within the BMAC region.
What key developments mark the Late Regionalization Era (2800-2400 BC) in the BMAC?
Answer: The development of proto-urban societies with wheel-turned pottery and viticulture.
The Late Regionalization Era (2800-2400 BC) was characterized by the emergence of proto-urban societies in the Kopet Dag oases, marked by advancements such as wheel-turned pottery and viticulture.
The Integration Era of the BMAC corresponds to which period?
Answer: Middle Bronze Age
The Integration Era of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) corresponds to the Middle Bronze Age.
The majority of the BMAC's significant urban sites were located in Bactria, along the Amu Darya river.
Answer: False
While named the Oxus Civilization, the majority of significant BMAC urban sites were situated in Margiana and the Kopet Dag range, not primarily in Bactria.
Namazga Depe, a major city during the Namazga V phase, covered approximately 52 hectares and potentially housed between 17,000 and 20,000 inhabitants.
Answer: True
Namazga Depe, a significant urban center during the Namazga V phase, is estimated to have covered about 52 hectares and potentially supported a population of 17,000 to 20,000 individuals.
The Kelleli phase in Margiana, dated around 2400-2000 BC, is characterized by simple, unfortified settlements.
Answer: False
The Kelleli phase in Margiana (c. 2400-2000 BC) is distinguished by the presence of palatial compounds featuring double perimetral walls and towers, indicating complex, fortified structures.
Gonur Depe is the largest settlement of the BMAC period, covering about 55 hectares and featuring a complex known as Gonur North.
Answer: True
Gonur Depe, situated in the Murghab River delta, is recognized as the largest BMAC settlement, covering approximately 55 hectares and containing significant architectural complexes like Gonur North.
Which of the following was a major urban center in the Kopet Dag piedmont during the Namazga V phase, estimated to cover about 52 hectares?
Answer: Namazga Depe
Namazga Depe was a major urban center in the Kopet Dag piedmont during the Namazga V phase, covering approximately 52 hectares.
The Kelleli phase in Margiana (c. 2400-2000 BC) is distinguished by the presence of:
Answer: Palatial compounds with double perimetral walls and towers.
The Kelleli phase in Margiana, dated around 2400-2000 BC, is characterized by the emergence of palatial compounds featuring double perimetral walls and towers.
Gonur Depe, the largest BMAC settlement, is located in which river delta?
Answer: Marghab River
Gonur Depe, the largest settlement of the BMAC period, is situated in the Murghab River delta.
Which of the following is listed as a significant archaeological site associated with the BMAC?
Answer: Altyndepe
Altyndepe is listed as one of the significant archaeological sites associated with the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).
How did the BMAC's geographical location influence its development?
Answer: Its position at the crossroads of trade routes facilitated interactions with diverse civilizations.
The BMAC's geographical location, situated at the crossroads of major trade routes, facilitated significant interactions and cultural exchange with diverse civilizations.
The 'Bactrian princesses' figurines, made from materials like limestone and chlorite, are notable examples of BMAC material culture reflecting agrarian aspects.
Answer: True
The 'Bactrian princesses' figurines, crafted from materials such as limestone and chlorite, are significant artifacts of BMAC material culture and are often interpreted as reflecting agrarian or fertility-related aspects of their society.
BMAC metalworking capabilities were limited, primarily focusing on copper and lacking evidence of bronze or precious metals.
Answer: False
The BMAC demonstrated advanced metalworking capabilities, producing artifacts from bronze, copper, silver, and gold, indicating a sophisticated metallurgical tradition.
Models of two-wheeled carts found at Altyn-Depe represent the latest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia.
Answer: False
Models of two-wheeled carts found at Altyn-Depe, dating to around 3000 BC, represent the earliest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, not the latest.
The 'Bactrian princesses' figurines are interpreted by some scholars as representing fertility goddesses central to Central Asian mythology.
Answer: True
The 'Bactrian princesses' figurines are widely interpreted by scholars as representations of fertility goddesses, playing a significant role in Central Asian mythology and religious practices.
BMAC settlements lacked significant fortifications, relying instead on natural defenses.
Answer: False
BMAC settlements were characterized by significant fortifications, including double encircling walls, towers, and massive gates, rather than relying solely on natural defenses.
