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Congress invoked the Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Fifteenth Amendment to justify the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer: True
Congress utilized its constitutional powers under the Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment (Equal Protection Clause), and the Fifteenth Amendment (voting rights) as justification for enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Supreme Court's ruling in the *Civil Rights Cases* (1883) strengthened Congress's authority to enforce civil rights in the private sector.
Answer: False
The Supreme Court's ruling in the *Civil Rights Cases* (1883) significantly weakened Congress's authority by declaring that Congress could not prohibit discrimination in the private sector. This decision undermined the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
Executive Order 8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, established the Fair Employment Practices Committee.
Answer: True
Executive Order 8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt prior to U.S. entry into World War II, was the first federal anti-discrimination order and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee to address discrimination in defense industries.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first federal civil rights legislation enacted since the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Answer: False
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first federal civil rights legislation enacted since the Civil Rights Act of 1875, not 1866. While significant, its legislative predecessor was from 1875.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.
Answer: True
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875, established the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.
President Kennedy proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 primarily in response to the *Brown v. Board of Education* ruling.
Answer: False
President Kennedy proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 primarily in response to escalating racial tensions and the intensity of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, notably the Birmingham campaign, rather than solely the *Brown v. Board of Education* ruling.
Which constitutional powers did Congress cite as justification for enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: The Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Fifteenth Amendment.
Congress invoked its constitutional authority derived from the Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment (specifically the Equal Protection Clause), and the Fifteenth Amendment (regarding voting rights) as the legal basis for enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
What was the primary impact of the Supreme Court's decision in the *Civil Rights Cases* of 1883?
Answer: It significantly weakened the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by ruling Congress could not prohibit private sector discrimination.
The Supreme Court's decision in the *Civil Rights Cases* (1883) declared that Congress lacked the authority to prohibit discrimination by private individuals or entities, thereby significantly weakening the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and limiting federal enforcement power in the private sector.
The 'Silent Sentinels' were activists associated with whom?
Answer: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party
The 'Silent Sentinels' were a group of women organized by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party who picketed the White House during World War I to advocate for women's suffrage.
What was the primary goal of the Freedom Summer initiative in 1964?
Answer: To register Black voters in Mississippi.
The Freedom Summer initiative, launched in 1964, primarily aimed to significantly increase the number of Black voter registrations in Mississippi through the efforts of volunteers and the establishment of 'Freedom Schools'.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law on July 4, 1964.
Answer: False
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, not July 4th.
Civil rights leaders believed Kennedy's initial civil rights bill adequately addressed police brutality and private employment discrimination.
Answer: False
Civil rights leaders contended that Kennedy's initial civil rights bill lacked crucial provisions, specifically regarding protection against police brutality, a ban on private employment discrimination, and the authority for the Justice Department to initiate lawsuits against job discrimination.
The filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was primarily led by Senator Strom Thurmond.
Answer: False
While Senator Strom Thurmond was a vocal opponent of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the filibuster against the bill was primarily led by the "Southern Bloc," which was headed by Senator Richard Russell Jr. of Georgia.
The cloture vote to end the filibuster on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first time the Senate successfully overcame a filibuster on civil rights legislation.
Answer: True
The cloture vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which successfully ended the 54-day filibuster, represented a landmark achievement as it was the first instance in which the Senate overcame a filibuster specifically targeting civil rights legislation.
Senator Clair Engle cast a dissenting vote during the cloture vote despite his critical health condition.
Answer: False
Senator Clair Engle, despite being critically ill, was present for the cloture vote and signaled his affirmative 'Aye' vote, demonstrating his commitment to the legislation.
The final vote in the House of Representatives showed overwhelming support from Southern representatives for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer: False
The final vote in the House of Representatives indicated strong opposition from Southern representatives, with only 8 voting in favor compared to 94 against. Conversely, Northern representatives showed substantial support.
The prohibition against sex discrimination was added to Title VII by Representative Martha Griffiths, who genuinely supported women's rights.
