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Total Categories: 5
Cilicia is a geographical region located in northern Anatolia, bordering the Black Sea to the north.
Answer: False
Cilicia is situated in southern Anatolia, West Asia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, not northern Anatolia bordering the Black Sea.
The modern region of Cilicia includes the Turkish provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay.
Answer: True
The modern geographical area of Cilicia encompasses the Turkish provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay.
Ancient Cilicia Trachea was characterized by a fertile, smooth coastal plain, while Cilicia Pedias was rugged and mountainous.
Answer: False
Ancient Cilicia Trachea was known for its rugged, mountainous terrain, whereas Cilicia Pedias was characterized by a fertile, smooth coastal plain.
The Taurus Mountains, pierced by the Cilician Gates, separated Cilicia from the high central plateau of Anatolia.
Answer: True
The Taurus Mountains, featuring the historically significant Cilician Gates, formed a natural barrier separating Cilicia from the high central plateau of Anatolia.
In classical times, the coast of Rough Cilicia was primarily known for its extensive agricultural exports.
Answer: False
In classical times, the rugged coast of Rough Cilicia was primarily known for providing havens for pirates, not for extensive agricultural exports.
The Euphrates River is one of the three major rivers that irrigate the plain of Cilicia.
Answer: False
The plain of Cilicia is irrigated by the Cydnus, Sarus, and Pyramus rivers, not the Euphrates.
Cilicia's lower plains experience a typical Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters.
Answer: True
The lower plains of Cilicia are characterized by a Mediterranean climate, featuring hot summers and mild winters, which significantly contributes to the region's agricultural fertility.
The Taurus Mountains in Cilicia are primarily composed of volcanic rock formations.
Answer: False
The Taurus Mountains in Cilicia are primarily composed of karstic limestone, not volcanic rock formations.
The Seyhan River in modern Cilicia flows into the Black Sea.
Answer: False
The Seyhan River, a major river in modern Cilicia, flows into the Gulf of Mersin in the Mediterranean Sea, not the Black Sea.
Which of the following modern provinces of Turkey is NOT included in the Cilicia region?
Answer: Antalya
The modern region of Cilicia includes Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay provinces. Antalya is located further west along the Mediterranean coast.
Which division of ancient Cilicia was characterized by rugged, mountainous terrain and located west of the Limonlu River?
Answer: Cilicia Trachea
Cilicia Trachea, located west of the Limonlu River, was the division of ancient Cilicia characterized by rugged, mountainous terrain.
What mountain range separated Cilicia from the high central plateau of Anatolia to the north and east?
Answer: The Taurus Mountains
The Taurus Mountains, famously pierced by the Cilician Gates, formed the mountain range separating Cilicia from the high central plateau of Anatolia to its north and east.
Which of the following is one of the three great rivers that irrigate the plain of Cilicia?
Answer: The Sarus
The plain of Cilicia is irrigated by three major rivers: the Cydnus (modern Tarsus Çay Berdan River), the Sarus (modern Seyhan), and the Pyramus (modern Ceyhan River).
What is the geological composition of the Taurus Mountains in Cilicia?
Answer: Karstic limestone
The Taurus Mountains in Cilicia are primarily composed of karstic limestone, a type of ancient limestone formation.
Akyatan Lagoon is a large wildlife refuge that serves as a crucial stopover for which type of animals?
Answer: Migratory birds
Akyatan Lagoon, a significant wildlife refuge spanning 14,700 hectares, serves as a crucial stopover for migratory birds traveling between Africa and Europe.
The name Cilicia was derived from 'Hilakku,' a Neo-Assyrian term for the western part of the region.
Answer: True
The name 'Cilicia' originates from 'Hilakku,' a Neo-Assyrian designation for the western portion of the region.
Plain Cilicia was historically abundant in sesame, millet, and olives, as documented by Xenophon.
Answer: True
The Greek historian Xenophon documented Plain Cilicia's historical abundance in crops such as sesame, millet, and olives, in addition to providing rich pasturage for horses.
Early human settlement in Cilicia is evidenced by ancient sites dating back to the Neolithic period.
Answer: True
Archaeological findings confirm that Cilicia was settled from the Neolithic period onwards, with sites dating back to the 8th and 7th millennia BC.
