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Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is primarily distinguished from broadcast television by its signal being openly transmitted to the public.
Answer: False
CCTV is fundamentally distinguished from broadcast television because its signal is transmitted to a specific, limited set of monitors and is not openly accessible to the public.
The term 'CCTV' is most commonly applied to systems used for surveillance in areas requiring additional security or continuous monitoring, rather than for general video camera applications like videotelephony.
Answer: True
The term 'CCTV' is specifically associated with surveillance systems for security and continuous monitoring, distinguishing it from broader video camera uses such as videotelephony.
The first commercial closed-circuit television system in the United States, 'Vericon,' required a government permit due to its use of over-the-air transmission.
Answer: False
The 'Vericon' system was specifically advertised as not requiring a government permit because it utilized cabled connections, avoiding over-the-air transmission regulations.
Early video surveillance systems before recording capabilities required constant human monitoring.
Answer: True
Before the advent of recording technologies, early video surveillance systems required continuous human observation as there was no means to store the visual information.
The first boxing match with a closed-circuit telecast was the fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier.
Answer: False
The first boxing match to feature a closed-circuit telecast was the fight between Joe Louis and Joe Walcott in 1948.
Marie Van Brittan Brown received a patent for a CCTV-based home security system in 1969.
Answer: True
Marie Van Brittan Brown was granted a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969.
Leon Theremin developed an early mechanical CCTV system in 1927 for monitoring visitors in the Moscow Kremlin courtyard.
Answer: True
Russian physicist Leon Theremin developed an early mechanical CCTV system in 1927, which was installed in the Moscow Kremlin courtyard for monitoring visitors.
The 'Thrilla in Manila' boxing match in 1975 attracted 50 million CCTV viewers worldwide.
Answer: False
The 'Thrilla in Manila' boxing match in 1975 attracted 100 million CCTV viewers worldwide, while 'The Rumble in the Jungle' in 1974 drew 50 million.
Olean, New York, was the first city in the United States to install CCTV cameras along its main business street to combat crime in 1968.
Answer: True
Olean, New York, holds the distinction of being the first city in the United States to install CCTV cameras along its main business street in September 1968, aiming to deter crime.
CCTV first appeared in Times Square, New York City, in 1973, leading to a significant and immediate drop in crime rates.
Answer: False
While CCTV was installed in Times Square in 1973, crime rates did not appear to drop significantly or immediately due to the cameras at that time.
What is the fundamental difference between Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) and broadcast television?
Answer: CCTV transmits its signal to a specific, limited set of monitors, unlike broadcast television.
CCTV is defined by its transmission of signals to a restricted number of monitors, contrasting with broadcast television's open transmission to a wide public audience.
Who developed an early mechanical CCTV system in 1927 for monitoring visitors in the Moscow Kremlin courtyard?
Answer: Leon Theremin
The Russian physicist Leon Theremin developed an early mechanical CCTV system in 1927 for surveillance in the Moscow Kremlin courtyard.
Where was an early CCTV system installed in 1942 to observe the launch of V-2 rockets?
Answer: Test Stand VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany
An early CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany, in 1942 to monitor V-2 rocket launches.
What was a key advantage advertised for the 'Vericon' system, the first commercial CCTV in the US?
Answer: It did not require a government permit because it used cabled connections.
A primary advertised advantage of the 'Vericon' system was that its use of cabled connections eliminated the need for a government permit, unlike over-the-air transmissions.
Which boxing match was the first to feature a closed-circuit telecast?
Answer: Joe Louis and Joe Walcott (1948)
The boxing match between Joe Louis and Joe Walcott in 1948 marked the first instance of a closed-circuit telecast.
What city was the first in the United States to install CCTV cameras along its main business street to combat crime in September 1968?
Answer: Olean, New York
Olean, New York, was the first city in the United States to install CCTV cameras along its main business street in September 1968 to address crime.
What was the initial impact of CCTV installation in Times Square, New York City, in 1973?
Answer: Crime rates did not appear to drop significantly at that time.
The initial installation of CCTV in Times Square in 1973 did not result in a significant or immediate reduction in crime rates.
What was a primary reason for the spread of video surveillance across the United States during the 1980s?
Answer: It was perceived as a cheaper alternative to increasing police departments for crime deterrence.
During the 1980s, video surveillance spread across the United States largely due to its perception as a more economical option for crime deterrence compared to expanding police departments.
Modern CCTV systems utilizing digital video recorders (DVRs) can offer recording capabilities for many years and include features like motion detection and email alerts.
Answer: True
Modern CCTV systems, particularly those with DVRs, are designed for extensive recording durations and incorporate advanced features such as motion detection and email alerts.
