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In political discourse, a 'cordon sanitaire' is primarily defined as a strategy of refusal by one or more political parties to cooperate with specific other parties deemed unacceptable or extremist.
Answer: True
The term 'cordon sanitaire' signifies a deliberate policy of non-cooperation, typically motivated by the perceived unacceptable or extremist strategies or ideologies of the targeted party.
The German political term 'Brandmauer' signifies a policy of non-cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD).
Answer: True
'Brandmauer,' meaning 'firewall,' is the German term used to describe the strategy of refusing cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD).
The 'See also' section identifies 'Grand coalition' and 'Uniparty' as concepts related to the cordon sanitaire.
Answer: True
The 'See also' section provides a broader context by listing related political concepts such as 'Grand coalition,' 'Uniparty,' 'Defensive democracy,' and 'Social exclusion.'
What is the primary political definition of a 'cordon sanitaire'?
Answer: A strategy where parties refuse cooperation with others perceived as unacceptable or extremist.
In politics, a 'cordon sanitaire' refers to the refusal of one or more political parties to cooperate with certain other political parties, typically due to the latter's perceived unacceptable or extremist strategies or ideology.
In which country was the term 'cordon sanitaire' first introduced into political discourse by commentators in the late 1980s?
Answer: Belgium
The term 'cordon sanitaire' originated in the discourse of Belgian parliamentary politics, first appearing in the late 1980s through the writings of commentators.
What is the German term for the policy of non-cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD)?
Answer: Brandmauer
'Brandmauer,' meaning 'firewall,' is the German term used to describe the strategy of refusing cooperation with the Alternative for Germany (AfD).
Which of the following is listed in the 'See also' section as a related concept to cordon sanitaire?
Answer: Trasformismo
The 'See also' section lists various related political concepts, including 'Trasformismo,' 'Defensive democracy,' and 'Grand coalition.'
Which of the following is a concept listed in the 'See also' section related to cordon sanitaire?
Answer: Defensive Democracy
The 'See also' section includes 'Defensive democracy' as a concept related to cordon sanitaire, alongside others like 'Trasformismo' and 'Uniparty.'
The term 'cordon sanitaire' originated within the discourse of Belgian parliamentary politics, first appearing in the late 1980s.
Answer: True
Commentators in Belgium were the first to introduce the term 'cordon sanitaire' into political discourse during the late 1980s.
In Austria, a policy of non-cooperation was maintained by other political parties towards the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) from 1986 until 2000.
Answer: True
Following Jörg Haider's assumption of leadership in 1986, other Austrian political parties collectively refused cooperation with the FPÖ until the year 2000.
The cordon sanitaire against Austria's Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) concluded with the formation of the first Schüssel government in 2000.
Answer: True
The period of non-cooperation against the FPÖ ended in 2000 with the establishment of the first Schüssel government, which governed until 2005. A subsequent coalition involving the FPÖ occurred between 2017 and 2019.
In Belgium, the far-right Vlaams Blok party was the principal focus of a cordon sanitaire due to its classification as a racist organization.
Answer: True
The justification for the cordon sanitaire against the Vlaams Blok party stemmed from its widespread perception as a racist group, prompting other Belgian parties to commit to its exclusion from coalition governments.
The 'cordon sanitaire médiatique' practiced in French-speaking Belgium involves prohibiting far-right politicians from participating in live media engagements.
Answer: True
This specific form of media cordon involves excluding politicians from live interviews and debates, rather than barring them from parliamentary sessions.
In the Ninth European Parliament, elected in 2019, the Identity and Democracy group faced a declared cordon sanitaire from all other political factions.
Answer: True
The Identity and Democracy group was formally subjected to a cordon sanitaire, meaning a refusal of cooperation, by every other political group within the Ninth European Parliament.
The cordon sanitaire within the Tenth European Parliament was breached when the European People's Party aligned with the ECR, Patriots for Europe, and Europe of Sovereign Nations to support a resolution concerning Venezuela's President-elect.
Answer: True
The European People's Party's alliance with specific groups to support a resolution on Venezuela's presidential election marked a departure from the established cordon sanitaire in the Tenth European Parliament.
