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Total Categories: 6
The Cali Cartel was primarily based in the city of Medellín, Colombia.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel's primary base of operations was the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca region in southern Colombia, not Medellín.
The Cali Cartel was founded by the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers and José Santacruz Londoño.
Answer: True
The foundational leadership of the Cali Cartel comprised the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers and José Santacruz Londoño.
The Cali Cartel operated exclusively between the years 1980 and 1990.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel's operational period extended from 1975 to 1995, not exclusively between 1980 and 1990.
The primary leaders of the Cali Cartel included the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers and José Santacruz Londoño.
Answer: True
The Rodríguez Orejuela brothers and José Santacruz Londoño were central figures among the primary leaders of the Cali Cartel.
The Cali Cartel's nickname, 'Los Caballeros de Cali,' suggested a connection to street-level operations.
Answer: False
The nickname 'Los Caballeros de Cali' signified a higher social background of its founders, contrasting with an association with street-level operations.
The Cali Cartel mirrored the Medellín Cartel's centralized leadership structure under Pablo Escobar.
Answer: False
Unlike the Medellín Cartel's centralized structure, the Cali Cartel operated as a decentralized confederation of independent cells.
The initial criminal activity of the group that evolved into the Cali Cartel was drug trafficking.
Answer: False
The initial criminal activity of the group that evolved into the Cali Cartel was operating as a kidnapping ring known as 'Las Chemas,' not drug trafficking.
Which region was the primary base of operations for the Cali Cartel?
Answer: Cali and the Valle del Cauca region
The Cali Cartel's primary base of operations was the city of Cali and the surrounding Valle del Cauca region in southern Colombia.
Who were the key founders of the Cali Cartel mentioned in the source?
Answer: The Rodríguez Orejuela brothers and José Santacruz Londoño
The Cali Cartel was founded by the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, Gilberto and Miguel, along with José Santacruz Londoño.
What was the approximate timeframe of the Cali Cartel's activity?
Answer: 1975 to 1995
The Cali Cartel was active as a major criminal organization from approximately 1975 until its significant dismantling in 1995.
The Cali Cartel's nickname 'Los Caballeros de Cali' signified what about its founders?
Answer: Their higher social background compared to other traffickers
The nickname 'Los Caballeros de Cali' signified that its founders originated from a higher social stratum compared to many other contemporary drug traffickers.
How did the Cali Cartel's organizational structure differ significantly from the Medellín Cartel?
Answer: The Cali Cartel operated as a decentralized confederation of cells.
Unlike the Medellín Cartel's centralized leadership, the Cali Cartel functioned as a decentralized confederation of independent cells, each managed by a 'celeno'.
At its peak, the Cali Cartel controlled approximately 80% of the global cocaine market.
Answer: True
Estimates indicate that the Cali Cartel commanded over 80% of the global cocaine market during its zenith.
The Cali Cartel pioneered moving drug refining operations outside of Colombia to countries like Peru and Bolivia.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel was innovative in relocating its drug refining operations to countries such as Peru and Bolivia.
The Cali Cartel had minimal influence in the European cocaine market.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel exerted significant influence in the European cocaine market, controlling a substantial portion of it.
Drogas la Rebaja was a small, independent pharmacy chain unrelated to the Cali Cartel.
Answer: False
Drogas la Rebaja was a large pharmaceutical chain, founded by Cali Cartel leader Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela, with over 400 stores, not a small, independent entity.
The Cali Cartel and Medellín Cartel initially divided major US distribution markets, with Cali focusing on Miami.
Answer: False
The initial division of US markets saw the Cali Cartel focusing on New York City, while the Medellín Cartel concentrated on South Florida and Miami.
In 1991, the Cali Cartel was estimated to be the source of 75% of the cocaine seized by US law enforcement.
Answer: True
In 1991, an estimated 75% of the total cocaine seized by US law enforcement agencies was attributed to the Cali Cartel.
The Cali Cartel's operations were confined solely to Colombia.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel's operations extended far beyond Colombia, encompassing South America, Central America, and major cities in the United States and Spain.
The cartel shifted focus from cocaine to marijuana due to higher profit margins.
Answer: False
The cartel shifted focus from marijuana to cocaine because cocaine offered higher profit margins and required less volume for equivalent revenue, not the other way around.
