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Total Categories: 7
Christology is exclusively concerned with the historical Jesus and his ethical teachings, disregarding his divine attributes.
Answer: False
Christology encompasses the study of Jesus Christ's nature, person, and work, including both his historical existence and his divine attributes.
The term 'Christology' originates from Greek words meaning 'study of the anointed one'.
Answer: True
The term 'Christology' derives from the Greek words 'khristos' (anointed one) and '-logia' (study or discourse), signifying the study of Christ.
The term 'Christology' originates from Greek words meaning 'study of the human nature'.
Answer: False
The term 'Christology' originates from the Greek words 'khristos' (anointed one) and '-logia' (study or discourse), meaning 'the study of Christ'.
What is the primary focus of Christology within Christian theology?
Answer: The study of Jesus Christ's nature, person, and work, including his divinity and humanity.
Christology is the theological discipline dedicated to understanding the person, nature, and work of Jesus Christ, encompassing his divine and human dimensions.
What does the Greek root '-logia' in 'Christology' signify?
Answer: Study or discourse
The Greek suffix '-logia' signifies 'study' or 'discourse,' indicating that Christology is the systematic study of Jesus Christ.
Early Christian titles for Jesus, such as Son of Man and Son of God, were derived from Hebrew scripture.
Answer: True
Titles like 'Son of Man' and 'Son of God,' used for Jesus in early Christian writings, have roots and parallels within Hebrew scripture.
The title 'Kyrios' (Lord) is significant because it translates the Tetragrammaton, the holy name of God, in the Septuagint.
Answer: True
The Greek title 'Kyrios' (Lord) is significant as it translates the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), the sacred name of God in the Septuagint, thereby associating Jesus with divine authority.
The Synoptic Gospels primarily emphasize Jesus's divinity, identifying him as the pre-existent Logos.
Answer: False
The Synoptic Gospels tend to emphasize Jesus's humanity and earthly ministry, while the Gospel of John prominently identifies Jesus with the pre-existent Logos.
The 'Angel of the Lord' in the Old Testament is interpreted by some as manifestations of the post-incarnate Christ.
Answer: False
Interpretations of the 'Angel of the Lord' in the Old Testament vary, but some theologians consider these appearances as pre-incarnate manifestations of Christ, not post-incarnate.
The Gospel of John emphasizes Jesus's humanity and earthly ministry more than his divinity.
Answer: False
The Gospel of John places a significant emphasis on Jesus's divinity, identifying him with the pre-existent Logos, often more so than his humanity and earthly ministry.
The concept of the pre-existence of Christ is particularly evident in the Gospel of John, identifying Jesus with the eternal Logos.
Answer: True
The concept of Christ's pre-existence, particularly his identification with the eternal Logos, is a prominent theme in the Gospel of John.
Which of the following was NOT among the earliest titles given to Jesus in Christian writings, according to the source?
Answer: Savior
While titles like Son of Man, Son of God, Messiah, and Kyrios (Lord) are noted as early, 'Savior' is not explicitly listed among the earliest titles derived from Hebrew scripture in the provided context.
The title 'Kyrios' (Lord) is significant in New Testament Christology because it:
Answer: Translates the Tetragrammaton (God's holy name) in the Septuagint.
The title 'Kyrios' is significant as it translates the Tetragrammaton (God's holy name) in the Septuagint, thereby linking Jesus to divine status and lordship.
How are the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John distinguished in their Christological emphasis?
Answer: Synoptics emphasize humanity; John emphasizes divinity.
The Synoptic Gospels tend to focus more on Jesus's humanity and earthly ministry, whereas the Gospel of John prominently emphasizes his divinity and pre-existence as the Logos.
The adoptionist theme in early Christology suggested Jesus was a divine being who became human.
Answer: False
Adoptionism was an early Christological view that posited Jesus was a human being who was divinely 'adopted' by God at a significant point in his life, rather than being divine from conception.
The prevailing scholarly view prior to 2007 was that the divinity of Christ was a late development in Christian thought.
