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Broadcast syndication enables content proprietors to lease broadcasting rights directly to individual stations, thereby bypassing established broadcast networks.
Answer: True
Broadcast syndication constitutes the practice wherein content proprietors license the broadcasting rights for their material to external television or radio stations, thereby circumventing the necessity of an official broadcast network for dissemination.
In the United States, broadcast syndication is less prevalent than in many other global regions, attributed to the dominance of centralized national networks.
Answer: False
In the United States, broadcast syndication is prevalent due to the scheduling practices of television networks with local independent affiliates. Conversely, syndication is less widespread globally, largely because most countries operate under centralized network structures or lack local affiliate systems.
The principal objective of a syndicator is to license a program to multiple stations within the same major market concurrently.
Answer: False
The primary objective is to license the program to a single station within each distinct media market or to a station group under common ownership, encompassing both domestic and international territories, thereby maximizing its audience reach and revenue potential.
Syndicated programs are generally assured to broadcast across all affiliates of a station group simultaneously, mirroring network programming schedules.
Answer: False
When a program is licensed to a network, it is typically guaranteed simultaneous broadcast across most or all of its affiliates. In contrast, syndicated programs are licensed to individual stations, permitting greater flexibility in local market scheduling.
The principal objective of licensing a program to a network is to schedule it with flexibility across diverse local markets.
Answer: False
When a program is licensed to a network, it is typically guaranteed simultaneous broadcast across most or all of its affiliates. In contrast, syndicated programs are licensed to individual stations, permitting greater flexibility in local market scheduling.
What is the fundamental function of broadcast syndication?
Answer: To enable content proprietors to lease broadcasting rights to stations, bypassing networks.
What factor contributes to the greater prevalence of broadcast syndication in the United States relative to many other nations?
Answer: U.S. networks schedule programming with local independent affiliates, thereby creating opportunities for syndication.
What differentiates the scheduling of syndicated programs from that of network programs?
Answer: Syndicated programs are licensed to individual stations, permitting flexible local scheduling.
First-run syndication denotes programs that have already been broadcast on a major network and are subsequently licensed for rebroadcast.
Answer: False
First-run syndication pertains to programs that are broadcast for the initial time as a syndicated offering, frequently developed expressly for direct syndication rather than for a specific network affiliation.
Off-network syndication is the colloquial designation for programs making their initial broadcast on a syndicated platform.
Answer: False
Off-network syndication involves the licensing of a program, which originally aired on a broadcast network or within first-run syndication, to individual stations for local broadcast. This practice is colloquially referred to as a rerun.
A program generally requires approximately 65 to 100 episodes to be eligible for off-network syndication.
Answer: True
A program typically becomes eligible for off-network syndication upon accumulating approximately four seasons' worth of episodes, generally ranging from 80 to 100 episodes, though certain genres may necessitate as few as 65 episodes.
Within the 'barter' system of syndication, stations remit a direct monetary fee to the syndicator in exchange for program rights.
Answer: False
Barter represents a syndication transaction model wherein a syndicator furnishes a program to stations in return for a portion of the advertising revenue or allocated airtime, rather than receiving a direct monetary payment.
Strip syndication entails the broadcast of program episodes on a daily basis, typically five times per week, within a consistent time slot.
Answer: True
Stripping, or 'strip programming,' is a scheduling methodology wherein episodes of a television or radio program are presented daily, generally five times weekly, within an identical time slot to ensure audience consistency.
Within syndication, 'cash deals' signify that the distributor obtains a portion of the advertising revenue generated by the station.
Answer: False
Cash deals transpire when a distributor markets a syndicated program to the highest bidder, signifying that stations remit a fee for the broadcast rights.
Barter deals are generally employed for established, highly popular programs to optimize advertising revenue generation.
Answer: False
Barter deals are typically utilized for programming that is less popular, for new or unproven shows, or for older programs, wherein the distributor exchanges advertising time for the program's broadcast.
Strip programming guarantees that episodes are broadcast randomly across the week to offer variety.
Answer: False
Stripping, or 'strip programming,' is a scheduling methodology wherein episodes of a television or radio program are presented daily, generally five times weekly, within an identical time slot to ensure audience consistency.
A minimum threshold of 100 episodes is typically mandated for a program to be considered for continuous strip syndication.
Answer: False
Generally, a minimum of 88 episodes, corresponding to four seasons, is requisite for continuous strip syndication over extended periods, although syndicators frequently favor a complete set of 100 episodes.
Barter deals were frequently utilized for older, less popular programming, wherein the distributor exchanged advertising time for the program's broadcast.
Answer: True
Barter deals were typically utilized for programming that is less popular, for new or unproven shows, or for older programs, wherein the distributor exchanges advertising time for the program's broadcast.
