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Total Categories: 6
The Battle of Valdejunquera took place on July 26, 920 AD.
Answer: True
Historical records, notably Sampiro's *Chronicon*, establish the date of the Battle of Valdejunquera as July 26, 920 AD.
The Campaign of Muez in 920 AD was primarily aimed at attacking the northern frontier of the Emirate of Córdoba.
Answer: False
The Campaign of Muez, initiated by the Emirate of Córdoba, was strategically directed against the southern defensive perimeter of the Kingdom of León, focusing on the County of Castile along the Duero river.
The Battle of Valdejunquera is considered an event within the broader context of the Almoravid invasion of Iberia.
Answer: False
The Battle of Valdejunquera occurred in 920 AD, predating the Almoravid invasions of Iberia, which began in the late 11th century. It falls within the context of the earlier Reconquista period.
The navigational box primarily lists battles that occurred during the Reconquista period.
Answer: True
The navigational box context provided lists various battles, predominantly those occurring within the historical scope of the Reconquista, the centuries-long conflict for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in the 10th century.
Answer: True
The Battle of Valdejunquera occurred on July 26, 920 AD, placing it firmly within the 10th century, a period marked by significant conflict during the Reconquista.
On what date did the Battle of Valdejunquera take place?
Answer: July 26, 920
The Battle of Valdejunquera is historically documented as having taken place on July 26, 920 AD.
What was the primary strategic objective of the Campaign of Muez in 920 AD?
Answer: To attack León's southern defenses along the Duero river
The Campaign of Muez, initiated by the Emirate of Córdoba, was strategically directed against the southern defensive perimeter of the Kingdom of León, focusing on the County of Castile along the Duero river.
What is the primary historical period to which the Battle of Valdejunquera belongs?
Answer: The Reconquista
The Battle of Valdejunquera occurred in 920 AD, placing it firmly within the 10th century, a period marked by significant conflict during the Reconquista, the centuries-long struggle for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
According to Sampiro's account, why did the confrontation at Valdejunquera occur?
Answer: King Sancho Garcés I requested aid from Ordoño II against a Muslim threat.
According to Sampiro's account, the confrontation at Valdejunquera arose when the Muslim forces threatened the Kingdom of Pamplona. King Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona then requested military assistance from King Ordoño II of León, precipitating the engagement.
Which of the following battles is listed alongside Valdejunquera as a 10th-century conflict in the provided navigational box context?
Answer: Battle of Simancas
The navigational box context lists the Battle of Simancas (939 AD) alongside the Battle of Valdejunquera (920 AD) as significant 10th-century conflicts within the broader scope of the Reconquista.
Emir Abd al-Rahman III commanded the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba during the Battle of Valdejunquera.
Answer: True
Historical accounts confirm that Emir Abd al-Rahman III led the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba during the engagement at Valdejunquera.
Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona and Ordoño II of León were the principal commanders for the Christian forces at Valdejunquera.
Answer: True
The primary commanders for the allied Christian forces at the Battle of Valdejunquera were indeed Sancho Garcés I, King of Pamplona, and Ordoño II, King of León.
The allied belligerents in the Battle of Valdejunquera were the Emirate of Córdoba and the Kingdom of Castile.
Answer: False
The allied belligerents were not the Emirate of Córdoba and the Kingdom of Castile. Instead, the conflict involved the Emirate of Córdoba opposing the allied Christian forces of the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Pamplona.
The allied Christian forces requested assistance from the Emirate of Córdoba according to Sampiro's account.
Answer: False
Sampiro's account indicates that the Christian forces, specifically King Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona, requested assistance from King Ordoño II of León against a Muslim threat, not the other way around.
The Christian forces were solely composed of soldiers from the Kingdom of León.
Answer: False
The Christian forces at the Battle of Valdejunquera were not solely composed of soldiers from the Kingdom of León; they were an alliance that also included forces from the Kingdom of Pamplona.
Who commanded the Muslim forces during the Battle of Valdejunquera?
Answer: Abd al-Rahman III
The Muslim forces engaged in the Battle of Valdejunquera were commanded by Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
Which of the following was NOT a belligerent in the Battle of Valdejunquera?
Answer: County of Castile
The primary belligerents in the Battle of Valdejunquera were the Emirate of Córdoba against the allied Christian forces of the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Pamplona. The County of Castile was not a direct belligerent in this specific conflict.
The Battle of Valdejunquera resulted in a decisive victory for the allied Christian kingdoms of León and Pamplona.
Answer: False
Contrary to the assertion, the Battle of Valdejunquera resulted in a decisive victory for the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba, not the allied Christian kingdoms.
King Ordoño II of León suffered a significant defeat and was routed by the Muslim forces at Valdejunquera.
Answer: True
King Ordoño II of León experienced a significant military setback, being routed by the Muslim forces during the Battle of Valdejunquera.