During the earlier Hittite era, Cilicia was known as Mesopotamia.
Answer: False
During the earlier Hittite era in the 2nd millennium BC, the area of Cilicia was known as Kizzuwatna, not Mesopotamia.
After Mursili I's death, Hurrians gained control of Cilicia, leading to a period of independence for two centuries.
Answer: True
Following the death of Hittite king Mursili I, Hurrian powers gained control of Cilicia, initiating a period of independence that lasted for two centuries.
The Sea Peoples' invasion in the 13th century BC caused the Hurrians in Cilicia to move south towards the Mediterranean coast.
Answer: False
The Sea Peoples' invasion in the 13th century BC led the Hurrians in Cilicia to move northeast towards the Taurus Mountains, settling in Cappadocia, not south to the Mediterranean coast.
During the Iron Age, the western part of Cilicia was referred to as 'Que' in Neo-Assyrian sources.
Answer: False
During the Iron Age, Neo-Assyrian sources referred to the western part of Cilicia as 'Hilakku,' while 'Que' designated the eastern part (Plain Cilicia).
An independent state called Cilicia was established in southeastern Anatolia in the 6th century BC with Tarsus as its capital.
Answer: True
In the 6th century BC, an independent state named Cilicia was indeed established in southeastern Anatolia, with Tarsus serving as its capital under a native dynasty.
Cilicia became a fully integrated province of the Achaemenid Empire immediately after supporting Cyrus II in his wars.
Answer: False
After supporting Cyrus II, Cilicia initially became a vassal state of the Achaemenid Empire, maintaining a significant degree of autonomy with native rulers acting as satraps, rather than being immediately fully integrated as a province.
Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II abolished Cilicia's autonomy in 401 BC due to the local ruler's support for a rebellion.
Answer: True
Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II abolished Cilicia's autonomy in 401 BC as a direct consequence of the local ruler Syennesis III's support for the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger.
Alexander the Great passed through the Cilician Gates by negotiating a peaceful passage with the local satrap.
Answer: False
Alexander the Great passed through the Cilician Gates by launching a surprise night attack, causing the defenders to flee, rather than through peaceful negotiation.
Cilix was the historic founder of the dynasty that ruled Cilicia Pedias, according to Phoenician sources.
Answer: False
While Cilix is a mythical Greek founder, the historic founder of the dynasty that ruled Cilicia Pedias was Mopsus, identifiable in Phoenician sources as Mpš.
The primary inhabitants of ancient Cilicia were Luwians, whose linguistic influence persisted until the early 1st millennium AD.
Answer: True
The Luwians were the primary inhabitants of ancient Cilicia, settling in the region during the 2nd millennium BC, and their linguistic influence, particularly Luwian onomastics, endured until the early 1st millennium AD.
From what ancient name was the name "Cilicia" derived?
Answer: Hilakku
The name 'Cilicia' is derived from 'Hilakku,' a Neo-Assyrian term used to refer to the western part of the region.
According to Xenophon, which of the following was NOT historically abundant in Plain Cilicia?
Answer: Grapes
Xenophon documented Plain Cilicia as abundant in sesame, millet, and olives, but not grapes.
During the earlier Hittite era in the 2nd millennium BC, what was the area of Cilicia known as?
Answer: Kizzuwatna
During the earlier Hittite era in the 2nd millennium BC, the region of Cilicia was known as Kizzuwatna.
What major population shift occurred in Cilicia during the 13th century BC?
Answer: The Sea Peoples overran Cilicia, causing Hurrians to move northeast to Cappadocia
In the 13th century BC, the Sea Peoples overran Cilicia, causing the Hurrian inhabitants to desert the area and migrate northeast to Cappadocia.
In the 6th century BC, an independent state called Cilicia was established with its capital at which city?
Answer: Tarsus
In the 6th century BC, an independent state named Cilicia was established in southeastern Anatolia, with Tarsus serving as its capital.
Why did Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II abolish Cilicia's autonomy in 401 BC?
Answer: The local Cilician ruler Syennesis III supported the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger.
Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II abolished Cilicia's autonomy in 401 BC because the local Cilician ruler, Syennesis III, had supported the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger.
How did Alexander the Great manage to pass through the Cilician Gates during his invasion?