In a 'cash plus deal', the syndicator receives the complete cash payment and retains all advertising revenue.
Answer: False
In a cash deal, a distributor markets a program to the highest bidder, obligating stations to pay a fee for broadcast rights. A cash plus deal is analogous, but the distributor reserves a portion of advertising inventory to mitigate the program's cost, providing the station with the program at a reduced price in exchange for that advertising space.
Sitcoms are frequently preferred for off-network syndication due to their episodic structure, which facilitates non-sequential viewing.
Answer: True
Sitcoms are favored because they are generally less serialized, permitting non-sequential broadcast, a characteristic that proves more advantageous and cost-effective for local stations acquiring syndication rights.
Which category of syndication encompasses programs developed expressly for direct sale to stations for their initial broadcast?
Answer: First-run syndication
What is the colloquial designation for off-network syndication?
Answer: A rerun
What is the approximate number of episodes a program typically requires prior to qualifying for off-network syndication?
Answer: Approximately 80 to 100 episodes
Within the 'barter' syndication model, what compensation does the syndicator typically receive?
Answer: A share of advertising revenue or airtime.
What is the definition of 'strip syndication'?
Answer: A scheduling methodology wherein episodes are broadcast daily in the same time slot.
What is the principal distinction between a 'cash deal' and a 'barter deal' in syndication?
Answer: In cash deals, stations remit a fee; in barter deals, the syndicator receives advertising revenue or time.
What defines a 'cash plus deal' within syndication?
Answer: A cash deal wherein the syndicator also retains a portion of advertising space.
The deregulation of U.S. station ownership rules, commencing in the 1970s, has impeded the attainment of extensive national syndication clearances.
Answer: False
The deregulation of regulations since the 1970s has enhanced the efficiency for syndicators in securing broad national clearances by facilitating the licensing of programs to station groups that possess multiple stations across various markets.
The FCC's Prime Time Access Rule stimulated the syndication market by mandating that networks program additional hours within prime time.
Answer: False
These regulations, implemented in 1971, restricted networks from programming the 7-8 p.m. hour and mandated the divestiture of their syndication divisions. Consequently, stations were compelled to acquire syndicated programs to fill the newly opened time slots, thereby invigorating the syndication market.
The advent of barter syndication during the 1980s precipitated a reduction in the quantity of independent television stations.
Answer: False
Barter syndication empowered independent stations to procure programming without necessitating cash outlays, thereby contributing to a substantial increase in their numbers, escalating from fewer than 100 in 1980 to 328 by 1986.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 resulted in a reduction of media ownership concentration, thereby benefiting smaller syndicators.
Answer: False
The Act facilitated substantial concentration of media ownership, which consequently accelerated the deployment of both established and novel syndicated radio programs, enabling syndication to ultimately supersede the conventional network radio format.
The expansion of independent stations during the late 1970s and 1980s fostered a market for cartoons specifically produced for network television broadcast.
Answer: False
The proliferation of independent stations generated a novel market for cartoons specifically tailored for them, frequently affording greater artistic latitude and less stringent standards in comparison to network-produced cartoons.
The deregulation of broadcast regulations and the emergence of new broadcast networks led to the consolidation of the landscape for independent stations.
Answer: True
The relaxation of regulations and the advent of new networks such as The CW Plus and MyNetworkTV enabled numerous formerly independent stations to affiliate with these networks, thereby consolidating the broadcast landscape.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 resulted in increased media fragmentation and diversification of radio ownership.
Answer: False
The Act facilitated substantial concentration of media ownership, which consequently accelerated the deployment of both established and novel syndicated radio programs, enabling syndication to ultimately supersede the conventional network radio format.
The FCC's 1971 rulings prompted networks to augment their programming during the 7-8 p.m. time slot.
Answer: False
The rulings restricted networks' capacity to program the 7-8 p.m. hour and prohibited off-network syndicated repeats. Although intended to stimulate local programming, the more immediate consequence was an escalation in syndicated dramatic series produced in Canada and the proliferation of game shows in syndication.
The FCC's Financial Interest and Syndication Rules were designed to preclude networks from possessing syndication divisions.
Answer: True
These regulations, implemented in 1971, restricted networks from programming the 7-8 p.m. hour and mandated the divestiture of their syndication divisions. Consequently, stations were compelled to acquire syndicated programs to fill the newly opened time slots, thereby invigorating the syndication market.
Barter syndication played a pivotal role in the expansion of independent stations during the 1980s by furnishing them with economically viable programming alternatives.
Answer: True
Barter syndication empowered independent stations to procure programming without necessitating cash outlays, thereby contributing to a substantial increase in their numbers, escalating from fewer than 100 in 1980 to 328 by 1986.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 resulted in a diminution of syndicated radio programming.