Following the Battle of Valdejunquera, the fortified site of Clunia was reinforced by Christian defenders.
Answer: False
Contrary to reinforcement, the fortified site of Clunia was abandoned by its Christian defenders following the Battle of Valdejunquera, necessitating its subsequent re-establishment under Muslim control.
Clunia remained under Muslim control for at least a decade after the Battle of Valdejunquera.
Answer: True
Historical documentation indicates that Clunia remained under Muslim control for a significant period, extending beyond a decade and documented as late as the early 11th century (circa 1007-1008).
Which entity achieved victory in the Battle of Valdejunquera?
Answer: The Emirate of Córdoba
The Battle of Valdejunquera concluded with a decisive victory for the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba.
What was the fate of King Ordoño II of León at the Battle of Valdejunquera?
Answer: He was routed and defeated by the Muslim army.
King Ordoño II of León experienced a significant military setback, being routed by the Muslim forces during the Battle of Valdejunquera.
What happened to the fortified site of Clunia as a consequence of the battle?
Answer: It was abandoned by its Christian defenders.
Following the Battle of Valdejunquera, the fortified site of Clunia was abandoned by its Christian defenders and subsequently remained under Muslim control for an extended period.
According to the source, how long did Clunia remain under Muslim control after the battle?
Answer: Until the early 11th century (e.g., 1007-1008)
Historical documentation indicates that Clunia remained under Muslim control for a significant period, extending beyond a decade and documented as late as the early 11th century (circa 1007-1008).
Two bishops, Dulcidio and Ermogio, were captured by the Christian forces during the battle and taken to Córdoba.
Answer: False
During the Battle of Valdejunquera, the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba captured two bishops: Dulcidio and Ermogio, subsequently taking them to Córdoba.
Bishop Ermogio was freed when his son voluntarily surrendered himself into captivity.
Answer: False
Bishop Ermogio was not freed by his son's surrender. Instead, his nephew, Pelagius, voluntarily entered captivity in Córdoba to secure his uncle's release, later achieving recognition as a martyr.
Pelagius of Córdoba, who facilitated Bishop Ermogio's release, later became known as a martyr.
Answer: True
Pelagius of Córdoba, the nephew of Bishop Ermogio, voluntarily entered captivity to secure his uncle's release and subsequently became recognized as a martyr for his actions.
Bishop Dulcidio was ransomed through the efforts of Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona.
Answer: False
Bishop Dulcidio's ransom was arranged not by Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona, but by King Ordoño II of León, who personally facilitated the transaction.
There is no historical debate concerning the specific bishoprics held by Dulcidio and Ermogio at the time of their capture.
Answer: False
Significant historical debate exists regarding the specific dioceses presided over by Dulcidio and Ermogio at the time of their capture, with differing accounts from various chroniclers and historians.
Pelayo of Oviedo identified Dulcidio as the Bishop of Salamanca and Ermogio as the Bishop of Tuy.
Answer: True
The 12th-century chronicler Pelayo of Oviedo identified Dulcidio as the Bishop of Salamanca and Ermogio as the Bishop of Tuy in his accounts.
Pelayo of Oviedo's attributions for the bishops' sees are considered straightforwardly accurate by modern historians.
Answer: False
Modern historical analysis finds Pelayo of Oviedo's attributions for the bishoprics of Dulcidio and Ermogio to be problematic and not straightforwardly accurate, due to contradictions with contemporary records.
Historian Justo Pérez de Urbel concluded that Dulcidio was the Bishop of Oporto.
Answer: False
Historian Justo Pérez de Urbel concluded that Dulcidio was the Bishop of Zamora, not Oporto. He identified Ermogio as the Bishop of Oporto.
Justo Pérez de Urbel suggested Ermogio was the Bishop of Oporto, though he had connections to the Tuy region.
Answer: True
Justo Pérez de Urbel's research indicated that Ermogio was the Bishop of Oporto, while acknowledging his connections to the Tuy region, offering an alternative attribution to Pelayo of Oviedo's account.
Which two high-ranking clergy members were captured by the forces of Córdoba during the battle?
Answer: Bishop Dulcidio and Bishop Ermogio
During the Battle of Valdejunquera, the forces of the Emirate of Córdoba captured two bishops: Dulcidio and Ermogio, subsequently taking them to Córdoba.
How was the freedom of Bishop Ermogio eventually secured?
Answer: His nephew, Pelagius, took his place in captivity.
Bishop Ermogio was not freed by his son's surrender. Instead, his nephew, Pelagius, voluntarily entered captivity in Córdoba to secure his uncle's release, later achieving recognition as a martyr.
Who was Pelagius in relation to the events at Valdejunquera?
Answer: Bishop Ermogio's nephew who secured his release.