The Anau seal, with its geometric markings, is widely accepted by archaeologists as definitive proof of a BMAC writing system.
Answer: False
While the Anau seal bears geometric markings that some interpret as potential evidence of writing, it is not widely accepted by archaeologists as definitive proof of a BMAC writing system.
A horse skeleton found with a wagon at Gonur Depe predates similar burials associated with the Sintashta culture.
Answer: True
Excavations at Gonur Depe uncovered a horse skeleton within a burial pit containing a wagon, dated to approximately 2200 BC, which predates similar burials found in the Sintashta culture.
What type of artifacts are the 'Bactrian princesses' figurines?
Answer: Stylized figurines, often made of limestone or chlorite, possibly representing fertility goddesses.
The 'Bactrian princesses' figurines are stylized artifacts, frequently crafted from limestone or chlorite, and are often interpreted as representations of fertility goddesses.
The BMAC's advanced metalworking capabilities are evidenced by artifacts made from which metals?
Answer: Bronze, copper, silver, and gold.
The BMAC people demonstrated advanced metalworking skills, creating artifacts from bronze, copper, silver, and gold.
What innovation related to transportation, found at Altyn-Depe around 3000 BC, represents the earliest evidence of its kind in Central Asia?
Answer: Models of two-wheeled carts.
Models of two-wheeled carts discovered at Altyn-Depe, dating to approximately 3000 BC, constitute the earliest known evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia.
The Anau seal is significant because it:
Answer: Bears geometric markings that some interpret as potential evidence of writing.
The Anau seal is significant due to its geometric markings, which some scholars interpret as potential evidence for the development of a writing system within the BMAC.
What types of fortifications were characteristic of BMAC settlements?
Answer: Double encircling walls, towers, and massive gates.
BMAC settlements were typically fortified with substantial structures, including double encircling walls, towers, and massive gates.
The Oxus Treasure, known for its gold and silver artifacts, is generally associated with which period and region?
Answer: Bronze Age Central Asia, potentially related to the BMAC.
The Oxus Treasure, renowned for its gold and silver artifacts, is generally associated with Bronze Age Central Asia, with potential connections to the BMAC.
What does the BMAC's monumental architecture suggest about its society?
Answer: It indicates a complex social structure with specialized labor and centralized authority.
The monumental architecture of the BMAC suggests a society characterized by a complex social structure, specialized labor, and centralized authority.
During the late Neolithic at Chagylly Depe, BMAC inhabitants primarily cultivated crops suited for humid environments.
Answer: False
At Chagylly Depe during the late Neolithic, inhabitants increasingly cultivated hexaploid bread wheat, a crop adapted to arid environments, indicating a focus on dryland agriculture.
The Jeitun era, representing early farming settlements in the BMAC region, is characterized by:
Answer: The cultivation of wheat and barley and herding of goats and sheep.
The Jeitun era, an early farming settlement period in the BMAC region, is characterized by the cultivation of wheat and barley and the herding of goats and sheep.
What adaptation to arid environments is noted in agriculture during the late Neolithic at Chagylly Depe?
Answer: Predominance of hexaploid bread wheat cultivation.
During the late Neolithic at Chagylly Depe, agriculture adapted to arid conditions through the predominant cultivation of hexaploid bread wheat.
What role did irrigation play in the BMAC economy?
Answer: It was crucial for enabling crop cultivation in an arid environment.
Irrigation farming was essential to the BMAC economy, facilitating crop cultivation in the region's arid conditions, as evidenced by extensive irrigation systems.
Cemeteries in southwestern Tajikistan, like Farkhor and Gelot, show ceramics influenced by Namazga IV and V transitional periods, suggesting an early BMAC presence.
Answer: True
Cemeteries in southwestern Tajikistan, such as Farkhor and Gelot, contain ceramics influenced by the Namazga IV and V transitional periods, indicating an early BMAC presence in the region.
BMAC materials have been found in the Indus Valley Civilization, and artifacts like Elamite seals have been discovered at BMAC sites.
Answer: True
Evidence of interaction between the BMAC and other civilizations includes BMAC materials found in the Indus Valley and the discovery of Elamite-type and Harappan seals at BMAC sites.