Answer: True
Prior to approximately 2007, a significant scholarly consensus held that the concept of Christ's divinity emerged later in Christian history, but this view has been increasingly challenged.
The 'evolutionary model' of Christology development suggests a gradual shift from a high Christology to a low Christology.
Answer: False
The 'evolutionary model' suggests a development from an initial 'low' Christology (emphasizing Jesus's humanity) towards a 'high' Christology (emphasizing his divinity).
The 'big-bang theory of Christology' posits that a high Christology was present from the very beginning of Christianity.
Answer: True
The 'big-bang theory of Christology' proposes that a high Christology, recognizing Jesus's divinity, was present from the earliest stages of Christianity.
The First Council of Nicaea (325) and the First Council of Constantinople (381) affirmed that the Son was 'homoousios' (of the same being) as the Father.
Answer: True
Both the First Council of Nicaea (325) and the First Council of Constantinople (381) affirmed the Son's consubstantiality with the Father, using the term 'homoousios'.
The Council of Ephesus (431) condemned Nestorianism and affirmed a view that led to schisms with the Church of the East.
Answer: True
The Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned Nestorianism, a Christological position that contributed to later schisms, particularly with the Church of the East.
The Second Council of Constantinople in 553 condemned Monothelitism.
Answer: False
The Second Council of Constantinople in 553 focused on interpreting Chalcedonian decrees and condemning certain teachings, but Monothelitism was condemned later at the Third Council of Constantinople.
The Third Council of Constantinople (681) affirmed that Christ possessed two wills, one divine and one human.
Answer: True
The Third Council of Constantinople (681) affirmed that Christ, possessing two natures, also possessed two distinct wills, one divine and one human, with the human will subordinate to the divine.
The Second Council of Nicaea (787) affirmed the veneration of icons and related it to the Incarnation.
Answer: True
The Second Council of Nicaea (787) affirmed the veneration of icons, linking this practice to the Incarnation and the possibility of depicting Christ.
The Nicene Creed, ratified at Constantinople, declared the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus.
Answer: True
The Nicene Creed, finalized at the Council of Constantinople (381), affirmed both the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus Christ.
The Second Council of Nicaea (787) affirmed the veneration of icons, often referred to as the 'Triumph of Orthodoxy'.
Answer: True
The Second Council of Nicaea (787) affirmed the veneration of icons, linking this practice to the Incarnation and the possibility of depicting Christ.
What does the adoptionist theme in early Christology suggest about Jesus?
Answer: Jesus was a human adopted by God at a significant point in his life.
Adoptionism posits that Jesus was a human being who was divinely adopted by God, often at his baptism or resurrection, thereby receiving divine status.
What was the prevailing scholarly view regarding Christ's divinity prior to 2007?
Answer: It was a later development influenced by Greek philosophy.
Prior to 2007, many scholars believed that the doctrine of Christ's divinity was a later development, influenced by Hellenistic philosophy, but this view has been increasingly challenged.
The 'evolutionary model' of Christology development suggests:
Answer: A development from a low or adoptionist view towards a high Christology.
The 'evolutionary model' suggests a development from an initial 'low' Christology (emphasizing Jesus's humanity) towards a 'high' Christology (emphasizing his divinity).
Which of the following is a key outcome of the First Council of Nicaea (325) and the First Council of Constantinople (381) regarding Christology?
Answer: Affirmation of the Son being 'homoousios' (of the same being) as the Father.
These councils affirmed the Son's consubstantiality with the Father ('homoousios') and established foundational doctrines regarding Christ's divinity and humanity.
The Council of Ephesus (431) primarily addressed issues related to which title for Mary?
Answer: Mother of God (Theotokos)
The Council of Ephesus (431) addressed controversies surrounding the title 'Theotokos' (God-bearer) for Mary, affirming its appropriateness in relation to Christ's divine nature.
What doctrine did the Third Council of Constantinople (681) condemn?
Answer: Monothelitism
The Third Council of Constantinople condemned Monothelitism, the doctrine asserting Christ had only one will, affirming instead two wills (divine and human) in Christ.
What is the significance of the Second Council of Nicaea (787) in relation to Christology?
