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Carl Friedrich Goerdeler's birth occurred in 1900 in Munich, to a family engaged in academia.
Answer: False
Historical records indicate Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was born in 1884 in Schneidemühl, not Munich, and his family background was rooted in Prussian civil service, not academia.
Goerdeler pursued studies in law and economics at the University of Berlin, commencing his civil service career in 1908.
Answer: False
Goerdeler studied economics and law at the University of Tübingen, not Berlin, and initiated his civil service career in 1911, not 1908.
During World War I, Goerdeler served as a high-ranking officer on the Western Front and advocated for peace negotiations.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's World War I service was as a junior officer on the Eastern Front, and his post-war activities included advocating for territorial claims, not immediate peace negotiations.
Following World War I, Goerdeler initially aligned with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) due to his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: False
Goerdeler joined the ultraconservative German National People's Party (DNVP) after World War I, reflecting his strong opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.
Goerdeler held mayoral positions in both Königsberg and Leipzig during the Weimar Republic.
Answer: True
Goerdeler served as the mayor of Königsberg from 1922 and subsequently as the mayor of Leipzig from 1930 to 1937, during the Weimar era.
In which city was Carl Friedrich Goerdeler born, and what was his family's background?
Answer: Schneidemühl; family of Prussian civil servants
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was born in Schneidemühl, and his family was deeply rooted in the tradition of Prussian civil service.
Which two major German cities did Carl Friedrich Goerdeler serve as mayor?
Answer: Königsberg and Leipzig
Goerdeler held significant mayoral positions in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) and later in Leipzig during the Weimar Republic.
Goerdeler was appointed Reich Price Commissioner by Chancellor Adolf Hitler to manage Nazi economic expansion.
Answer: False
While Goerdeler served as Reich Price Commissioner, this appointment was made by Chancellor Heinrich Brüning in 1931 to oversee deflationary policies, not by Hitler for economic expansion.
In the early 1930s, Goerdeler perceived Hitler as a potentially beneficial 'enlightened dictator'.
Answer: True
As late as 1935, Goerdeler expressed the view that Hitler could serve as an 'enlightened dictator' if properly guided, a sentiment he later found embarrassing.
As mayor of Leipzig, Goerdeler actively enforced the Nazi boycott against Jewish businesses.
Answer: False
Contrary to enforcing the boycott, Goerdeler, as mayor of Leipzig, ordered the SA not to implement it and took measures to protect Jewish businessmen.
Goerdeler supported Nazi inflationary economic policies and Hitler's aggressive foreign policy.
Answer: False
Goerdeler opposed Nazi economic policies, particularly inflationary measures, and disagreed with Hitler's aggressive foreign policy, advocating instead for free-market principles and economic stability.
Goerdeler resigned as mayor of Leipzig in 1937 due to a dispute over the demolition of a monument to Richard Wagner.
Answer: False
Goerdeler resigned in March 1937 following a conflict over the demolition of a monument dedicated to Felix Mendelssohn, not Richard Wagner.
Goerdeler's memoranda advised Hitler to increase rearmament and pursue aggressive expansionist policies.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's memoranda urged a departure from rearmament and aggressive policies, advocating instead for economic stability, free-market principles, and diplomatic engagement.
What was Goerdeler's initial stance on Adolf Hitler in the mid-1930s?
Answer: He viewed Hitler as a potentially beneficial 'enlightened dictator' if properly advised.
In the early to mid-1930s, Goerdeler harbored the view that Hitler might serve as an 'enlightened dictator' capable of positive change if suitably guided, a perspective he later came to regret.
How did Goerdeler react to the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Leipzig in 1933?
Answer: He ordered the SA not to enforce the boycott and protected Jewish businessmen.
As mayor of Leipzig, Goerdeler actively opposed the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, instructing the SA to refrain from enforcement and providing protection to threatened Jewish individuals.
Which of the following was a primary reason for Goerdeler's conflict with Nazi economic policies and officials?
Answer: He opposed Hjalmar Schacht's inflationary policies and Hitler's foreign policy direction.
Goerdeler clashed with figures like Hjalmar Schacht over inflationary economic strategies and disagreed fundamentally with Hitler's foreign policy trajectory, advocating for alternative economic and diplomatic approaches.
What event led to Goerdeler's resignation as mayor of Leipzig in March 1937?
Answer: A dispute concerning the demolition of a monument to Felix Mendelssohn.
Goerdeler resigned his mayoral post in Leipzig following a contentious dispute over the demolition of a monument honoring Felix Mendelssohn, a German-Jewish composer.
What did Goerdeler's memoranda to Nazi leaders generally advise?
Answer: To focus on food imports, free-market principles, and avoid economic collapse.
Goerdeler's memoranda frequently advised against rearmament and aggressive expansion, instead urging a focus on securing food imports, adhering to free-market principles, and preventing economic destabilization.
After relinquishing public office, Goerdeler utilized his affiliation with Robert Bosch GmbH to facilitate his anti-Nazi activities.
Answer: True
Following his resignation, Goerdeler leveraged his position at Robert Bosch GmbH as a cover for his clandestine anti-Nazi efforts and diplomatic outreach.