The BMAC showed no evidence of contact or interaction with cultures from the Eurasian steppes.
Answer: False
There is evidence of sustained contact between the BMAC and northern Eurasian steppe cultures, such as the Andronovo culture, particularly around 2000 BC.
Some scholars associate the BMAC primarily with the Yaz culture, which is linked to Indo-Iranian movements.
Answer: True
The BMAC is considered by some scholars to be a potential material counterpart to the Indo-Iranians, with associations made between the BMAC, the Yaz culture, and Indo-Iranian movements.
Linguistic studies suggest that the Proto-Indo-Iranian language influenced the BMAC, borrowing words related to warfare and chariots.
Answer: False
Linguistic studies suggest the opposite: the original language of the BMAC likely influenced Proto-Indo-Iranian, with borrowed words related to agriculture, urban life, and religion.
Which of the following is evidence of interaction between the BMAC and the Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer: BMAC materials found in the Indus Valley and Harappan seals found at BMAC sites.
Evidence of interaction between the BMAC and the Indus Valley Civilization includes the discovery of BMAC materials within the Indus Valley and Harappan seals found at BMAC sites.
What is the proposed linguistic relationship between the BMAC and the Indo-Iranian language family?
Answer: Linguists suggest a BMAC linguistic substratum within proto-Indo-Iranian, with borrowed words related to agriculture and urban life.
Linguistic studies propose that the original language of the BMAC contributed a substratum to proto-Indo-Iranian, evidenced by borrowed terms related to agriculture, urban life, and religion.
What linguistic evidence supports a connection between the BMAC and Indo-Iranian languages?
Answer: Borrowed words in proto-Indo-Iranian related to agriculture, urban life, and religion originating from the BMAC language.
Linguistic evidence suggests a connection through borrowed words in proto-Indo-Iranian related to agriculture, urban life, and religion, originating from the BMAC language.
Information about the BMAC was widely known in the West shortly after Sarianidi's initial excavations in the late 1960s and 1970s.
Answer: False
Awareness of the BMAC in the West increased significantly in the 1990s as Sarianidi's work began to be translated, rather than shortly after his initial excavations.
Genetic studies indicate that the BMAC population derived a significant portion of its ancestry from the Yamnaya people.
Answer: False
Genetic data suggests that the BMAC population primarily derived its ancestry from local Copper Age peoples, who were related to Neolithic farmers from the Iranian plateau and Anatolia, with little direct contribution from the Yamnaya people.
Genetic studies show that modern Tajiks exhibit continuity with BMAC and steppe ancestries.
Answer: True
Genetic studies indicate that modern Tajik populations demonstrate continuity with both BMAC and steppe ancestries, reflecting the complex population history of the region.
The BMAC culture experienced a decline around 1900 BC, marked by decreasing settlement sizes and the emergence of new pottery styles associated with northern cultures.
Answer: True
Around 1900 BC, BMAC centers saw a decrease in size, and new pottery styles linked to northern cultures, such as the Andronovo complex, began to appear, indicating a period of transformation or decline.
How did Western scholars primarily become aware of the BMAC findings?
Answer: Through translations of Sarianidi's work beginning in the 1990s.
Western scholars primarily gained awareness of the BMAC findings through the translation of Viktor Sarianidi's work, which began to be widely available in the 1990s.
Around 1900 BC, the BMAC culture began to transform, evidenced by:
Answer: Decreased settlement sizes and the appearance of pottery styles associated with northern cultures like Andronovo.
Around 1900 BC, BMAC culture transformed, marked by decreasing settlement sizes and the emergence of pottery styles linked to northern cultures such as the Andronovo.
Genetic studies suggest that the BMAC population's ancestry primarily derived from which groups?
Answer: Neolithic farmers from the Iranian plateau and Anatolian farmers.
Genetic studies indicate that the BMAC population primarily derived its ancestry from Neolithic farmers of the Iranian plateau and Anatolia, with a lesser contribution from West Siberian hunter-gatherers.
What Y-DNA haplogroup was found most frequently among male BMAC specimens according to the genetic data?
Answer: J (including J*, J1, and J2)
Genetic data indicates that haplogroup J, encompassing J*, J1, and J2, was the most frequently found Y-DNA haplogroup among male BMAC specimens.