Answer: False
The Act facilitated substantial concentration of media ownership, which consequently accelerated the deployment of both established and novel syndicated radio programs, enabling syndication to ultimately supersede the conventional network radio format.
In what manner did the deregulation of station ownership regulations in the U.S. benefit syndicators?
Answer: It facilitated the licensing of programs to station groups that own multiple stations nationally.
What was the impact of the proliferation of barter syndication on independent television stations during the 1980s?
Answer: It enabled them to acquire programming without cash expenditure, thereby stimulating their growth.
What was the influence of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on the radio syndication landscape?
Answer: It facilitated media ownership concentration, thereby accelerating the deployment of syndicated programs.
The proliferation of independent stations in the late 1970s and early 1980s fostered a market for cartoons that were:
Answer: Developed with less stringent standards than network cartoons.
What was the principal impact of the FCC's 1971 regulations on the syndication market?
Answer: They generated opportunities for syndicated programming by curtailing network control over prime time.
Revenue generated from syndication can enable a program to recoup its production expenditures, even if it did not achieve profitability during its initial network broadcast period.
Answer: True
Successfully syndicated programs possess the capacity to cover their production costs and yield a profit, irrespective of whether the program was financially successful during its initial network run.
Producers of first-run syndicated programs frequently experience greater creative latitude compared to their counterparts working on network programs.
Answer: True
Producers of first-run syndicated programs frequently benefit from enhanced creative freedom, attributable to the absence of network standards and practices departments, which permits the exploration of innovative concepts that networks might otherwise hesitate to broadcast.
Ziv Television Programs distinguished itself as a pioneer in radio syndication prior to its expansion into television programming.
Answer: True
Ziv Television Programs emerged as a significant pioneer in first-run television syndication, solidifying its position subsequent to achieving success in radio syndication and producing numerous enduring series throughout the 1950s.
*The Cisco Kid* was distinguished by its filming in black and white, indicative of the prevailing standard during its era.
Answer: False
Ziv's inaugural major television success was *The Cisco Kid*. Ziv demonstrated foresight by filming it in color, an innovative approach during the nascent stages of television syndication when color broadcasting was still experimental and not universally adopted by stations.
*Second City Television* (SCTV) was initially broadcast exclusively on a major U.S. broadcast network prior to its syndication.
Answer: False
*Second City Television* (SCTV), a Canadian sketch-comedy series, commenced its broadcast on U.S. television stations via syndication in 1977, subsequently airing on NBC and premium cable channels.
*Star Trek: The Next Generation* maintained the distinction of being the most-watched syndicated program for seven successive years.
Answer: True
*Star Trek: The Next Generation*'s premiere in 1987 and its subsequent success as the preeminent syndicated program for seven years catalyzed the introduction of numerous other syndicated series.
The original *Star Trek* series achieved substantial popularity and evolved into a phenomenon predominantly during its initial network broadcast period.
Answer: False
Syndication possesses the capacity to introduce a program to novel audiences or re-engage existing viewership, thereby fostering heightened popularity. The original *Star Trek* series serves as a salient illustration, attaining worldwide phenomenon status in syndication following a modest network run.
*The Muppet Show* is acknowledged as a successful instance of an internationally syndicated television series.
Answer: True
*The Muppet Show* is cited as one of the most widely recognized internationally syndicated television series, broadcast globally, including within the United States and Canada.
Economic considerations external to the U.S. exert minimal influence on decisions pertaining to international television syndication.
Answer: False
Economic factors influencing production beyond U.S. borders play a significant role in determining the international syndication potential of a program, as distributors evaluate its economic value and market viability in foreign territories.
*The Lawrence Welk Show* concluded its entire broadcast run subsequent to its cancellation by ABC in 1971.
Answer: False
Following its cancellation by ABC in 1971, *The Lawrence Welk Show* continued to produce new episodes through syndication for an additional eleven years and remains distributed to PBS stations, exemplifying the enduring potential of syndication.
*The People's Court*, at its inception, inaugurated the court show genre within the syndication market.
Answer: True
*The People's Court*, debuting in 1981, pioneered the court show genre within syndication and was the inaugural arbitration-based reality program, a format that subsequently experienced a considerable surge in popularity.
*The Muppet Show* held the distinction of being the most successful syndicated game show in the U.S. throughout the 1970s.
Answer: False
*The Muppet Show* was arguably the most successful syndicated program in the United States during the 1970s.
The syndication success of the original *Star Trek* series directly precipitated the development of its subsequent films and television series.