Answer: He launched a surprise night attack, causing the defenders to flee.
Alexander the Great passed through the Cilician Gates by launching a surprise night attack, which caused the defenders and their satrap to flee, setting their crops ablaze.
What was the primary ethnicity of ancient Cilicia's inhabitants who settled in the region in the 2nd millennium BC?
Answer: Luwians
The primary ethnicity of ancient Cilicia's inhabitants who settled in the region during the 2nd millennium BC were the Luwians, whose linguistic influence persisted for centuries.
Which of the following does NOT indicate the cultural diversity of Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid Cilicia?
Answer: Coins minted only in Greek
The cultural diversity of Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid Cilicia is indicated by Aramaic funerary inscriptions, foundation texts, and coins minted in various styles, including Persian and non-Persian types, as well as depictions of Semitic deities. Coins minted *only* in Greek would contradict this diversity.
Which ancient city in northernmost Cilicia was an historical center of the Hittites and contains Roman, Byzantine, and Hittite remains?
Answer: Şar (Comona)
Şar (Comona), an ancient city in northernmost Cilicia, was a historical center for the Hittites and features archaeological remains from the Roman, Byzantine, and Hittite periods.
Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park is significant for preserving artifacts and structures from which ancient civilization?
Answer: Hittite
Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park is significant for preserving the Karatepe Hittite fortress and other artifacts and structures from the Hittite civilization.
After Alexander's death, Cilicia remained a unified and stable kingdom under the direct rule of a single Hellenistic monarch.
Answer: False
Following Alexander the Great's death, Cilicia became a contested territory among rival Hellenistic monarchs and kingdoms, experiencing instability rather than unified rule.
Pompey organized the entire region of Cilicia into a Roman province in 64 BC, with Tarsus as its capital.
Answer: True
Pompey successfully subdued the pirates of Cilicia Trachea and, in 64 BC, organized the entire region into a Roman province, designating Tarsus as its capital.
The Parthian Empire successfully annexed Cilicia permanently in 51 BC, ending Roman influence in the region.
Answer: False
In 51 BC, the Parthian Empire invaded Cilicia, taking advantage of Roman weakness, but this was a temporary shift in power, and Cilicia was later fully integrated into the Roman Empire.
Cilicia was deemed important enough within the Roman Empire to be governed by a proconsul and was known as the birthplace of St. Paul.
Answer: True
Cilicia held significant importance within the Roman Empire, evident by its governance by a proconsul and its recognition as the birthplace of St. Paul, a pivotal figure in early Christianity.
Who was responsible for subduing the pirates of Cilicia Trachea and organizing the entire region into a Roman province in 64 BC?
Answer: Pompey
Pompey was responsible for subduing the pirates of Cilicia Trachea and organizing the entire region into a Roman province in 64 BC, with Tarsus as its capital.
Under which Roman emperor were the remaining independent areas of Cilicia finally united into the Roman province in 72 AD?
Answer: Vespasian
Emperor Vespasian finally united the remaining independent areas of Cilicia into the Roman province in 72 AD, completing its integration into the empire.
After Christianity became the official religion, Cilicia Prima had its metropolitan diocese in which city?
Answer: Tarsus
After Christianity became the official religion in the 4th century, Cilicia Prima's metropolitan diocese was established in Tarsus.
St. Simeon Monastery is a 6th-century structure notable for its association with which figure?
Answer: St. Simeon Stylites the Younger
The 6th-century St. Simeon Monastery is notable for its association with St. Simeon Stylites the Younger, who is believed to have resided atop a 20-meter stone column there for 45 years.
Under the Abbasid Caliphate, Cilicia was transformed into a peaceful agricultural heartland, losing its strategic military importance.
Answer: False
Under the Abbasid Caliphate, Cilicia was resettled and transformed into a fortified frontier zone (thughur), serving as a crucial military base for raids into Byzantine Anatolia, rather than becoming a peaceful agricultural heartland.
Emperor Nicephorus II reoccupied Cilicia from Muslim control in 965 AD, leading to increased Armenian settlement in the area.
Answer: True
Emperor Nicephorus II successfully reoccupied Cilicia from Muslim control in 965 AD, a period that subsequently saw an increase in Armenian settlement as Byzantine rule expanded into the Caucasus.
