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The main waterfall section of Celilo Falls was exclusively known as Tumwater Falls.
Answer: False
While Tumwater Falls was one of the names for a cataract section, the main waterfall of Celilo Falls was also known as The Chutes, Great Falls, or Columbia Falls, and consisted of multiple sections.
The main waterfall of Celilo Falls consisted of three distinct sections: Horseshoe Falls, the Cul-de-Sac, and the main channel of the river.
Answer: True
The main waterfall of Celilo Falls was indeed composed of three distinct sections: Horseshoe Falls (or Tumwater Falls), a deep eddy known as the Cul-de-Sac, and the primary river channel.
At Celilo Falls, the Columbia River, typically 140 feet wide, expanded to over a mile wide.
Answer: False
At Celilo Falls, the Columbia River, which was often more than a mile wide, was constricted to a narrow channel of only 140 feet (43 meters).
During the spring freshet in June and July, Celilo Falls could be completely submerged due to the seasonal flow of the Columbia River.
Answer: True
The seasonal flow of the Columbia River meant that during the spring freshet in June and July, the increased water volume could completely submerge Celilo Falls.
Modeste Demers observed in 1839 that Celilo Falls was a single, massive waterfall with a consistent 20-foot drop.
Answer: False
Modeste Demers' 1839 investigation revealed that Celilo Falls was not a single, consistent waterfall but rather a multitude of falls with varying depths and qualities across different channels.
Celilo Falls was considered the sixth-largest waterfall by volume in the world.
Answer: True
Celilo Falls was indeed recognized as the sixth-largest waterfall globally when measured by its water volume.
The average annual flow over Celilo Falls was approximately 1,240,000 cubic feet per second.
Answer: False
The average annual flow over Celilo Falls was approximately 190,000 cubic feet per second; 1,240,000 cubic feet per second was the flow rate during periods of high water or flood.
Celilo Falls was the final point in a series of rapids known as The Narrows, which stretched upstream for 12 miles.
Answer: False
Celilo Falls was the *initial* point in a series of cascades and rapids known as The Narrows or The Dalles, which stretched *downstream* for approximately 12 miles.
Over the 12-mile stretch of The Narrows and The Dalles, the Columbia River dropped 82 feet at high water.
Answer: True
The Columbia River's elevation dropped 82 feet over the 12-mile stretch of The Narrows and The Dalles during periods of high water.
The Short Narrows, located ten miles below Celilo Falls, were approximately 3 miles long and 75 feet wide.
Answer: False
The Short Narrows were located three miles below Celilo Falls, were approximately 1 mile long, and 250 feet wide. The Long Narrows were ten miles below Celilo Falls, 3 miles long, and 75 feet wide.
The Long Narrows, located ten miles below Celilo Falls, narrowed the river channel to 75 feet.
Answer: True
The Long Narrows, situated ten miles downstream from Celilo Falls, was characterized by a significant constriction of the river channel to a width of 75 feet (23 meters).
The Dalles Rapids, also known as Wascopam, were located immediately upstream from the Long Narrows.
Answer: False
The Dalles Rapids, known as Wascopam, were located immediately *downstream* from the Long Narrows, not upstream.
Charles Wilkes calculated that the river dropped approximately 15 feet over a 2-mile stretch at the Long Narrows.
Answer: False
Charles Wilkes calculated that the river dropped approximately 50 feet (15 meters) over a 2-mile stretch at the Long Narrows, not 15 feet.
Which of the following was an alternative name for the main waterfall section of Celilo Falls?
Answer: The Chutes
The main waterfall of Celilo Falls included a deep eddy known as what?
Answer: The Cul-de-Sac
At Celilo Falls, the Columbia River, typically over a mile wide, was constricted to approximately what width?
Answer: 140 feet (43 meters)
What was the approximate drop of Celilo Falls during periods of low water?
Answer: 20 feet (6.1 meters)
What did Modeste Demers' 1839 investigation reveal about Celilo Falls?
Answer: It consisted of a multitude of falls with varying depths.
Celilo Falls was ranked as the sixth-largest waterfall globally based on what characteristic?
Answer: Volume
Which of the following represents the average annual flow rate over Celilo Falls?
Answer: 190,000 cubic feet per second
Celilo Falls marked the beginning of a 12-mile series of cascades and rapids known collectively as what?
Answer: The Narrows or The Dalles
What was the total elevation drop of the Columbia River over the 12-mile stretch of The Narrows and The Dalles at high water?
Answer: 82 feet (25 meters)
The rapids located three miles below Celilo Falls were also known as the Little (or Upper) Dalles or what other name?
Answer: The Short Narrows
Approximately how long were the rapids known as the Short Narrows?