The initial division of US distribution markets saw the Cali Cartel controlling South Florida.
Answer: False
The initial division of US markets assigned South Florida and Miami to the Medellín Cartel, while the Cali Cartel focused on controlling the New York City market.
The Drogas la Rebaja chain was valued at over $200 million at its peak.
Answer: True
The Drogas la Rebaja pharmaceutical chain, owned by the Cali Cartel, was valued at approximately $216 million at its peak.
The Cali Cartel allied with the Italian Camorra for distribution in South America.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel allied with the Italian Camorra for distribution in Europe, not South America.
The Cali Cartel was instrumental in expanding the cocaine market in Europe.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel played a pivotal role in the significant expansion of the cocaine market within Europe, controlling a substantial portion of it by the mid-1990s.
What percentage of the global cocaine market did the Cali Cartel control at its peak?
Answer: Over 80%
At its peak, estimated to be between 1993 and 1995, the Cali Cartel controlled over 80% of the global cocaine market.
Which of the following was an innovation pioneered by the Cali Cartel in drug trafficking?
Answer: Moving drug refining operations to countries like Peru and Bolivia.
The Cali Cartel pioneered the strategic relocation of drug refining operations to countries such as Peru and Bolivia, alongside developing new trafficking routes and diversifying into opium production.
What was the 'Drogas la Rebaja' chain?
Answer: A major pharmaceutical chain founded by a Cali Cartel leader.
Drogas la Rebaja was a substantial pharmaceutical chain established by Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela, a key leader within the Cali Cartel.
Which US city was primarily controlled by the Cali Cartel for cocaine distribution, according to the initial market division with the Medellín Cartel?
Answer: New York City
As part of the initial market division with the Medellín Cartel, the Cali Cartel primarily controlled the distribution of cocaine in New York City.
In 1991, what proportion of the total cocaine seized by US law enforcement was attributed to the Cali Cartel?
Answer: About 75%
In 1991, an estimated 75% of the total cocaine seized by US law enforcement agencies was attributed to the Cali Cartel.
Which of the following was NOT listed as a primary criminal activity of the Cali Cartel?
Answer: Terrorist bombings
While involved in drug trafficking, bribery, and money laundering, terrorist bombings were not listed as a primary criminal activity of the Cali Cartel.
What was the Cali Cartel's relationship with the Italian Camorra organization?
Answer: They had a strategic alliance for European distribution.
The Cali Cartel forged a strategic alliance with the Italian Camorra, supplying them with cocaine for distribution throughout Europe.
The Cali Cartel relied heavily on overt political assassinations to maintain control.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel largely avoided overt political violence, preferring to rely more on the threat of force rather than extensive use of assassinations.
The term 'social cleansing' used by the Cali Cartel referred to efforts to clean up urban pollution.
Answer: False
The term 'social cleansing' referred to the systematic murder of marginalized individuals deemed 'discardables,' not efforts to clean up urban pollution.
The Cauca River was nicknamed the 'River of Death' due to the cartel dumping victims' bodies into it.
Answer: True
The Cauca River earned the moniker 'River of Death' due to the frequent disposal of victims from the Cali Cartel's 'social cleansing' operations into its waters.
Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) was a group formed solely by the Cali Cartel to combat kidnappings.
Answer: False
Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) was formed jointly by the Medellín and Cali cartels in response to kidnappings, not solely by the Cali Cartel.
In retaliation for a kidnapping, the Cali Cartel abducted members of the Colombian Communist Party and other groups.
Answer: True
In retaliation for the kidnapping of Christina Santa Cruz, the Cali Cartel abducted members of the Colombian Communist Party, the Patriotic Union, and other labor unions.
The Cali Cartel hired British mercenaries to assassinate Pablo Escobar.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel did indeed hire mercenaries, including former British SAS soldiers, as part of their efforts to assassinate Pablo Escobar.
Los Pepes was a rival organization that targeted the Cali Cartel.
Answer: False
Los Pepes was a vigilante group founded by the Cali Cartel specifically to target and eliminate members of the Medellín Cartel, not a rival organization targeting the Cali Cartel.
The Cali Cartel had no significant rivals during its operational period.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel had significant rivals, most notably the Medellín Cartel, throughout its operational period.