Goerdeler advocated for Germany to relinquish all territorial claims, including the Sudetenland and Polish Corridor.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's foreign policy proposals included retaining certain territories, such as the Sudetenland and the Polish Corridor, while seeking international support for a revised geopolitical order.
Goerdeler successfully persuaded many high-ranking military leaders to actively oppose Hitler before 1944.
Answer: False
While Goerdeler actively engaged with senior military figures to garner support for opposition, he often encountered hesitation and a reluctance to commit to decisive action against Hitler.
Goerdeler viewed the Munich Agreement of 1938 as a positive development that strengthened Germany's position.
Answer: False
Goerdeler expressed profound disappointment with the Munich Agreement, viewing it as a missed opportunity to remove Hitler from power and emboldening the regime.
Goerdeler provided the British government with intelligence, including warnings about Hitler's plans concerning Czechoslovakia.
Answer: True
Goerdeler communicated intelligence to the British, notably including warnings regarding Hitler's intentions towards Czechoslovakia, influencing foreign policy perceptions.
In 1939, Goerdeler proposed peace terms that included Germany retaining all territories acquired before 1914.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's 1939 peace proposals stipulated the retention of territories acquired before 1918, specifically mentioning pre-1918 Polish territories, Austria, and the Sudetenland, not all territories acquired before 1914.
A planned putsch involving Goerdeler in November 1939 failed because key military leaders withdrew their support.
Answer: True
The planned coup in November 1939, in which Goerdeler was involved, was aborted when crucial military figures, such as Field Marshal von Brauchitsch and General Halder, withdrew their backing.
Goerdeler believed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel would be a suitable leader for a post-Hitler government.
Answer: True
Goerdeler considered Field Marshal Erwin Rommel a potential candidate for a leading role in a post-Nazi government and explored his willingness to participate.
Goerdeler welcomed the Atlantic Charter's call for German disarmament, seeing it as essential for peace.
Answer: False
Goerdeler expressed disappointment with the Atlantic Charter's demand for German disarmament, believing it would impede resistance efforts and was unacceptable.
Goerdeler demanded the return of the South Tyrol region from Italy in his post-war plans.
Answer: True
Among his proposed territorial adjustments for a post-Nazi Germany, Goerdeler included the annexation of the South Tyrol region from Italy.
After leaving his mayoral position, how did Goerdeler contribute to the German resistance?
Answer: By using his position at Robert Bosch GmbH as a cover for anti-Nazi activities and foreign diplomacy.
Following his departure from public office, Goerdeler engaged in resistance activities, utilizing his role at Robert Bosch GmbH to conceal his anti-Nazi efforts and conduct diplomatic overtures abroad.
What was Goerdeler's foreign policy stance regarding Germany's territorial claims in the late 1930s?
Answer: He advocated for Germany to retain the Sudetenland and Polish Corridor while seeking international support.
In his foreign policy considerations, Goerdeler supported the retention of territories such as the Sudetenland and the Polish Corridor, seeking international consensus for these claims within a post-Nazi framework.
Why was Goerdeler deeply disappointed by the Munich Agreement of 1938?
Answer: He believed it was a missed opportunity to overthrow Hitler.
Goerdeler viewed the Munich Agreement with profound disappointment, considering it a lost chance to depose Hitler and believing it would ultimately embolden the regime.
Which of the following was NOT among the territorial demands Goerdeler made for a post-Nazi Germany?
Answer: The return of Alsace-Lorraine
Goerdeler's territorial proposals included the Sudetenland, the Polish Corridor, and former German colonies, but not the return of Alsace-Lorraine.
What was Goerdeler's primary concern regarding the Atlantic Charter in 1941?
Answer: Its demand for German disarmament, which he felt would hinder resistance efforts.
Goerdeler expressed significant concern over the Atlantic Charter's stipulation for German disarmament, believing it would complicate the efforts of the resistance movement against the Nazi regime.
What role did Goerdeler see for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in a post-Hitler government?
Answer: Goerdeler viewed Rommel as an ideal candidate for a leading role.
Goerdeler identified Field Marshal Erwin Rommel as a potentially suitable figure for a significant leadership position within the envisioned post-Hitler government.
What was Goerdeler's proposed peace settlement in October 1939 regarding Poland and Czechoslovakia?
Answer: Germany retaining pre-1918 Polish territories while restoring independence to Poland and Czechoslovakia.
In October 1939, Goerdeler's proposed peace terms included Germany retaining territories formerly belonging to Poland before 1918, while simultaneously restoring the independence of Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler occupied a pivotal role within the German resistance movement, designated to assume the chancellorship of a provisional government following the anticipated overthrow of Adolf Hitler.
Answer: True
Goerdeler was indeed a central figure in the German resistance, identified as the prospective Chancellor for a post-Hitler administration.
Goerdeler was a minor participant in the 20 July 1944 plot, primarily providing logistical support.
Answer: False
Goerdeler was a central figure in the 20 July plot, designated to serve as Chancellor in the planned post-Hitler government, not a minor participant.