France's majoritarian two-round electoral system, coupled with a policy of non-cooperation, significantly hindered the Front National's ability to secure parliamentary seats, even with substantial first-round support.
Answer: True
Despite achieving 11.3% of the first-round vote in 2002, the Front National won no seats due to the electoral system and non-cooperation policies, as few of their candidates qualified for the second round.
Marine Le Pen's strategic initiatives to enhance the National Rally's public image, alongside the erosion of the traditional left-right political divide, have been identified as key factors in the diminishing effectiveness of the cordon sanitaire in France.
Answer: True
The 'detoxification' efforts by Marine Le Pen and broader shifts in the political landscape since 2017 are considered significant contributors to the weakening of the cordon sanitaire against the National Rally.
In the late 19th century, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was subject to prohibition under the Anti-Socialist Laws.
Answer: True
The Anti-Socialist Laws enacted in Germany during the late 19th century led to the banning of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
A collaboration between the Christian Democratic Union and the AfD in the German Bundestag in February 2025 represented the first instance of a breach in the established cordon sanitaire in Germany since 1945.
Answer: True
This collaboration, concerning a motion on undocumented foreigners, triggered widespread demonstrations and marked a significant break from the post-1945 policy of non-cooperation with the AfD.
During the Cold War, the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was excluded from Christian Democratic-led coalition governments.
Answer: True
Both the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Social Movement (MSI) were systematically excluded from coalition governments led by the Christian Democrats throughout the Cold War period.
In the context of the 2010 Dutch Cabinet formation, the Party for Freedom (PVV) alleged that other political parties were implementing a cordon sanitaire against it.
Answer: True
The PVV's accusation during the 2010 cabinet formation highlighted its perception of being deliberately excluded or isolated by other parties.
The cordon sanitaire against the Netherlands' Party for Freedom (PVV) concluded following the 2023 general election, marked by the VVD's offer of external support for a potential PVV-led government.
Answer: True
The end of the cordon sanitaire against the PVV occurred after the 2023 election, signaled by the VVD's willingness to provide external support to a PVV government.
Norway's right-wing Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) encountered consistent refusal from other parliamentary parties to join governing coalitions, a pattern that began in the 1970s.
Answer: True
From the 1970s onwards, the Progress Party experienced a sustained policy of non-cooperation from other parties in Norway, preventing its inclusion in state-level governing coalitions.
The cordon sanitaire against Norway's Progress Party was effectively broken in 2013 when the Conservative Party formed a coalition government that included the Progress Party.
Answer: True
The year 2013 marked the end of the cordon sanitaire for Norway's Progress Party, as the Conservative Party entered into a coalition agreement with them.
During Portugal's 2024 election campaign, Luís Montenegro employed the phrase 'Não é não' to convey his refusal to negotiate with the Chega party.
Answer: True
Montenegro's use of 'Não é não' (meaning 'No means no') explicitly signaled his unwillingness to engage in negotiations with the Chega party.
The Sweden Democrats have consistently faced a policy of non-cooperation from other political parties within the Swedish Riksdag.
Answer: True
This policy of non-cooperation signifies a deliberate effort by other parties to isolate the Sweden Democrats and prevent collaboration.
In 2019, the leader of the Swedish Christian Democrats indicated a willingness to engage in negotiations with the Sweden Democrats.
Answer: True
This signaled a shift in approach, with the Christian Democratic leader, Ebba Busch, publicly stating her party's readiness to negotiate, paralleling similar moves by the Moderate Party leader.
The British National Party (BNP) is subject to ostracism by the mainstream political establishment in the United Kingdom.
Answer: True
This ostracism signifies a broad consensus among major political parties to avoid cooperation or association with the BNP.
Former UK Prime Minister David Cameron advised electors to vote for candidates from all parties except the British National Party (BNP).
Answer: True
Cameron's directive explicitly excluded BNP candidates, reinforcing the mainstream political cordon sanitaire against the party.
In Pendle in 2017, allegations of a breach in the cordon sanitaire were refuted by council leaders.