The development of videocassette recorder (VCR) technology in the 1970s significantly decreased the commonality of video surveillance due to its complexity.
Answer: False
VCR technology in the 1970s made recording and erasing surveillance information much easier, which significantly increased the commonality of video surveillance, rather than decreasing it.
In 2014, traditional analog cameras outsold IP cameras in the CCTV market.
Answer: False
In 2014, IP cameras were estimated to have outsold traditional analog cameras for the first time in the CCTV market, marking a significant shift.
ONVIF is a proprietary network interface used exclusively by a single IP video surveillance manufacturer.
Answer: False
ONVIF is a standardized network interface designed to ensure compatibility and interoperability between IP video surveillance products from various manufacturers, not a proprietary interface for a single vendor.
Which technological advancement in the 1970s significantly facilitated the recording and erasing of surveillance information?
Answer: Videocassette recorder (VCR) technology
Videocassette recorder (VCR) technology, introduced in the 1970s, greatly simplified the processes of recording and erasing surveillance footage.
What is a significant trend in the CCTV market regarding camera types?
Answer: The growing adoption of internet protocol (IP) cameras, outselling analog cameras since 2014.
A notable trend in the CCTV market is the increasing adoption of IP cameras, which have outsold traditional analog cameras since 2014.
What is the purpose of ONVIF in IP video surveillance?
Answer: To standardize network interfaces for compatibility between different manufacturers' systems.
ONVIF serves as a standardized network interface in IP video surveillance, ensuring compatibility and seamless interoperability among systems from various manufacturers.
CCTV was utilized in Munich by 1963 primarily for monitoring public events and concerts.
Answer: False
By 1963, CCTV in Munich was specifically used to monitor traffic, not public events or concerts.
Body-worn cameras were acquired by approximately 75% of US general-purpose law enforcement agencies by 2016.
Answer: False
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, approximately 47% of US general-purpose law enforcement agencies had acquired body-worn cameras by 2016.
Highways England primarily uses its CCTV network as speed cameras on British motorways.
Answer: False
Highways England primarily uses its CCTV network to monitor traffic conditions on motorways and trunk roads, and these cameras are not employed as speed cameras.
In what industrial context is CCTV equipment frequently utilized?
Answer: To observe parts of a process from a central control room in dangerous or inaccessible environments.
CCTV equipment is frequently employed in industrial settings to allow remote observation of processes from a central control room, particularly in hazardous or inaccessible areas.
Beyond security, how was closed-circuit television applied as a form of pay-per-view entertainment?
Answer: For sporting events like professional boxing and the Indianapolis 500.
Closed-circuit television was utilized as a pay-per-view medium for major sporting events, including professional boxing and the Indianapolis 500 automobile race.
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, what percentage of US general-purpose law enforcement agencies had acquired body-worn cameras by 2016?
Answer: Approximately 47%
By 2016, approximately 47% of US general-purpose law enforcement agencies had acquired body-worn cameras, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
How does Highways England primarily utilize its publicly owned CCTV network?
Answer: To monitor traffic conditions on motorways and trunk roads.
Highways England primarily uses its CCTV network to monitor traffic conditions on British motorways and trunk roads, not for issuing speeding tickets.
What is a common application of modern CCTV systems for homeowners?
Answer: Remote monitoring through mobile phone apps with motion detection alerts.
Modern CCTV systems for homeowners commonly offer remote monitoring via mobile phone applications, often including motion detection alerts for enhanced security.
A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that CCTV was directly responsible for solving the majority of crimes.
Answer: False
A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV, indicating a limited direct impact, not a majority.
A 2017 review found that CCTV was more effective for violent crimes than for property crimes.
Answer: False
A 2017 review found that CCTV was more effective for property crimes than for violent crimes.
According to a 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs, what percentage of crimes were solved by CCTV?
Answer: 3%
A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs indicated that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV.
What did a 2017 review published in the Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention find about CCTV's effectiveness?
Answer: It reduced crime by 24–28% in public streets and urban subway stations.
A 2017 review found that CCTV reduced crime by 24–28% in public streets and urban subway stations, and also noted its effectiveness in reducing unruly behavior in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets.
The 'Internet Eyes' website proposed paying members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report crimes.
Answer: True
The 'Internet Eyes' website, launched in 2009, indeed proposed compensating individuals to remotely monitor CCTV feeds and report criminal activities.
In schools, CCTV cameras are generally considered acceptable in common areas like parking lots and cafeterias.
Answer: True
CCTV cameras in schools are generally deemed acceptable in common areas such as parking lots, cafeterias, and supply rooms, while areas with a reasonable expectation of privacy are restricted.