The Cali Cartel used family members as leverage by ensuring they handled operations involving both Colombia and the US.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel strategically used family members as leverage by ensuring that individuals handling international operations also had family in Colombia, thereby guaranteeing loyalty and preventing betrayal.
The Cali Cartel's strategy involved extensive use of overt political violence.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel's strategy largely discounted overt political violence, finding the threat of force more effective than widespread assassinations or bombings.
The cartel planned to bomb Pablo Escobar's prison using a civilian A-37 Dragonfly jet bomber.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel did plan to bomb Pablo Escobar's prison, acquiring bombs and intending to use a civilian A-37 Dragonfly jet bomber for the attack.
The alliance between the Cali and Medellín Cartels crumbled due to increased competition and suspicion.
Answer: True
The alliance deteriorated due to escalating competition, attempts by one cartel to encroach on the other's territory, and mutual suspicion regarding arrests.
The Cali Cartel founded Los Pepes to eliminate rivals within the Medellín Cartel.
Answer: True
Los Pepes was established by the Cali Cartel with the explicit purpose of targeting and eliminating members and associates of the Medellín Cartel.
Which of the following best describes the Cali Cartel's approach to violence?
Answer: They relied more on the threat of force than overt violence.
The Cali Cartel's operational strategy largely favored the threat of force over overt violence, including political assassinations, as a means to achieve their objectives.
What did 'social cleansing' refer to in the context of the Cali Cartel?
Answer: The systematic murder of marginalized individuals deemed 'discardables'.
In the context of the Cali Cartel, 'social cleansing' referred to the systematic elimination of individuals considered 'discardables,' predominantly from marginalized societal groups.
Why was the Cauca River referred to as the 'River of Death'?
Answer: Victims of the cartel's 'social cleansing' were dumped into it.
The Cauca River earned the moniker 'River of Death' due to the frequent disposal of victims from the Cali Cartel's 'social cleansing' operations into its waters.
Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) was initially formed by which groups?
Answer: The Medellín Cartel and the Cali Cartel.
Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) was initially formed by a joint effort between the Medellín Cartel and the Cali Cartel.
What action did the Cali Cartel take in retaliation for the kidnapping of Christina Santa Cruz?
Answer: They abducted members of the Colombian Communist Party and other groups.
In retaliation for the kidnapping of Christina Santa Cruz, the Cali Cartel abducted members of the Colombian Communist Party, the Patriotic Union, and other labor unions.
What was 'Los Pepes'?
Answer: A vigilante group founded by the Cali Cartel to target the Medellín Cartel.
Los Pepes was a vigilante organization established by the Cali Cartel with the specific objective of targeting and eliminating members and associates of the Medellín Cartel.
The Cali Cartel's strategy of using family members as leverage ensured what?
Answer: Increased loyalty and prevented betrayal.
By ensuring that individuals involved in international operations had family members in Colombia, the Cali Cartel leveraged this as insurance, thereby guaranteeing loyalty and preventing betrayal or refusal of orders.
Which of the following was a primary rival of the Cali Cartel?
Answer: The Medellín Cartel
The Medellín Cartel was the primary rival of the Cali Cartel throughout much of their operational history.
In 1994, the Cali Cartel's annual revenue from the United States was estimated to be around $5 billion.
Answer: True
In 1994, the Cali Cartel's estimated annual revenue from its operations within the United States reached approximately $5 billion.
The Cali Cartel primarily laundered money through direct cash payments and barter systems.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel primarily laundered money by investing in legitimate businesses and front companies, and by utilizing financial institutions, rather than solely through direct cash payments and barter systems.
The First InterAmericas Bank in Panama was used by the Cali Cartel for money laundering.
Answer: True
The First InterAmericas Bank in Panama served as a significant institution for the Cali Cartel's money laundering operations.
Bribery of officials was not a significant activity for the Cali Cartel.
Answer: False
Bribery of officials was a significant and primary activity of the Cali Cartel, alongside drug trafficking and money laundering.
The Cali Cartel bribed officials within law enforcement agencies.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel actively engaged in bribing officials, including those within law enforcement agencies, as part of their operational strategy.
In 1994, the Cali Cartel's annual revenue from the United States was estimated to be around $5 billion.