Answer: True
The denial by Labour and Liberal Democrat council leaders addressed claims that the cordon sanitaire had been compromised following the council falling under no overall control.
Which Austrian political party was subjected to a cordon sanitaire from 1986 until 2000?
Answer: The Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)
The Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) was the target of a cordon sanitaire from 1986 until 2000, following Jörg Haider's leadership.
What event marked the end of the cordon sanitaire against Austria's Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) in 2000?
Answer: The formation of the first Schüssel government.
The cordon sanitaire against the FPÖ concluded in 2000 with the formation of the first Schüssel government, which governed until 2005. A subsequent coalition involving the FPÖ occurred between 2017 and 2019.
The cordon sanitaire against which Belgian party was justified by its classification as a racist group?
Answer: Vlaams Blok
The far-right Vlaams Blok party was the principal target of the cordon sanitaire due to its widespread perception as a racist organization.
What does the 'cordon sanitaire médiatique' entail in French-speaking Belgium?
Answer: Excluding politicians from live media appearances like interviews.
This policy involves prohibiting far-right politicians from participating in live media engagements, such as interviews and debates.
Which group in the Ninth European Parliament, elected in 2019, was subjected to a cordon sanitaire by all other political groups?
Answer: The Identity and Democracy group
The Identity and Democracy group faced a declared cordon sanitaire from all other political factions within the Ninth European Parliament.
Which of the following factors has contributed to the perceived fading of the cordon sanitaire against the National Rally (RN) in France since 2011?
Answer: Marine Le Pen's efforts to improve the party's image and the fall of the left-right cleavage.
The 'detoxification' efforts by Marine Le Pen and broader shifts in the political landscape since 2017 are considered significant contributors to the weakening of the cordon sanitaire against the National Rally.
Which Italian political parties were excluded from Christian Democratic-led coalition governments during the Cold War?
Answer: Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Social Movement (MSI)
The Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Social Movement (MSI) were systematically excluded from coalition governments led by the Christian Democrats throughout the Cold War.
In the Netherlands, when did the cordon sanitaire against the Party for Freedom (PVV) effectively end?
Answer: After the 2023 general election.
The cordon sanitaire against the PVV concluded after the 2023 Dutch general election, following the VVD's offer of external support for a potential PVV government.
Which Norwegian party, described as right-wing, faced consistent refusal to join governing coalitions starting in the 1970s?
Answer: The Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)
The right-wing Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) encountered sustained refusal from other parliamentary parties to join governing coalitions from the 1970s onwards.
What phrase did Luís Montenegro use in Portugal during the 2024 legislative election campaign to signify his refusal to negotiate with Chega?
Answer: "Não é não"
Luís Montenegro popularized the expression 'Não é não,' which translates to 'No means no,' to clearly state his unwillingness to engage in negotiations with the Chega party.
Which far-right party in the United Kingdom has been ostracized by the political mainstream?
Answer: British National Party (BNP)
The British National Party (BNP) is subject to ostracism by the mainstream political establishment in the United Kingdom.
Which German party was banned by the Anti-Socialist Laws in the late 19th century?
Answer: The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was prohibited under the Anti-Socialist Laws enacted in the late 19th century.
The breaking of the cordon sanitaire in the Tenth European Parliament involved the EPP siding with which groups to support a resolution on Venezuela?
Answer: ECR, Patriots for Europe, and Europe of Sovereign Nations
The European People's Party (EPP) allied with the ECR, Patriots for Europe, and Europe of Sovereign Nations to support a resolution concerning Venezuela's President-elect, thereby breaking the cordon sanitaire.
The cordon sanitaire against the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) ended in 2000, and a second coalition involving the party existed from:
Answer: 2017 to 2019
Following the end of the initial cordon sanitaire in 2000, a second coalition government that included the FPÖ was formed and lasted from 2017 to 2019.
In the Czech Republic, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia has been largely excluded from national coalition governments, primarily owing to pervasive anti-Communist sentiment among other political parties.
Answer: True
The persistent anti-Communist sentiment within the Czech political landscape has led to the effective exclusion of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia from coalition formations.