Answer: It affirmed the veneration of icons and related it to the Incarnation.
The Second Council of Nicaea (787) affirmed the veneration of icons, linking this practice to the Incarnation and the possibility of depicting Christ.
The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined Christ as having one nature, a union of the divine and human.
Answer: False
The Council of Chalcedon (451) defined Christ as having two distinct natures, divine and human, united in one person without confusion or division (the hypostatic union).
The Oriental Orthodox Churches accepted the Chalcedonian definition of Christ's two natures.
Answer: False
The Oriental Orthodox Churches rejected the Chalcedonian definition, adhering to Miaphysitism, which posits a single, unified nature of Christ.
The Council of Chalcedon promulgated the miaphysite understanding of the hypostatic union.
Answer: False
The Council of Chalcedon promulgated the dyophysite understanding of the hypostatic union, affirming two natures in one person, which was rejected by Miaphysite traditions.
The 'extra calvinisticum' suggests Christ's divine nature was limited by his human nature after the Incarnation.
Answer: False
The 'extra calvinisticum' is a theological concept asserting that Christ's divine nature is not limited by his human nature, meaning the divine attributes remain infinite and omnipresent.
The Council of Chalcedon's definition of the hypostatic union led to greater unity among all early Christian traditions.
Answer: False
While the Chalcedonian definition clarified Christology for many, it led to significant schisms, particularly with the Oriental Orthodox Churches who rejected its formulation.
Article 10 of the Belgic Confession emphasizes the eternal generation of the Son and his co-essential nature with the Father.
Answer: True
Article 10 of the Belgic Confession aligns with Nicene orthodoxy by emphasizing the eternal generation of the Son and his co-essential, co-eternal nature with the Father.
The Council of Chalcedon affirmed that Christ possesses two natures united in one person without confusion or division.
Answer: True
The Council of Chalcedon (451) affirmed the hypostatic union, stating Christ possesses two natures (divine and human) united in one person without confusion or division.
The 'extra calvinisticum' is a concept that limits Christ's divine nature to his human nature.
Answer: False
The 'extra calvinisticum' posits that Christ's divine nature is not limited by his human nature, maintaining its infinite and omnipresent qualities.
The Council of Chalcedon in 451 established the doctrine of the hypostatic union, defining Christ as:
Answer: Having two natures, human and divine, united in one person without confusion or division.
The Council of Chalcedon defined the hypostatic union, stating Christ is one person in whom two natures (divine and human) are united without confusion or division.
Which Christian tradition rejected the Chalcedonian definition and adheres to Miaphysitism?
Answer: Oriental Orthodox Churches
The Oriental Orthodox Churches rejected the Chalcedonian definition, adhering to Miaphysitism, which posits a single, unified nature of Christ.
The 'extra calvinisticum' is a concept within Calvinist theology stating that:
Answer: Christ's divine nature is not limited by his human nature.
The 'extra calvinisticum' asserts that Christ's divine nature is not limited by his human nature, maintaining its infinite and omnipresent qualities.
How did the Council of Chalcedon's definition impact the unity of the early Church?
Answer: It led to significant schisms, particularly with the Oriental Orthodox Churches.
The Chalcedonian definition, while defining the hypostatic union for many, caused significant divisions, notably with the Oriental Orthodox Churches who rejected its formulation.
Article 10 of the Belgic Confession aligns with Nicene orthodoxy concerning Christ's deity by emphasizing:
Answer: The eternal generation of the Son and his co-essential nature with the Father.
Article 10 of the Belgic Confession aligns with Nicene orthodoxy by emphasizing the eternal generation of the Son and his co-essential, co-eternal nature with the Father.
Functional Christology focuses on the fundamental nature or being of Jesus Christ.
Answer: False
Functional Christology examines Jesus Christ's works and actions, whereas ontological Christology focuses on his fundamental nature or being.
Christology from above, or high Christology, begins by examining the human aspects of Jesus's life and ministry.
Answer: False
High Christology ('from above') emphasizes Jesus's divine attributes and pre-existence, interpreting his life through his divinity, while 'low Christology' ('from below') starts with his humanity.