If the 20 July plot had succeeded, Wilhelm Leuschner was planned to be the Chancellor, not Goerdeler.
Answer: False
The plans for the post-plot government designated Carl Friedrich Goerdeler as Chancellor, with Wilhelm Leuschner slated for the position of Vice-Chancellor.
Goerdeler was captured shortly after the failure of the 20 July plot and executed in 1945.
Answer: True
Following the unsuccessful 20 July plot, Goerdeler was apprehended in August 1944 and subsequently executed in February 1945.
Helene Schwärzel was a Gestapo informant who denounced Goerdeler, leading to his arrest.
Answer: True
Helene Schwärzel's denunciation of Goerdeler to the Gestapo was instrumental in his capture following the failed 20 July plot.
Goerdeler and Claus von Stauffenberg shared a close working relationship and mutual respect within the resistance.
Answer: False
The relationship between Goerdeler and Stauffenberg was characterized by strain and mutual disagreement, despite their shared objective within the resistance movement.
What was Carl Friedrich Goerdeler's primary role and planned position within the German resistance movement?
Answer: The designated Chancellor of a provisional government intended to replace Hitler.
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was designated to assume the role of Chancellor in the provisional government that the German resistance planned to establish after the successful overthrow of Adolf Hitler.
What was Goerdeler's relationship with Claus von Stauffenberg within the resistance?
Answer: They had a strained relationship marked by mutual dislike.
Despite their shared involvement in the resistance, Goerdeler and Claus von Stauffenberg maintained a relationship characterized by significant strain and personal animosity.
Who denounced Goerdeler to the Gestapo, leading to his capture after the 20 July plot?
Answer: Helene Schwärzel
Helene Schwärzel's denunciation of Goerdeler to the Gestapo was the direct cause of his apprehension following the failed 20 July plot.
What was the outcome for Goerdeler after the failure of the 20 July 1944 plot?
Answer: He was captured, sentenced to death, and executed.
Following the unsuccessful 20 July plot, Goerdeler was apprehended, subjected to trial by the People's Court, and ultimately executed.
Goerdeler envisioned a post-Hitler government led by a democratically elected president, not a monarchy.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's plans favored the restoration of the monarchy, envisioning a constitutional monarchy with a strong executive, rather than a republic led by an elected president.
Goerdeler's proposed post-war constitution favored a strong, centralized government, unlike the Kreisau Circle's decentralized vision.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's constitutional proposals included elements of decentralized governance, contrasting with the statement that they favored a strong, centralized government. His vision also differed from the Kreisau Circle's more socialist leanings.
Goerdeler viewed Communism and National Socialism as fundamentally different ideologies.
Answer: False
Goerdeler considered Communism and National Socialism to be fundamentally similar ideologies, strongly opposing both.
What type of government did Goerdeler envision for Germany after the fall of Hitler?
Answer: A restoration of the monarchy, possibly a constitutional one.
Goerdeler's plans for a post-Nazi Germany included the restoration of the monarchy, envisioning a constitutional system where the monarch would reign but not govern.
What was Goerdeler's attitude towards Communism?
Answer: He viewed it as fundamentally similar to National Socialism and opposed it.
Goerdeler held a strongly anti-communist stance, perceiving Communism and National Socialism as ideologically akin and opposing both systems.
How did Goerdeler's proposed post-war constitution differ from the Kreisau Circle's ideas?
Answer: Goerdeler supported a constitutional monarchy, while the Kreisau Circle leaned towards more socialist principles.
Goerdeler's constitutional vision centered on a constitutional monarchy and laissez-faire capitalism, contrasting with the Kreisau Circle's inclination towards more socialist principles.
Historians generally agree that Goerdeler held consistently anti-Semitic views throughout his life.
Answer: False
The historical consensus on Goerdeler's views regarding the 'Jewish Question' is debated; while he opposed the Holocaust, some scholars argue for the presence of anti-Semitic elements in his proposals.
During his interrogation, Goerdeler refused to cooperate with the Gestapo, protecting his co-conspirators.
Answer: False
Contrary to refusing cooperation, Goerdeler collaborated with the Gestapo during his interrogation, providing names that led to numerous arrests.
Goerdeler's final written words expressed defiance and a belief in the righteousness of his cause.
Answer: False
Goerdeler's final writings focused more on spiritual reflection and seeking penance for the German people, rather than overt defiance or a declaration of the righteousness of his cause.
Which of the following best describes Goerdeler's actions and attitude during his interrogation and imprisonment after the failed 20 July plot?
Answer: He cooperated with the Gestapo, providing names of co-conspirators.
During his interrogation and subsequent imprisonment, Goerdeler cooperated with the Gestapo, divulging names of co-conspirators which resulted in numerous arrests.
Which of the following best describes the historical debate surrounding Goerdeler's views on the 'Jewish Question'?
Answer: His views are debated, with some seeing anti-Semitic elements despite opposition to mass murder.
The historical interpretation of Goerdeler's stance on the 'Jewish Question' is complex and contested; while he opposed the genocidal policies of the Holocaust, evidence suggests some anti-Semitic sentiments persisted in his proposals.