Answer: $5 billion
In 1994, the Cali Cartel's estimated annual revenue from its operations within the United States reached approximately $5 billion.
How did the Cali Cartel primarily launder its profits?
Answer: By investing in legitimate businesses and front companies.
The Cali Cartel primarily laundered its profits through extensive investments in legitimate businesses and front companies, supplemented by the use of financial institutions.
The Cali Cartel employed basic counter-intelligence methods, such as word-of-mouth warnings.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel utilized sophisticated counter-intelligence measures, far beyond basic word-of-mouth warnings.
Operation Cornerstone, targeting the Cali Cartel, lasted for approximately 14 years.
Answer: True
Operation Cornerstone, a significant investigation by the US Customs Service against the Cali Cartel, spanned approximately 14 years.
The majority of the Cali Cartel's main leaders were arrested in 1995.
Answer: True
The majority of the Cali Cartel's principal leaders were apprehended during a concentrated period between June and July of 1995.
The cartel's counter-intelligence included monitoring phone calls in Bogota and Cali, and even communications from the U.S. Embassy.
Answer: True
The Cali Cartel's sophisticated counter-intelligence operations included monitoring phone calls in Bogotá and Cali, and intercepting communications from entities such as the U.S. Embassy.
The Cali Cartel's ability to detect phone taps demonstrated weak counter-intelligence capabilities.
Answer: False
The Cali Cartel's proficiency in detecting phone taps, even those initiated at the telephone company level, indicated sophisticated counter-intelligence capabilities, not weak ones.
Operation Cornerstone primarily focused on seizing assets rather than cocaine.
Answer: False
Operation Cornerstone, conducted by the US Customs Service, focused on seizing both cocaine and assets, with significant quantities of both being confiscated over its duration.
The 1995 raid on Cali Cartel offices revealed their basic communication methods.
Answer: False
The 1995 raid revealed the Cali Cartel's sophisticated counter-intelligence capabilities, including advanced communication monitoring and encryption, not basic methods.
When were the majority of the Cali Cartel's main leaders arrested?
Answer: Between June and July of 1995
The majority of the Cali Cartel's principal leaders were apprehended during a concentrated period between June and July of 1995.
What sophisticated counter-intelligence capability did the Cali Cartel possess regarding communications?
Answer: They monitored phone calls and used advanced encryption.
The Cali Cartel demonstrated sophisticated counter-intelligence by monitoring phone calls extensively and employing advanced encryption for their communications.
Jorge Salcedo was a cartel leader who later cooperated with the Medellín Cartel.
Answer: False
Jorge Salcedo was an employee of the Cali Cartel who later became a crucial informant for the CIA, not a cartel leader who cooperated with the Medellín Cartel.
Gilberto and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela were extradited to the US and pleaded guilty to drug conspiracy charges in 2006.
Answer: True
Following their extradition to the United States in 2006, Gilberto and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges and agreed to forfeit $2.1 billion in assets.
Hémer Herrera was responsible for establishing a distribution center in New York City for the cartel.
Answer: True
In the early 1980s, Hélmer Herrera was tasked with establishing a crucial distribution center for the Cali Cartel in New York City.
Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela chaired the board of a bank used for money laundering.
Answer: True
Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela served as Chairman of the Board of Banco de Trabajadores, a financial institution implicated in money laundering activities for both the Cali and Medellín Cartels.
Jorge Salcedo became a CIA informant after facing threats to his life and family.
Answer: True
Jorge Salcedo's decision to become a CIA informant was precipitated by threats to his life and family, stemming from his involvement in the cartel's operations.
Who was Jorge Salcedo, and what was his critical role?
Answer: A Cali Cartel employee who became a key CIA informant.
Jorge Salcedo, initially employed by the Cali Cartel for security and planning, became a critical informant for the CIA, providing intelligence that significantly contributed to the cartel's downfall.
What was the outcome for Gilberto and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela after their extradition to the United States?
Answer: They were extradited, pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and forfeited assets.
Following their extradition to the United States in 2006, Gilberto and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges and agreed to forfeit $2.1 billion in assets.
Who was Hélmer Herrera's key role in the early 1980s?
Answer: Establishing a distribution center in New York City.
In the early 1980s, Hélmer Herrera was tasked with establishing a crucial distribution center for the Cali Cartel in New York City.