Answer: 1 mile (1.6 kilometers)
At the Long Narrows, located ten miles below Celilo Falls, the river channel narrowed to what width?
Answer: 75 feet (23 meters)
What was the native name for the Dalles Rapids, situated immediately downstream from the Long Narrows?
Answer: Wascopam
Explorer Charles Wilkes calculated that the river dropped approximately how many feet over a 2-mile stretch at the Long Narrows?
Answer: 50 feet (15 meters)
Celilo Falls was known as Wyam in the Tenino language, meaning 'echo of falling water' or 'sound of water upon the rocks'.
Answer: True
The Tenino language name for Celilo Falls was Wyam, which translates to 'echo of falling water' or 'sound of water upon the rocks,' as documented in historical accounts.
A 1950s image from the source material depicts traditional dipnet fishing activities at Celilo Falls.
Answer: True
An image from the 1950s within the source material visually confirms the practice of traditional dipnet fishing at Celilo Falls.
Native peoples gathered at Wyam for an estimated 15,000 years for fishing and trade.
Answer: True
Historical and archaeological evidence indicates that native peoples utilized the site of Wyam (Celilo Falls) for fishing and trade for an estimated 15,000 years.
Native peoples at Celilo Falls primarily used large nets cast from canoes to catch salmon.
Answer: False
Native peoples at Celilo Falls primarily employed dipnets and long spears from wooden platforms to catch salmon, rather than large nets cast from canoes.
Historically, an estimated fifteen to twenty million salmon passed through Celilo Falls annually, making it a significant fishing site.
Answer: True
Historical estimates confirm that fifteen to twenty million salmon annually migrated through Celilo Falls, underscoring its immense importance as a fishing ground.
Celilo Falls was primarily a strategic location for trade between only two specific tribes, limiting its network reach.
Answer: False
Celilo Falls served as a central hub for an extensive trading network that spanned the Pacific Plateau, involving numerous tribes and reaching regions as distant as the Great Plains, Southwestern United States, and Alaska.
Artifacts found at Celilo village indicate trade goods originated from regions as distant as the Great Plains and Alaska.
Answer: True
Archaeological findings at Celilo village confirm that trade goods found there originated from geographically diverse regions, including the Great Plains and Alaska, demonstrating the extensive reach of its trade network.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 described Celilo Falls as a sparsely populated area with minimal trade activity.
Answer: False
The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 described Celilo Falls as a 'great emporium' with high population density, indicating significant trade and gathering activity.
Historians have likened the Celilo area to the 'Wall Street of the West' due to its economic importance.
Answer: True
The significant economic activity and extensive trading network at Celilo Falls led historians to characterize the area as the 'Wall Street of the West'.
The Wishram people resided on the south bank of Celilo Falls, and the primary bargaining took place at the Wasco village.
Answer: False
The Wishram people resided on the north bank of Celilo Falls, and the Wasco people on the south bank, with the most intensive bargaining occurring at the Wishram village of Nix-luidix.
Charles Wilkes identified Celilo Falls, the Big Dalles, and Cascades Rapids as major native fishing sites on the lower Columbia River.
Answer: True
Charles Wilkes' reports confirm that Celilo Falls, the Big Dalles, and Cascades Rapids were indeed recognized as the primary native fishing sites on the lower Columbia River.
George Simpson documented that only freshwater fish species were able to reach Celilo Falls, not marine mammals.
Answer: False
George Simpson documented in 1841 that pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), which are marine mammals, followed salmon up the Columbia River as far as Celilo Falls.
What is the Tenino language meaning of 'Wyam,' the native name for Celilo Falls?
Answer: Echo of falling water
For how many years was Celilo Falls recognized as the oldest continuously inhabited community on the North American continent?
Answer: 15,000 years
What traditional fishing methods were employed by native peoples at Celilo Falls?
Answer: Dipnets and long spears from wooden platforms
What was the estimated annual salmon passage through Celilo Falls, making it one of North America's most significant fishing sites?
Answer: Fifteen to twenty million salmon
Celilo Falls and The Dalles were strategically located at the boundary between which two language groups, serving as a central trading hub?
Answer: Chinookan and Sahaptian-speaking peoples
Artifacts discovered at Celilo village indicate trade goods originated from distant regions, including the Great Plains, the Southwestern United States, and what other area?
Answer: Alaska
How did the Lewis and Clark Expedition characterize Celilo Falls in 1805?
Answer: A 'great emporium' with high population density.
Which native people resided on the north bank of Celilo Falls, where the primary bargaining and trade activities took place?
Answer: Wishram
According to Charles Wilkes, which of the following was the largest of the major native fishing sites on the lower Columbia River?