Following the 2020 Czech regional elections, the cordon sanitaire policy targeting the Communist Party necessitated coalition formations between parties such as the Czech Pirate Party and Civic Democratic Party with ANO 2011 in multiple regions.
Answer: True
The exclusion of the Communist Party compelled other parties, including the Czech Pirate Party and Civic Democrats, to form alliances with ANO 2011 in regions like Ústí nad Labem, Zlín, and Moravia-Silesia.
Historically, the Constitution Party and the Estonian Centre Party faced exclusion from Estonian national ruling coalitions, often attributed to divergent perspectives on the Soviet occupation and relations with Vladimir Putin's government.
Answer: True
The exclusion of these parties from Estonian coalitions was frequently linked to their stances on historical interpretations of the Soviet occupation and their approach to contemporary Russian governance.
In 2007, Edgar Savisaar's position regarding the 'Bronze Night' events precipitated the reinstatement of the cordon sanitaire against the Centre Party of Estonia.
Answer: True
The Centre Party of Estonia experienced a renewal of the cordon sanitaire in 2007, directly linked to Edgar Savisaar's attitudes concerning the 'Bronze Night' events.
In Latvia, parties including the Latvian Russian Union and the Social Democratic Party 'Harmony' have been excluded from participating in national ruling coalitions.
Answer: True
The exclusion of parties like the Latvian Russian Union and the Social Democratic Party 'Harmony' from national ruling coalitions reflects a pattern of political isolation in Latvia.
Lithuania's Liberal Democratic Party experienced a cordon sanitaire, characterized by non-cooperation from other parties, between 2002 and 2006.
Answer: True
The period from 2002 to 2006 saw the Liberal Democratic Party in Lithuania subjected to a cordon sanitaire.
Following the 2018 parliamentary election in Slovenia, the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) was excluded from coalition negotiations by liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties.
Answer: True
The SDS's exclusion from coalition talks after the 2018 election was a decision made by a coalition of liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties.
Reasons cited for the exclusion of the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) from coalition negotiations included its xenophobic rhetoric, opposition to illegal migrations, discreditation of opponents, and allegations of illegal financing.
Answer: True
The SDS's exclusion was based on multiple factors, including its rhetoric, policy stances, and financial conduct allegations.
Pro-Kurdish political parties in Turkey, such as the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), face a cordon sanitaire primarily because of alleged cooperation with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
Answer: True
The designation of the PKK as a terrorist organization by multiple nations forms the basis for the accusations leading to the cordon sanitaire against parties like the HDP.
In the Czech Republic, which party has been largely excluded from coalition governments due to widespread anti-Communist sentiment?
Answer: Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM)
The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia has faced significant exclusion from coalition governments owing to pervasive anti-Communist sentiment among other political parties.
What action did Czech deputies take between 1992 and 1998 when members of Miroslav Sládek's party were scheduled to speak?
Answer: They walked out of the Chamber of Deputies.
Deputies would typically leave the Chamber of Deputies when members of Miroslav Sládek's party were scheduled to speak, indicating a form of protest or exclusion.
In Estonia, differing interpretations of which historical event and leader contributed to the cordon sanitaire against the Constitution Party and Centre Party?
Answer: The Soviet occupation and Vladimir Putin's government
Divergent views on the Soviet occupation and attitudes towards Vladimir Putin's government were key factors in the cordon sanitaire applied to the Constitution Party and Centre Party.
Which Latvian parties have been excluded from participating in national ruling coalitions?
Answer: Latvian Russian Union and Social Democratic Party "Harmony"
Parties such as the Latvian Russian Union and the Social Democratic Party 'Harmony' have faced exclusion from national ruling coalitions in Latvia.
What were the cited reasons for Slovenian parties excluding the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) from coalition negotiations after the 2018 election?
Answer: Its opposition to immigration and divisive rhetoric.
The exclusion of the SDS was attributed to its xenophobic and divisive rhetoric, opposition to illegal migrations, discreditation of political opponents, and allegations of illegal financing.