Answer: False
The prohibition against sex discrimination in Title VII was added by Representative Howard W. Smith. While Representative Martha Griffiths later argued forcefully for its inclusion and supported women's rights, Smith's motivations for initially proposing the amendment are a subject of historical debate, with some suggesting it was an attempt to derail the bill.
Representative Martha Griffiths argued that including sex as a protected category was necessary for fairness, noting that laws supposedly 'protecting' women were used to monopolize jobs for men.
Answer: True
Representative Martha Griffiths advocated for the inclusion of sex as a protected category, arguing that certain laws ostensibly protecting women were used to restrict their access to jobs, thereby monopolizing those positions for men. She also highlighted the unfairness of protecting Black women but not white women from discrimination.
Opponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 argued that its passage would mandate forced busing and racial quotas in schools.
Answer: True
A significant argument employed by opponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the assertion that its passage would lead to mandated forced busing and the imposition of racial quotas in educational institutions. Proponents countered that the bill did not authorize such measures.
What historical event prompted President Kennedy to formally propose the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to Congress?
Answer: The Birmingham campaign and escalating racial tensions in the spring of 1963.
President Kennedy was compelled to propose comprehensive civil rights legislation in response to the heightened racial tensions and widespread African-American protests, particularly the events of the Birmingham campaign in the spring of 1963.
According to civil rights leaders, what essential provision was initially missing from President Kennedy's proposed civil rights bill?
Answer: Authority for the Justice Department to initiate lawsuits against job discrimination.
Civil rights leaders identified several critical omissions in President Kennedy's initial civil rights bill, including the lack of authority for the Justice Department to initiate lawsuits concerning job discrimination, as well as inadequate protections against police brutality and in private employment.
Who is identified in the source as the leader of the 'Southern Bloc' during the filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: Richard Russell Jr.
Senator Richard Russell Jr. of Georgia led the 'Southern Bloc,' a group of senators who engaged in a filibuster to obstruct the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The successful cloture vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant because:
Answer: It marked the first successful overcoming of a filibuster on a civil rights bill in the Senate.
The cloture vote, which ended the 54-day filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, was historically significant as it represented the first successful instance of the Senate overcoming a filibuster on civil rights legislation.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the regional voting breakdown in the House of Representatives for the final passage of the Act?
Answer: Northern representatives voted strongly in favor, while Southern representatives voted strongly against.
The regional voting patterns in the House of Representatives for the final passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 showed a stark division: Northern representatives voted overwhelmingly in favor, while Southern representatives largely voted against it.
The addition of the prohibition against sex discrimination to Title VII is attributed to which Representative, though his motivations are debated?
Answer: Howard W. Smith
Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia is credited with adding the prohibition against sex discrimination to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. His motivations for this action remain a subject of historical discussion.
Representative Martha Griffiths argued that including sex as a protected category was necessary primarily because:
Answer: Laws protecting women from certain jobs were seen as a way for men to monopolize those positions.
Representative Martha Griffiths argued that laws ostensibly 'protecting' women from certain jobs were, in practice, used to monopolize those positions for men, thus necessitating the inclusion of sex as a protected category for fairness.
What common argument did opponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 use regarding its potential impact on schools?
Answer: It would mandate forced busing and racial quotas.
Opponents frequently argued that the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 would compel forced busing and the implementation of racial quotas within schools, a claim that proponents refuted.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is officially designated as Public Law 88-352.
Answer: True
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is officially designated as Public Law 88-352, indicating it was the 352nd piece of legislation enacted by the 88th United States Congress.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 primarily outlawed discrimination based on race, color, and religion, but did not initially include protections based on sex or national origin.
Answer: False
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. The inclusion of sex as a protected category was a significant aspect of the legislation.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in programs receiving Federal financial assistance.
Answer: True
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establishes the principle that discrimination based on race, color, or national origin shall not occur in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
Title VII of the Act applies to employers with ten or more employees.
Answer: False
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to employers who have fifteen or more employees for each working day in at least twenty calendar weeks during the current or preceding calendar year, not ten.