Answer: The Big Dalles
What type of marine mammals were documented by George Simpson in 1841 as following salmon up the Columbia River to Celilo Falls?
Answer: Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions)
Ross Cox described the Long Narrows as a 'succession of boiling whirlpools'.
Answer: True
Ross Cox's historical account indeed characterized the Long Narrows as a 'succession of boiling whirlpools,' highlighting its perilous nature for navigation.
Low water levels in late autumn made Celilo Falls a major barrier for navigation.
Answer: True
Seasonal low water levels, particularly in late autumn, transformed Celilo Falls into a significant impediment to river navigation.
Lewis and Clark found their journey through Celilo Falls relatively easy because they arrived during high water in July.
Answer: False
Lewis and Clark encountered Celilo Falls in late autumn during low water, which made their passage a significant obstacle, contrasting with David Thompson's easier journey during high water in July.
The Long Narrows was considered impassable during high water and very dangerous even during autumn low water for unloaded boats.
Answer: True
The Long Narrows presented extreme navigational hazards, being impassable during high water and remaining very dangerous even for unloaded boats during low water in autumn.
Narcissa Whitman asserted in 1836 that fewer than ten 'white lives' had been lost at the Dalles.
Answer: False
Narcissa Whitman stated in 1836 that over one hundred 'white lives' had been lost at the Dalles, indicating a much higher toll than fewer than ten.
The Army Corps of Engineers completed the Celilo Canal in 1915 to improve river navigation.
Answer: True
The Celilo Canal was indeed completed by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1915, with the explicit purpose of facilitating river navigation by bypassing turbulent sections.
The Celilo Canal was a highly successful and frequently used portage for steamboats until the construction of The Dalles Dam.
Answer: False
Despite its intended purpose, the Celilo Canal was rarely used and became completely idle by 1919, long before the construction of The Dalles Dam.
Ross Cox described the Long Narrows as a 'succession of boiling whirlpools.' What did Alexander Ross state about its passage during floods?
Answer: The passage was not improved, and no craft could venture there safely.
How did the seasonal changes in the Columbia River's flow affect navigation at Celilo Falls, particularly during low water in late autumn?
Answer: It made the falls a major barrier.
David Thompson's journey through Celilo Falls in July 1811 was relatively easy due to high water. How did this compare to Lewis and Clark's experience?
Answer: Lewis and Clark found it a significant obstacle, arriving in late autumn during low water.
What was the primary purpose of the Celilo Canal, completed by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1915?
Answer: To allow steamboats to bypass the turbulent falls and rapids.
Despite its completion in 1915, by what year did the Celilo Canal become completely idle?
Answer: 1919
Celilo Falls was submerged in 1967 due to the construction of the Bonneville Dam.
Answer: False
Celilo Falls was submerged in 1957, not 1967, and this was a direct consequence of the construction of The Dalles Dam, not the Bonneville Dam.
During World War II, 96 percent of Columbia River electricity was utilized for war manufacturing by 1943.
Answer: True
By 1943, a substantial 96 percent of the electricity generated from the Columbia River was indeed directed towards supporting war manufacturing efforts during World War II.
The Dalles was considered an ideal location for a new dam primarily because of its minimal impact on existing tribal fishing sites.
Answer: False
The Dalles was considered ideal for a dam due to the immense water volume over Celilo Falls, despite significant concerns and impacts on existing tribal fishing sites, which were later addressed in Congressional hearings.
The 1855 Treaties guaranteed the Yakama Nation and other tribes their ancient 'right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed stations'.
Answer: True
The 1855 Treaties explicitly protected the fishing rights of the Yakama Nation and other signatory tribes, guaranteeing their access to traditional fishing stations.
Congressional hearings in 1947 concluded that the proposed dam at The Dalles would directly violate tribal fishing rights.
Answer: False
In 1947, Congressional hearings concluded that the proposed dam at The Dalles would *not* violate tribal fishing rights as guaranteed by the 1855 treaties, despite tribal concerns.
The federal government provided a monetary settlement of $26.8 million to affected tribes for the loss of Celilo Falls and other fishing sites.
Answer: True
The federal government did provide a monetary settlement of $26.8 million to the affected tribes as compensation for the loss of Celilo Falls and other vital fishing sites.
The Dalles Dam construction began in 1957, and Celilo Falls was submerged in 1962.
Answer: False
Construction of The Dalles Dam began in 1952 and was completed in 1957, with Celilo Falls being submerged on March 10, 1957, not 1962.
What event directly led to the submergence of Celilo Falls in 1957?
Answer: The construction of The Dalles Dam
Which of these was NOT a stated purpose for the construction of The Dalles Dam?