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was founded in the 15th century and primarily focused on internal development, avoiding foreign alliances.
Answer: False
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was founded around 1080 AD, not in the 15th century, and actively engaged in foreign alliances, notably providing support to the Crusaders and trading with Italian commercial cities.
Hetoum I of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia formed an alliance with the Mongols to defend against the Mamluks.
Answer: True
Hetoum I, a ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, indeed formed an alliance with the Mongols, sending his brother Sempad to the Mongol court, to secure defense against the Mamluks of Egypt.
The Black Death in 1348 was a significant factor contributing to the collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
Answer: True
The Black Death in 1348 was one of several significant factors, alongside internal conflicts and the Ilkhanate's loss of cohesion, that contributed to the eventual collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
After conquering Cilicia in 1375, the Mamluk Sultanate granted complete autonomy to the Ramazanid Turkmen Emirate over the entire region.
Answer: False
While the Mamluk Sultanate authorized the Ramazanid Turkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia after 1375, the Mamluks retained direct control over strategic towns, thus not granting complete autonomy over the entire region.
Cilicia's cotton trade significantly declined after the American Civil War due to increased global competition.
Answer: False
Cilicia's cotton trade experienced a significant boost after the American Civil War, making it one of the most economically strong regions of the Ottoman Empire, rather than declining.
When did the Byzantine Empire reoccupy Cilicia from Muslim control?
Answer: 965 AD
Emperor Nicephorus II reoccupied Cilicia from Muslim control in 965 AD, marking a significant shift in regional power dynamics.
Which of the following was NOT one of the three principal harbors of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia?
Answer: Mersin
The three principal harbors of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia were Ayas, Koşikos (Corycus), and Mopsuestia. Mersin was not among them.
What significant alliance did Hetoum I of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia form to defend against the Mamluks?
Answer: With the Mongols
Hetoum I of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia formed a crucial alliance with the Mongols, sending his brother Sempad to the Mongol court, to secure defense against the Mamluks of Egypt.
Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia?
Answer: The Ilkhanate losing cohesion after Abu Sa'id's death
The Ilkhanate's loss of cohesion after Abu Sa'id's death was a major external factor contributing to the collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, alongside internal conflicts and the Black Death.
After conquering Cilicia in 1375, the Mamluk Sultanate authorized which group to administer the region?
Answer: Ramazanid Turkmen Emirate
Following its conquest of Cilicia in 1375, the Mamluk Sultanate authorized the Ramazanid Turkmen Emirate to administer the region, while maintaining direct control over key towns.
In what year did Selim I incorporate Cilicia into the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: 1516
Selim I incorporated Cilicia into the Ottoman Empire in 1516, following his conquest of the Mamluk state.
What event in the 19th century significantly boosted Cilicia's cotton trade, making it one of the most economically strong regions of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: The American Civil War
The American Civil War (1861) significantly boosted Cilicia's cotton trade in the 19th century, transforming it into one of the most economically robust regions of the Ottoman Empire.
Kizkalesi (Maiden Castle) was built by which dynasty to defend the city of Korykos?
Answer: Armenian Rubeniyan dynasty
Kizkalesi, also known as Maiden Castle, was constructed by the Armenian kings of the Rubeniyan dynasty in the early 12th century to defend the city of Korykos.
Yılanlı Kale (Castle of Serpents) is described as an 11th-century castle built by which group?
Answer: Crusaders
Yılanlı Kale, or the Castle of Serpents, is an 11th-century Crusader castle strategically built on a historical road connecting the Taurus mountains with Antakya.
The majority of Cilicia's population, which exceeds six million, is concentrated in its rugged, mountainous terrain.
Answer: False
Cilicia's population, exceeding six million, is primarily concentrated in the fertile Cilician plain, also known as Çukurova, rather than the mountainous regions.
The modern English pronunciation of 'Cilicia' is a direct result of its original Greek transliteration without any later linguistic changes.
Answer: False
The modern English pronunciation of 'Cilicia' is primarily attributed to the palatalization of the letter 'c' in later Vulgar Latin, a linguistic change that occurred between 500 and 700 AD, rather than a direct preservation of Greek phonetics.
The Adana massacre in 1909 was primarily caused by a sudden economic downturn and famine in the region.