Which of the following was NOT among the primary categories of discrimination outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: Age
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Age discrimination was addressed by subsequent legislation, such as the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically prohibited discrimination in which of the following?
Answer: Public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce.
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations that were engaged in interstate commerce, such as hotels, restaurants, and theaters.
What is the primary function of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: To prohibit discrimination in federally funded programs and activities.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandates that no person shall be subjected to discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
Under Title VII, what is the minimum number of employees required for the Act's provisions on employment discrimination to apply to an employer?
Answer: 15
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to employers who have fifteen or more employees for each working day in at least twenty calendar weeks during the current or preceding calendar year.
What was the purpose of Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: To facilitate the transfer of civil rights cases from state to federal courts.
Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as described in the source material, aimed to facilitate the transfer of civil rights cases from state to federal courts, a provision deemed crucial for activists who believed they could not secure fair trials in state courts.
Which of the following is an example of a public accommodation covered by Title II of the Act?
Answer: A restaurant serving food to travelers across state lines.
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce. A restaurant serving food to travelers across state lines fits this definition, whereas private clubs or establishments not open to the public are generally exempt.
In *Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States*, the Supreme Court ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1964 could not be applied to private businesses.
Answer: False
In *Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States* (1964), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964's application to private businesses engaged in interstate commerce, grounding its decision in Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
The Supreme Court's ruling in *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.* established the principle of disparate treatment under Title VII.
Answer: False
The Supreme Court's ruling in *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.* (1971) established the principle of disparate impact, not disparate treatment. This means Title VII prohibits employment practices that have a discriminatory effect on a protected group and are not job-related, even if there is no intent to discriminate.
In which landmark Supreme Court case did the Court uphold the constitutionality of the Act's application to private businesses engaged in interstate commerce?
Answer: Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
The Supreme Court case *Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States* (1964) affirmed the constitutionality of applying the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to private businesses, basing its decision on Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause.
The principle of 'disparate impact,' established in *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.*, means that Title VII prohibits employment practices that:
Answer: Have a discriminatory effect on a protected group and are not job-related.
The principle of disparate impact, established in *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.* (1971), holds that Title VII prohibits employment practices that have a discriminatory effect on a protected group and are not demonstrably job-related, irrespective of the employer's intent.
The Supreme Court's ruling in *Bostock v. Clayton County* (2020) significantly expanded the interpretation of Title VII to include protection against discrimination based on:
Answer: Sexual orientation and gender identity.
In *Bostock v. Clayton County* (2020), the Supreme Court ruled that discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity constitutes discrimination 'because of sex' and is therefore prohibited under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Supreme Court case *Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson* (1986) was significant for Title VII because it:
Answer: Recognized sexual harassment, including hostile work environment claims, as actionable sex discrimination.
The Supreme Court's decision in *Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson* (1986) was pivotal as it established that sexual harassment, including the creation of a hostile work environment, constitutes sex discrimination prohibited under Title VII.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to a long-term shift where the Southern states began to increasingly support the Democratic Party.
Answer: False
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 precipitated a significant political realignment, contributing to a long-term shift where Southern states gradually moved from being a Democratic stronghold to becoming a Republican stronghold.
Senator Barry Goldwater voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, believing it was essential for national unity.
Answer: False
Senator Barry Goldwater voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, primarily citing concerns that Title II infringed upon individual liberty and states' rights, famously stating, 'You can't legislate morality.'
How did the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 significantly impact the political alignment of the Southern United States?
Answer: It caused the South to shift towards becoming a Republican stronghold over time.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a catalyst for a significant long-term political realignment, contributing to the transformation of the Southern United States from a predominantly Democratic region to one that increasingly aligned with the Republican Party.
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) drew substantially from the structure and principles of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer: True
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was significantly influenced by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, adopting similar structures and principles, particularly in its provisions concerning employment discrimination and public accommodations.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 granted the EEOC the authority to:
Answer: Initiate its own enforcement litigation.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 amended Title VII by granting the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) the authority to file its own enforcement lawsuits, a significant expansion from its prior role of referring cases to the Justice Department.