Pro-Kurdish parties in Turkey, such as the HDP, are subjected to a cordon sanitaire primarily due to accusations of cooperation with which group?
Answer: The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
The primary reason for the cordon sanitaire against parties like the HDP is the accusation of cooperation with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), designated as a terrorist organization by multiple nations.
In Slovenia, which party was excluded from coalition negotiations by liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties after the 2018 election?
Answer: The Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)
The Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) was excluded from coalition negotiations by a coalition of liberal, centre-left, and left-wing parties following the 2018 parliamentary election.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a reason for the cordon sanitaire against the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS)?
Answer: Support for EU expansion
While xenophobic rhetoric, opposition to illegal migrations, and allegations of illegal financing were cited reasons for the SDS's exclusion, support for EU expansion was not mentioned as a reason.
In Turkey, pro-Kurdish parties like the HDP face a cordon sanitaire due to accusations related to cooperation with which entity?
Answer: The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
Pro-Kurdish parties in Turkey, such as the HDP, are subjected to a cordon sanitaire based on allegations of cooperation with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
The 2008-2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute did not result in the successful formation of a coalition government that included the Bloc Québécois.
Answer: True
Although an agreement was reached for the Bloc Québécois to support a Liberal-NDP coalition, the government was never formed as the Conservative minority government maintained confidence.
In Israel, the Joint List and its constituent parties are primarily subjected to a de facto cordon sanitaire due to their non-support for Zionism.
Answer: True
The principal factor contributing to the political exclusion of the Joint List in Israel is its stance of non-support for Zionism.
Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir exemplified political exclusion towards the Kahanist party Kach by demonstratively walking out of the Knesset during Meir Kahane's addresses.
Answer: True
Shamir's action of leaving the Knesset floor during Kahane's speeches served as a clear signal of political ostracism towards the Kahanist party.
Which Canadian political party's advocacy for Quebecois independence has influenced coalition formation reluctance among other parties?
Answer: The Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois's platform advocating for Quebecois independence has been a significant factor in the reluctance of other parties to form coalition governments with left-of-centre parties in Canada.
What is the primary reason cited for the de facto cordon sanitaire against the Joint List and its component parties in Israel?
Answer: Their non-support for Zionism.
The principal factor cited for the political exclusion of the Joint List and its constituent parties in Israel is their non-support for Zionism.
What was the outcome of the 2008-2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute regarding a potential coalition involving the Bloc Québécois?
Answer: An agreement was made, but the coalition was never formed.
An agreement was reached for the Bloc Québécois to support a Liberal-NDP coalition, but this government was never formed as the Conservative minority government maintained confidence.
Post the NUPES coalition formation in May 2022, the application of the cordon sanitaire concept in France evolved to encompass both left-wing and right-wing 'extremes,' rather than solely targeting the far-right.
Answer: True
The emergence of a 'republican arch' strategy indicates a broadening of the cordon sanitaire to include parties on both the political left and right, moving beyond its initial focus on the far-right.
A 2024 study concluded that the cessation of the cordon sanitaire against the Sweden Democrats by mainstream parties led to voters perceiving the party as more legitimate and less threatening.
Answer: True
The research indicated that attempts to re-establish the cordon sanitaire did not alter voter perceptions, whereas its discontinuation correlated with increased legitimacy for the Sweden Democrats.
What did a 2024 study find regarding the impact of mainstream Swedish parties ending their cordon sanitaire approach towards the Sweden Democrats?
Answer: Voters increasingly saw the Sweden Democrats as legitimate and less threatening.
The study indicated that the cessation of the cordon sanitaire led voters to perceive the Sweden Democrats as more legitimate and less threatening, whereas attempts to reinstate it had no discernible effect on voter perceptions.
In France, the 'republican arch' concept emerged following the May 2022 coalition formation, signifying a strategy directed against which political entities?
Answer: Both the far-right National Rally and the left-wing Unbowed France.
The 'republican arch' concept refers to a strategy targeting both the far-right National Rally and the left-wing Unbowed France, reflecting a shift in the application of cordon sanitaire principles.