Answer: True
The original *Star Trek* series, having garnered modest ratings during its initial network run, achieved worldwide phenomenon status in off-network syndication, thereby catalyzing the development of the entire *Star Trek* franchise, encompassing films and subsequent television series.
The syndication of *The Big Bang Theory* on TBS contributed to a decline in its first-run viewership figures.
Answer: False
The syndication of *The Big Bang Theory*, notably on TBS, is cited as a contributing factor to an increase in its first-run ratings, with one episode attracting an audience of 20 million viewers.
*The People's Court* represented the inaugural arbitration-based reality program introduced into syndication.
Answer: True
*The People's Court*, debuting in 1981, pioneered the court show genre within syndication and was the inaugural arbitration-based reality program, a format that subsequently experienced a considerable surge in popularity.
The syndication success of *Star Trek: The Next Generation* deterred the development of other syndicated series.
Answer: False
*Star Trek: The Next Generation*'s premiere in 1987 and its subsequent success as the preeminent syndicated program for seven years catalyzed the introduction of numerous other syndicated series.
Decisions regarding international syndication are predominantly predicated upon a program's performance within its domestic market.
Answer: False
Economic factors influencing production beyond U.S. borders play a significant role in determining the international syndication potential of a program, as distributors evaluate its economic value and market viability in foreign territories.
In what manner can syndication substantially enhance a program's financial viability?
Answer: By enabling the program to cover production costs and generate profit, even if initially unsuccessful.
Which entity is cited as a principal pioneer in first-run television syndication, recognized for programs such as *The Cisco Kid*?
Answer: Ziv Television Programs
What was the significance of Ziv's decision to film *The Cisco Kid* in color?
Answer: It constituted an innovative initiative, as color broadcasting was still in its nascent stages.
What factors are paramount in determining the international syndication of a television program?
Answer: Economic factors pertaining to production and potential sales in foreign markets.
What transpired with *The Lawrence Welk Show* following its cancellation by ABC in 1971?
Answer: It continued producing new episodes via syndication for over a decade.
What genre did *The People's Court* introduce to the syndication market upon its premiere in 1981?
Answer: Courtroom drama
The syndication of *The Big Bang Theory* on TBS is recognized for what impact?
Answer: Contributing to an increase in its first-run viewership.
The original *Star Trek* series evolved into a significant franchise predominantly owing to its:
Answer: Success and widespread popularity in off-network syndication.
Radio stations in the U.S. characteristically function as strict network affiliates, broadcasting programming sourced from a singular distributor.
Answer: False
Radio syndication diverges from television models as radio stations are not typically structured into exclusive affiliate networks. Instead, individual stations exercise discretion in selecting programs from diverse distributors, positioning radio networks more as program distributors than centralized content providers.
The emergence of communications satellites in the 1980s substantially enhanced the viability of live radio syndication.
Answer: True
The advent of communications satellites in the 1980s rendered live syndication highly feasible for radio, facilitating transmission without the prohibitive costs and quality degradation associated with prior network transmission lines.
Radio stations predominantly select syndicated programs that present unique content or feature a prominent celebrity host.
Answer: True
Radio stations typically opt for syndicated programs when the offering is unique and challenging to replicate, possesses a demonstrated history of respectable ratings, or features a celebrity host.
Syndicated music programs are frequently broadcast live on a daily basis, analogous to talk radio programs.
Answer: False
While syndicated music programs typically air weekly and are often pre-recorded, the majority of popular talk radio programs are syndicated daily, broadcast live, and are more prevalent due to the impracticality of 'voice tracking' for live talk content.
The repeal of the Fairness Doctrine facilitated the broadcast of more ideologically focused programming on syndicated talk radio.
Answer: True
The repeal of the Fairness Doctrine is credited with fostering the ascent of national talk radio personalities, such as Rush Limbaugh, by permitting more focused and ideologically driven programming without the obligation to present opposing viewpoints.
Radio syndication networks exhibit structural similarities to television networks, wherein stations are mandated to carry particular programming.
Answer: False
Radio syndication diverges from television models as radio stations are not typically structured into exclusive affiliate networks. Instead, individual stations exercise discretion in selecting programs from diverse distributors, positioning radio networks more as program distributors than centralized content providers.
Which technological innovation facilitated the widespread adoption of live syndication in radio?
Answer: The advent of communications satellites
Which of the following is NOT cited as a frequent rationale for a radio station to adopt a syndicated program?
Answer: The program is produced by a local affiliate of the station.
What effect did the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine have on syndicated talk radio?
Answer: It facilitated the emergence of nationally recognized talk radio hosts with focused programming.
What constitutes a primary distinction between syndicated music programs and syndicated talk radio broadcasts?
Answer: Music programs are frequently pre-recorded and weekly; talk programs are often live and daily.