The Alexandrian school of thought emphasized Christ as a distinct, unified human person separate from his divine relationship.
Answer: False
The Alexandrian school, influenced by the Gospel of John, emphasized Christ as the eternal Logos united with the Father prior to the Incarnation, not as a distinct human person.
The 'threefold office' of Jesus Christ refers to his roles as prophet, priest, and king.
Answer: True
The 'threefold office' of Christ encompasses his roles as prophet, priest, and king, reflecting his messianic functions.
Thomas Aquinas's Christology emphasized the imperfection of Christ's human attributes.
Answer: False
Thomas Aquinas's Christology, particularly his 'Christology from above,' emphasized the perfection of Christ's human attributes and provided a systematic theological framework.
Medieval piety saw a shift towards emphasizing Jesus as a distant, purely divine figure.
Answer: False
Medieval piety, especially influenced by Franciscan spirituality, shifted towards emphasizing Jesus as a relatable figure of love and comfort, rather than solely a distant divine entity.
Liberal Protestant theology in the 19th century generally reinforced the traditional emphasis on Jesus's divinity.
Answer: False
Liberal Protestant theology in the 19th century typically de-emphasized Jesus's divinity, focusing instead on his ethical teachings and historical significance.
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew emphasizes Jesus's divine presence, meaning 'God with us'.
Answer: True
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew's Gospel highlights Jesus's divine presence, signified by the name 'Emmanuel' meaning 'God with us'.
The 'threefold office' of Christ is linked to the term 'Messiah' because anointed individuals in the Old Testament held these roles.
Answer: True
The 'threefold office' (prophet, priest, king) is linked to the term 'Messiah' because these were roles fulfilled by individuals anointed in the Old Testament.
Cosmic Christology, found in Paul's epistles, emphasizes Christ's role in reconciling the entire cosmos to God.
Answer: True
Cosmic Christology, particularly in Pauline epistles, emphasizes Christ's comprehensive role in the reconciliation of all creation to God.
Scholastic Christology, exemplified by Thomas Aquinas, focused on devotional piety and emotional images of Jesus.
Answer: False
Scholastic Christology, exemplified by Thomas Aquinas, was characterized by systematic and philosophical approaches, distinct from the devotional piety often associated with popular Christology.
John Calvin believed Christ's divine nature was limited by his human person after the Incarnation.
Answer: False
John Calvin's theology, particularly concerning the 'extra calvinisticum,' maintained that Christ's divine nature was not limited by his human person after the Incarnation.
Karl Rahner believed modern Christology's primary task was to articulate Christ's divinity in ways understandable today.
Answer: True
Karl Rahner identified the primary task of modern Christology as articulating the belief that 'God became man' in Jesus Christ in a manner comprehensible to contemporary understanding.
Hans von Balthasar proposed that the union of Christ's natures occurred through 'absorption', where the divine nature assimilated the human.
Answer: False
Hans von Balthasar proposed 'assumption,' not 'absorption,' arguing the divine nature took on the human nature without assimilation or alteration.
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew's Gospel underscores Jesus's divine presence and his ongoing relationship with believers.
Answer: True
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew's Gospel emphasizes Jesus's divine presence ('God with us') and his enduring relationship with his followers.
The Antiochian school of thought emphasized Christ's unity with the Father prior to the Incarnation.
Answer: False
The Antiochian school tended to emphasize Christ as a distinct human person, whereas the Alexandrian school focused on Christ's unity with the Father as the eternal Logos.
Which type of Christology analyzes the fundamental nature or being of Jesus Christ?
Answer: Ontological Christology
Ontological Christology focuses on the fundamental nature or being of Jesus Christ, exploring his essential identity.
What is the starting point for 'Christology from below' (low Christology)?
Answer: The human aspects of Jesus's life and ministry.
'Christology from below' (low Christology) begins its inquiry with the human aspects of Jesus's life, ministry, and historical context.
How did the Alexandrian school of Christology primarily view Jesus Christ?