In Brazil, the LGPD mandates that individuals must be informed about the presence of cameras when CCTV is used in public areas.
Answer: True
The Brazilian LGPD (General Personal Data Protection Law) requires that individuals be informed about the presence of cameras when CCTV is deployed in public areas.
Anti-surveillance activists argue that individuals have no right to privacy in public areas when CCTV is present.
Answer: False
Anti-surveillance activists contend that individuals retain a right to privacy even in public areas, viewing widespread CCTV as a breach of civil liberties and a loss of anonymity.
Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only when a specific location has a comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat.
Answer: True
Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen's work posits that CCTV surveillance is ethically justifiable only in restrictively defined situations, specifically where a location faces a comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU requires CCTV footage to be retained indefinitely for potential future investigations.
Answer: False
The GDPR mandates that CCTV footage should only be retained for as long as is strictly necessary for the specific purpose for which it was collected, not indefinitely.
The 'Smart Sampa' project in Brazil plans to deploy 20,000 facial recognition cameras by 2024 and has received widespread praise for its privacy safeguards.
Answer: False
Brazil's 'Smart Sampa' project, which plans to deploy 20,000 facial recognition cameras, has been criticized for its potential for bias against Black individuals and risks to data privacy, not praised for safeguards.
What was the primary criticism civil liberties campaigners had about the 'Internet Eyes' website?
Answer: It was a distasteful and worrying development due to public monitoring and privacy concerns.
Civil liberties campaigners criticized the 'Internet Eyes' website as a 'distasteful and worrying development' due to its implications for public monitoring and privacy.
In schools, where are CCTV cameras typically NOT installed due to a 'reasonable expectation of privacy'?
Answer: Bathrooms and gym locker areas
CCTV cameras are generally not installed in school areas where there is a 'reasonable expectation of privacy,' such as bathrooms and gym locker areas.
According to the Brazilian LGPD, what is a key requirement for CCTV usage in public areas?
Answer: Individuals must be informed about the presence of cameras.
The Brazilian LGPD mandates that individuals must be informed about the presence of cameras when CCTV is utilized in public areas.
What is the stance of anti-surveillance activists regarding privacy in public areas?
Answer: They argue individuals have a right to privacy even in public areas.
Anti-surveillance activists assert that individuals maintain a right to privacy even in public areas, opposing the widespread deployment of CCTV that can lead to a loss of anonymity.
According to Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen, under what condition is CCTV surveillance ethically permissible?
Answer: Only in situations with a comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat.
Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in specific, restrictively defined situations, such as when a location faces a comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat.
What is the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)'s requirement for CCTV footage retention in the European Union?
Answer: Footage should only be retained for as long as necessary for the specific purpose.
The GDPR stipulates that CCTV footage in the European Union must only be retained for the duration necessary to fulfill the specific purpose for which it was collected.
What is a criticism raised against Brazil's 'Smart Sampa' project?
Answer: It is criticized for its potential to be biased against Black individuals and risks to data privacy.
Brazil's 'Smart Sampa' project has drawn criticism for its potential racial bias against Black individuals and for posing significant risks to data privacy.
Video Content Analysis (VCA) technology can be implemented either directly on the camera (edge processing) or by a centralized server.
Answer: True
Video Content Analysis (VCA) technology offers architectural flexibility, allowing processing to occur either directly on the camera itself (edge processing) or through a centralized server.
AI-powered CCTV cameras are being tested to predict criminal activities and detect traffic congestion.
Answer: True
AI-powered CCTV cameras are currently being tested for advanced functionalities such as detecting traffic congestion, facial recognition, and predicting criminal activities.
'Talking CCTV' allows operators to communicate directly through the camera via a speaker.
Answer: True
'Talking CCTV' is a system that enables operators to directly communicate through the camera's integrated speaker, facilitating real-time interaction.
The 'reflectacles' sunglasses invented by Scott Urban are designed to enhance facial recognition by cameras.
Answer: False
The 'reflectacles' sunglasses were invented to counteract CCTV and facial recognition by making the wearer's face appear as a white blur to cameras, thereby obscuring identity.
What is 'Talking CCTV'?
Answer: A system enabling operators to communicate directly through the camera via a speaker.
'Talking CCTV' is a system that allows operators to communicate directly with individuals through a speaker integrated into the camera.
What countermeasure against CCTV and facial recognition was invented by Scott Urban in 2016?
Answer: Sunglasses called 'reflectacles' that make the wearer's face appear as a white blur to cameras.
In 2016, Scott Urban invented 'reflectacles,' sunglasses designed to obscure the wearer's face from CCTV and facial recognition systems by reflecting infrared and visible light.