Pelagius of Córdoba was the nephew of Bishop Ermogio who voluntarily entered captivity to secure his uncle's release and subsequently became recognized as a martyr.
Who arranged the ransom for Bishop Dulcidio?
Answer: Ordoño II
Bishop Dulcidio's ransom was arranged not by Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona, but by King Ordoño II of León, who personally facilitated the transaction.
Which bishopric was Pelayo of Oviedo NOT believed to have assigned to Dulcidio or Ermogio?
Answer: Zamora
Pelayo of Oviedo identified Dulcidio as the Bishop of Salamanca and Ermogio as the Bishop of Tuy. Therefore, bishoprics such as Zamora and Oporto were not assigned by Pelayo in his account.
What issue makes Pelayo of Oviedo's assignments of bishoprics to Dulcidio and Ermogio problematic?
Answer: The assigned bishops were known to be elsewhere or the sees were vacant/in disarray.
Pelayo of Oviedo's assignments are problematic because historical records indicate that in 920 AD, the see of Salamanca was within the depopulated 'Desert of the Duero,' and the Bishop of Tuy was Nausto, not Ermogio, thus contradicting Pelayo's attributions.
The exact geographical location of the Battle of Valdejunquera is definitively known and agreed upon by historians.
Answer: False
The precise geographical location of the Battle of Valdejunquera is a subject of scholarly debate and remains undetermined, with various historical texts offering differing or inconclusive evidence.
The 17th-century historian José de Moret proposed that Valdejunquera was located south of Irujo and north of the sierra of Andía.
Answer: True
The historian José de Moret, in his 17th-century works, posited a specific geographical location for the Battle of Valdejunquera, placing it south of Irujo and north of the sierra of Andía.
The *Historia Silense* placed the Battle of Valdejunquera in the region of Navarre, near the city of Pamplona.
Answer: True
The *Historia Silense*, a historical text from the late eleventh century, locates the Battle of Valdejunquera within the territory controlled by Sancho Garcés I, specifically between the towns of Estella and Pamplona in Navarre.
The name 'Valdejunquera' originates from a term meaning 'valley of the rushes' or 'valley of the reeds'.
Answer: True
The toponym 'Valdejunquera' derives from the Latinized Spanish phrase 'val de Junquera,' which translates to 'valley of the rushes' or 'valley of the reeds.'
The valley where the battle occurred is known by the Spanish name 'Iuncaria'.
Answer: True
The valley associated with the Battle of Valdejunquera is identified in historical sources by the name Iuncaria, which is considered the Spanish designation for 'val de Junquera'.
The historian José de Moret suggested the battle took place in a region known by what Basque name?
Answer: Iuncadia
The 17th-century historian José de Moret proposed that the region where the battle occurred was known by the Basque name 'Iuncadia' in his time.
Which historical text places the Battle of Valdejunquera specifically between the towns of Estella and Pamplona?
Answer: The *Historia Silense*
The *Historia Silense*, a historical text from the late eleventh century, locates the Battle of Valdejunquera within the territory controlled by Sancho Garcés I, specifically between the towns of Estella and Pamplona in Navarre.
The name 'Valdejunquera' is derived from the Latinized Spanish term meaning what?
Answer: Valley of the reeds
The toponym 'Valdejunquera' derives from the Latinized Spanish phrase 'val de Junquera,' which translates to 'valley of the rushes' or 'valley of the reeds.'
The valley where the battle occurred is identified in the source as Iuncaria, which is the Spanish name for what?
Answer: Valley of the reeds
The valley identified as Iuncaria is recognized as the Spanish name 'val de Junquera,' which signifies 'valley of the reeds.'
The earliest known historical mention of the Battle of Valdejunquera comes from the writings of the 12th-century chronicler Pelayo of Oviedo.
Answer: False
The earliest extant historical reference to the Battle of Valdejunquera is found not in the writings of Pelayo of Oviedo, but in the *Chronicon* composed by Sampiro, a Leonese cleric, around the late 10th century.
In Sampiro's *Chronicon*, the term 'Agarenes' was used to refer to the Byzantine forces.
Answer: False
In Sampiro's *Chronicon*, the term 'Agarenes' is employed as a historical designation for Muslims, drawing its etymological roots from Hagar, the biblical mother of Ishmael.
Which historical text provides the earliest known reference to the Battle of Valdejunquera?
Answer: The *Chronicon* of Sampiro
The earliest extant historical reference to the Battle of Valdejunquera is found in the *Chronicon* composed by Sampiro, a Leonese cleric, around the late 10th century.
What does the term 'Agarenes' signify in the context of Sampiro's *Chronicon*?
Answer: A historical term for Muslims
In Sampiro's *Chronicon*, the term 'Agarenes' is employed as a historical designation for Muslims, drawing its etymological roots from Hagar, the biblical mother of Ishmael.