Answer: As the eternal Logos who possessed unity with the Father prior to the Incarnation.
The Alexandrian school emphasized Jesus Christ as the eternal Logos, highlighting his unity with the Father before the Incarnation.
What is the 'threefold office' of Jesus Christ?
Answer: Prophet, Priest, King
The 'threefold office' refers to Jesus Christ's fulfillment of the roles of prophet, priest, and king.
Thomas Aquinas contributed to Western medieval Christology by:
Answer: Providing one of the first systematic Christologies addressing theological issues.
Thomas Aquinas made significant contributions to Western medieval Christology by developing one of the first systematic treatments of the subject, integrating philosophical reasoning with theological doctrine.
What shift in the portrayal of Jesus occurred in the Middle Ages, influenced by Franciscan piety?
Answer: Focus on Jesus as a friend and source of love and comfort.
Influenced by Franciscan piety, medieval portrayals of Jesus shifted towards emphasizing him as a relatable figure of love and comfort.
Liberal Protestant theology in the 19th century typically approached Christology by:
Answer: De-emphasizing Jesus's divinity and focusing on his ethical teachings.
19th-century Liberal Protestant theology often approached Christology by focusing on Jesus's ethical teachings and historical impact, frequently de-emphasizing his divine attributes.
What is the significance of the 'Emmanuel Christology' in the Gospel of Matthew?
Answer: It underscores Jesus's divine presence, meaning 'God with us'.
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew's Gospel highlights Jesus's divine presence ('God with us') and its implications for believers.
What is the significance of the 'threefold office' of Christ in relation to the term 'Messiah'?
Answer: It reflects the Old Testament practice of anointing individuals for the roles of prophet, priest, and king.
The 'threefold office' is linked to 'Messiah' because, in the Old Testament, individuals were anointed for the roles of prophet, priest, and king, all of which Jesus fulfills.
Cosmic Christology, as seen in Paul's epistles, emphasizes Christ's role in:
Answer: Reconciling the entire cosmos to God.
Cosmic Christology, particularly in Pauline epistles, emphasizes Christ's comprehensive role in the reconciliation of all creation to God.
What characterized 'scholastic Christology' in the medieval period?
Answer: Systematic and philosophical approaches to defining Christ's nature and work.
Scholastic Christology, exemplified by Thomas Aquinas, was characterized by systematic and philosophical approaches, distinct from the devotional piety often associated with popular Christology.
How did John Calvin approach Christology?
Answer: He stressed the importance of understanding Christ's 'Work' when comprehending his 'Person'.
John Calvin emphasized the interconnectedness of Christ's 'Person' and 'Work,' arguing that understanding his salvific actions is crucial for comprehending his identity.
What did Karl Rahner identify as the primary task of modern Christology?
Answer: To articulate the belief that 'God became man and that God-made-man is the individual Jesus Christ' in a contemporary way.
Karl Rahner believed modern Christology's primary task was to express the core Christian belief of God becoming human in Jesus Christ in a way that resonates with contemporary understanding.
Hans von Balthasar's concept of 'assumption' versus 'absorption' in relation to Christ's natures means:
Answer: The divine nature took on the human nature without alteration.
Hans von Balthasar's concept of 'assumption' posits that the divine nature took on the human nature without altering or absorbing it, preserving the integrity of both.
The 'Emmanuel Christology' in Matthew's Gospel emphasizes:
Answer: Jesus's divine presence and ongoing relationship with believers.
Matthew's 'Emmanuel Christology' highlights Jesus's divine presence ('God with us') and his enduring relationship with his followers.
Atonement in Christian theology refers to humanity's reconciliation with God through Christ's sacrificial death.
Answer: True
Atonement signifies the reconciliation of humanity with God, primarily achieved through Christ's sacrificial death, which addresses sin and restores relationship.
Gustaf Aulén's classification of atonement theories includes the 'classical paradigm', 'objective paradigm', and 'subjective paradigm'.
Answer: True
Gustaf Aulén categorized atonement theories into three main paradigms: classical (e.g., Christus Victor), objective (e.g., Satisfaction), and subjective (e.g., Moral Influence).