Answer: To create a wildlife sanctuary
One of the motivations for civic leaders to advocate for hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River in the mid-20th century was to generate electricity for which specific industry?
Answer: The World War II defense industry
By 1943, what percentage of Columbia River electricity was being used for war manufacturing?
Answer: 96 percent
The Corps of Engineers considered The Dalles an ideal location for a new dam primarily due to what factor?
Answer: The immense volume of water flowing over Celilo Falls.
The 1855 Treaties with various tribes, including the Yakama Nation, guaranteed their ancient 'right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed stations'. What was the significance of this right?
Answer: It protected their traditional fishing access, including at Celilo Falls.
What was the outcome of the 1947 Congressional hearings regarding the proposed dam's impact on tribal fishing rights?
Answer: The hearings concluded the dam would not violate tribal rights.
What was the monetary settlement provided by the federal government to affected tribes for the loss of Celilo Falls and other vital fishing sites?
Answer: $26.8 million
The Army Corps of Engineers began construction on The Dalles Dam in 1952 and completed it in what year?
Answer: 1957
On March 10, 1957, what significant event occurred at Celilo Falls?
Answer: Lake Celilo submerged the falls and village.
In 2019, tribal leaders called for the restoration of Celilo Falls, citing that Indigenous peoples never agreed to its submergence.
Answer: True
In 2019, tribal leaders from the Yakama and Lummi nations indeed called for the restoration of Celilo Falls, emphasizing that Indigenous peoples had never consented to its submergence.
A small Native American community known as Celilo Village exists today on a bluff overlooking the former site of Celilo Falls.
Answer: True
Celilo Village, a small Native American community, continues to exist today on a bluff that provides a view of the former location of Celilo Falls.
A 2008 sonar survey revealed that Celilo Falls had been completely eroded and altered by the artificial lake.
Answer: False
A 2008 sonar survey indicated that Celilo Falls remained largely intact beneath the artificial lake, with its geological features matching earlier aerial photographs, rather than being completely eroded.
Ted Strong of the Intertribal Fish Commission stated that the characteristics, roar, and fragrances of Celilo Falls can still be perceived and remembered by an Indian person.
Answer: True
Ted Strong's statement reflects the enduring cultural and sensory memory of Celilo Falls among Indigenous peoples, despite its physical submergence.
In 2007, a small private ceremony was held to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of the inundation of Celilo Falls.
Answer: False
In 2007, a large public gathering of three thousand people, not a small private ceremony, was held at Celilo Village to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of the inundation of Celilo Falls.
Ken Kesey's novel *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* references Celilo Falls as the location of Chief Bromden's native village.
Answer: True
Celilo Falls is indeed referenced in Ken Kesey's *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest* as the native village of the narrator, Chief Bromden.
Maya Lin completed interpretive artwork at Celilo Falls as part of the Confluence Project in 2015.
Answer: False
Artist and architect Maya Lin was developing interpretive artwork at Celilo Falls as part of the Confluence Project, with completion scheduled for 2019, not completed in 2015.
Northwest RiverPartners emphasized the continued importance of The Dalles Dam for hydropower electricity generation in response to restoration calls.
Answer: True
Northwest RiverPartners responded to restoration calls by highlighting the ongoing significance of The Dalles Dam for hydropower electricity generation, which supports regional ports and businesses.
The aerial view of Lake Celilo shows that the Short Narrows and Long Narrows were completely unaffected by the dam's construction.
Answer: False
The aerial view of Lake Celilo clearly indicates that the Short Narrows and Long Narrows were significantly impacted and submerged by the dam's construction, not unaffected.
In 2019, which two tribal nations specifically called for the restoration of Celilo Falls?
Answer: Yakama and Lummi
Where is a small Native American community associated with Celilo Falls located today?
Answer: On a bluff overlooking the former site of Celilo Falls.
A 2008 sonar survey commemorating the 50th anniversary of the falls' flooding revealed what about Celilo Falls?
Answer: It remained intact beneath the artificial lake.
Who is the artist and architect currently developing interpretive artwork at Celilo Falls as part of the Confluence Project?
Answer: Maya Lin
Which of the following was NOT a reason cited by Yakama and Lummi nation leaders in 2019 for advocating for the restoration of Celilo Falls?
Answer: The dam was no longer producing hydroelectric power.
What was Northwest RiverPartners' primary response to the calls for Celilo Falls' restoration?
Answer: They emphasized the continued importance of The Dalles Dam for hydropower electricity generation.
The aerial view of Lake Celilo on the Columbia River, taken after the construction of The Dalles Dam, visually marks the former locations of Celilo Falls, the Short Narrows, and what other feature?
Answer: The Long Narrows