Answer: False
The Adana massacre in 1909 was triggered by a complex interplay of factors, including a thriving regional economy, increased Armenian population, and political empowerment following the 1908 revolution, rather than an economic downturn or famine.
During the Armenian genocide, Armenians in Zeitun successfully maintained their autonomy and were not subjected to forced displacement.
Answer: False
During the Armenian genocide, despite an initial successful resistance, the Armenians of Zeitun were eventually forced to disarm through treachery and were subjected to forced displacement.
After World War I, the French government sent Armenian Legion battalions to Cilicia to oversee the repatriation of Armenians.
Answer: True
Following the Armistice of Mudros after World War I, the French government dispatched Armenian Legion battalions to Cilicia with the stated purpose of overseeing the repatriation of over 170,000 Armenians.
France maintained its strong commitment to establishing an autonomous Armenian state in Cilicia until its final withdrawal.
Answer: False
French policy in Cilicia shifted due to military pressures, leading them to reverse their initial support for Armenian repatriation and aspirations for an autonomous state, ultimately abandoning their claims and withdrawing.
The 'Law of Abandoned Properties' in 1923 led to the confiscation of properties belonging to Armenians and Greeks not present in Cilicia.
Answer: True
The 'Law of Abandoned Properties,' enacted in 1923 after Cilicia's incorporation into the Republic of Turkey, resulted in the confiscation of properties owned by Armenians and Greeks who were not present in the region.
As of December 31, 2022, what was the approximate total population of Cilicia?
Answer: Over six million
As of December 31, 2022, the total population of Cilicia exceeded six million, specifically 6,435,986.
What linguistic change primarily explains the modern English pronunciation of "Cilicia"?
Answer: Palatalization of the letter 'c' in later Vulgar Latin
The modern English pronunciation of 'Cilicia' is primarily explained by the palatalization of the letter 'c' in later Vulgar Latin, a linguistic development occurring between 500 and 700 AD.
Which event contributed to the Adana massacre in 1909 by empowering the Armenian community and leading to visions of an autonomous Cilicia?
Answer: The end of autocratic Abdulhamid rule with the 1908 revolution
The end of autocratic Abdulhamid rule with the 1908 revolution empowered the Armenian community in Cilicia, fostering visions of autonomy and contributing to the complex factors that led to the Adana massacre in 1909.
After World War I, which nation gained control of Cilicia through the Armistice of Mudros?
Answer: France
Following World War I, France gained control of Cilicia through the Armistice of Mudros, signed on October 30, 1918.
What was a direct consequence of the 'Law of Abandoned Properties' in Cilicia after its incorporation into the Republic of Turkey?
Answer: Properties of Armenians and Greeks who were not present were confiscated.
A direct consequence of the 'Law of Abandoned Properties' in 1923 was the confiscation of properties belonging to Armenians and Greeks who were not present in Cilicia, leading to significant demographic and economic changes.
Which mineral resource is primarily found around Aladağlar in Cilicia?
Answer: Chrome
Chrome is a mineral resource primarily found around Aladağlar in Cilicia, alongside other resources like zinc, lead, baryte, iron, and asbestos.
Which Cilician seaport is Turkey's third-largest, with 45 piers and capacity for 6,000 ships annually?
Answer: Mersin Seaport
Mersin Seaport is Turkey's third-largest seaport, equipped with 45 piers and capable of handling 6,000 ships annually, making it a crucial hub for regional and international trade.
What is the most popular sport in Cilicia, with professional representation at all levels of Turkish football?
Answer: Football
Football is the most popular sport in Cilicia, with numerous professional clubs representing the region at all levels of Turkish football leagues.
What made Cilicia one of the most important regions for Ottoman Armenians?
Answer: It managed to preserve Armenian character and had a continuously increasing Armenian population.
Cilicia was highly significant for Ottoman Armenians because it successfully preserved Armenian cultural character, had a continuously increasing Armenian population, and featured prosperous towns and villages where autonomy was maintained until the 19th century.
Which airport in Cilicia is an international airport serving Mersin, Adana, and Osmaniye provinces?
Answer: Adana Şakirpaşa Airport
Adana Şakirpaşa Airport is an international airport in Cilicia that serves the provinces of Mersin, Adana, and Osmaniye, offering both European and domestic flights.