The Ransom theory of atonement suggests Christ's death satisfied God's honor and justice through his merit.
Answer: False
The Ransom theory posits Christ's death was a ransom paid to Satan or death to liberate humanity. Satisfaction theory, developed by Anselm, focuses on satisfying God's honor and justice.
Penal Substitution views sin as a violation of God's law incurring wrath, with Christ bearing the punishment.
Answer: True
Penal Substitution views sin as a legal transgression incurring divine wrath, with Christ vicariously bearing the punishment due to humanity.
The Moral Influence theory of atonement argues that Christ's death demonstrates God's love, inspiring a change of heart in sinners.
Answer: True
The Moral Influence theory posits that Christ's death serves as a powerful demonstration of God's love, inspiring repentance and moral transformation in believers.
The Moral Example theory proposes Christ's death offered humanity a vicarious satisfaction for sins.
Answer: False
The Moral Example theory emphasizes Christ's death as a perfect moral example, inspiring believers, rather than offering vicarious satisfaction for sins.
The Penal Substitution theory of atonement views Christ's death as a ransom paid to Satan.
Answer: False
The Penal Substitution theory views Christ's death as bearing divine wrath for sin, not as a ransom paid to Satan, which is characteristic of the Ransom theory.
The Moral Influence theory of atonement focuses on Christ's death as a demonstration of God's love that inspires change.
Answer: True
The Moral Influence theory emphasizes Christ's death as a demonstration of God's love, aiming to inspire moral change and repentance in humanity.
The Satisfaction theory of atonement, developed by Anselm, posits Christ's crucifixion satisfied God's honor and justice.
Answer: True
Anselm's Satisfaction theory posits that Christ's death served as a vicarious satisfaction for humanity's sin, thereby honoring God's justice.
In Christian theology, what does 'atonement' refer to?
Answer: The reconciliation of humanity to God through Christ's sacrificial death.
Atonement signifies the reconciliation of humanity with God, primarily achieved through Christ's sacrificial death, which addresses sin and restores relationship.
Which of the following is NOT one of Gustaf Aulén's main categories of atonement theories?
Answer: The Modern Paradigm
Gustaf Aulén categorized atonement theories into three main paradigms: classical (e.g., Christus Victor), objective (e.g., Satisfaction), and subjective (e.g., Moral Influence).
What is the core idea of the Ransom theory of atonement?
Answer: Christ's death was a ransom paid to Satan or death to free humanity.
The Ransom theory posits that Christ's death functioned as a ransom, paid to Satan or death, to liberate humanity from bondage.
Penal Substitution, a development of the Satisfaction theory, views Christ's saving work as:
Answer: His substitutionary bearing of divine wrath for humanity's sin.
Penal Substitution views Christ's work as his substitutionary bearing of divine wrath and punishment for human sin.
The Moral Influence theory of atonement, associated with Peter Abelard, argues that Christ's death:
Answer: Demonstrates God's love, inspiring a change of heart in sinners.
The Moral Influence theory, associated with Abelard, argues that Christ's death demonstrates God's love, thereby inspiring a change of heart in sinners.
What is the 'Satisfaction theory of atonement'?
Answer: Christ's death was a substitute for human sin, satisfying God's honor and justice.
The Satisfaction theory, developed by Anselm, posits that Christ's death satisfied God's honor and justice by acting as a substitute for human sin.
Some Catholic theologians view Mariology as separate from and unimportant to Christology.
Answer: False
Some Catholic theologians consider Mariology integral to Christology, viewing Mary's role as essential for a complete understanding of Christ.
The Catholic theological perspective views Mariology as a component of Christology, essential for a complete understanding of Christ.
Answer: True
From a Catholic theological perspective, Mariology is often considered an essential component of Christology, crucial for a comprehensive understanding of Christ's person and work.
According to some Catholic theologians, Mariology is considered:
Answer: A crucial and integral component of Christology.
From a Catholic theological perspective, Mariology is often considered an essential component of Christology, crucial for a comprehensive understanding of Christ's person and work.