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The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and its Broader Revolutionary Context

At a Glance

Title: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and its Broader Revolutionary Context

Total Categories: 5

Category Stats

  • The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII: Events and Immediate Aftermath: 11 flashcards, 17 questions
  • Political Dynamics of the French Directory: 12 flashcards, 18 questions
  • Key Concepts and Institutions of the French Revolution: 22 flashcards, 17 questions
  • Revolutionary Wars and International Conflicts: 15 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Internal Rebellions and Counter-Revolutionary Movements: 4 flashcards, 4 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 64
  • True/False Questions: 33
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 33
  • Total Questions: 66

Instructions

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Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

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Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

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  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
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Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

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🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

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Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

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Study Guide: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and its Broader Revolutionary Context

Study Guide: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and its Broader Revolutionary Context

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII: Events and Immediate Aftermath

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a violent overthrow of the French government, resulting in numerous casualties.

Answer: False

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is explicitly described as a 'bloodless political upheaval,' indicating it did not involve violence or numerous casualties.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, and by what other name was it known?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless political upheaval that took place in France. It was also known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' a name that reflects the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power over the executive Directory.

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is also commonly referred to as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' reflecting the legislative bodies' increased power.

Answer: True

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is indeed known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' a name that signifies the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power over the executive Directory.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, and by what other name was it known?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless political upheaval that took place in France. It was also known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' a name that reflects the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power over the executive Directory.

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII took place on 18 July 1799, according to the Gregorian calendar.

Answer: False

According to the Gregorian calendar, the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occurred on 18 June 1799, not 18 July 1799.

Related Concepts:

  • When did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII take place, according to both the Gregorian and French Republican Calendars?: The coup occurred on 18 June 1799, corresponding to 30 Prairial Year VII in the French Republican Calendar. This calendar, adopted during the Revolution, symbolized a deliberate break from traditional monarchical and religious dating systems.

Following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Napoleon Bonaparte immediately rose to become the dominant figure within the French government.

Answer: False

Immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès emerged as the dominant figure, not Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's rise to supreme power occurred later with the Coup of 18 Brumaire.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the immediate political outcome of the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII regarding Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès?: Immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, a prominent political theorist and clergyman, became the dominant figure within the French government, significantly influencing the subsequent political trajectory of the Directory.
  • How did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII relate to the later rise of Napoleon Bonaparte?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII served as a precursor to the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which later elevated Napoleon Bonaparte to power. It underscored the profound instability of the French Directory and established a precedent for military involvement in political transitions.

Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, initiated the demand for the resignation of Directors Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.

Answer: True

Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, was indeed the one who initiated the demand for the resignation of Directors Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.

Related Concepts:

  • Which deputy initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of additional directors during the coup?: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy in the Council of Five Hundred, initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai. This public declaration significantly escalated the political crisis.

Only the Council of Five Hundred supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals.

Answer: False

Boulay de la Meurthe's demands were supported by both the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, as well as by Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès.

Related Concepts:

  • Who supported Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals?: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals garnered swift support from both the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, as well as from Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès. This broad coalition underscored a significant political alignment against the targeted executive members.

General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert used military force to pressure the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai into resigning.

Answer: True

General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert organized troop movements in Paris, a show of military force, to pressure the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai into tendering their resignations.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert play in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII?: General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, recently appointed to command the 17th military division in Paris, played a crucial role in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII. He orchestrated troop movements in the city to exert pressure on Directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai, who initially resisted calls for their resignation, thereby facilitating their removal.

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795.

Answer: False

Although considered a coup d'état due to political pressure and military involvement, nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the French Constitution of 1795.

Related Concepts:

  • Was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII considered a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795?: While the sequence of events in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII did not formally violate the letter of the French Constitution of 1795, it is widely regarded as a coup d'état. This distinction emphasizes that despite technical adherence to legal procedures, the pervasive political pressure and military involvement fundamentally constituted an extralegal seizure of power.

By what other name was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII known?

Answer: The Revenge of the Councils

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was also known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' reflecting the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, and by what other name was it known?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless political upheaval that took place in France. It was also known as the 'Revenge of the Councils,' a name that reflects the legislative bodies' successful assertion of power over the executive Directory.

When did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occur according to the Gregorian calendar?

Answer: 18 June 1799

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII took place on 18 June 1799, according to the Gregorian calendar.

Related Concepts:

  • When did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII take place, according to both the Gregorian and French Republican Calendars?: The coup occurred on 18 June 1799, corresponding to 30 Prairial Year VII in the French Republican Calendar. This calendar, adopted during the Revolution, symbolized a deliberate break from traditional monarchical and religious dating systems.

Who emerged as the dominant figure within the French government immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII?

Answer: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès emerged as the dominant figure within the French government immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the immediate political outcome of the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII regarding Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès?: Immediately following the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, a prominent political theorist and clergyman, became the dominant figure within the French government, significantly influencing the subsequent political trajectory of the Directory.

What political event did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII prefigure?

Answer: The Coup of 18 Brumaire

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII prefigured the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which ultimately brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII relate to the later rise of Napoleon Bonaparte?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII served as a precursor to the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which later elevated Napoleon Bonaparte to power. It underscored the profound instability of the French Directory and established a precedent for military involvement in political transitions.

Which deputy initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai?

Answer: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe

Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy, initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai.

Related Concepts:

  • Which deputy initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of additional directors during the coup?: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe, a moderate deputy in the Council of Five Hundred, initiated the demand for the resignation or removal of Directors Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux and Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai. This public declaration significantly escalated the political crisis.

Who, besides the legislative councils, supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals?

Answer: Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès

Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, in addition to the legislative councils, supported Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals.

Related Concepts:

  • Who supported Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals?: Antoine, comte Boulay de la Meurthe's demands for director removals garnered swift support from both the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, as well as from Directors Paul Barras and Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès. This broad coalition underscored a significant political alignment against the targeted executive members.

What role did General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert play when directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai resisted calls for resignation?

Answer: He organized troop movements of soldiers in Paris to pressure them.

General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert organized troop movements in Paris to exert military pressure on the resisting directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert play in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII?: General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, recently appointed to command the 17th military division in Paris, played a crucial role in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII. He orchestrated troop movements in the city to exert pressure on Directors Révellière de Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai, who initially resisted calls for their resignation, thereby facilitating their removal.

Despite the political pressure and military involvement, why was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII not considered a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795?

Answer: Nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the constitution.

Despite the significant political pressure and military involvement, the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was not considered a formal violation because nothing in the sequence of events formally violated the letter of the French Constitution of 1795.

Related Concepts:

  • Was the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII considered a formal violation of the French Constitution of 1795?: While the sequence of events in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII did not formally violate the letter of the French Constitution of 1795, it is widely regarded as a coup d'état. This distinction emphasizes that despite technical adherence to legal procedures, the pervasive political pressure and military involvement fundamentally constituted an extralegal seizure of power.

How did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII differ from the Coup of 18 Brumaire?

Answer: 30 Prairial shifted power within the Directory, while 18 Brumaire overthrew it and brought Napoleon to power.

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless shift of power within the Directory, whereas the Coup of 18 Brumaire completely overthrew the Directory and brought Napoleon Bonaparte to supreme power.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII differ from the Coup of 18 Brumaire?: The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII was a bloodless internal power shift within the Directory, elevating Sieyès to dominance, primarily driven by legislative discontent. Conversely, the Coup of 18 Brumaire, later in 1799, fundamentally overthrew the Directory, establishing the Consulate and bringing Napoleon Bonaparte to supreme power, thereby concluding the revolutionary era.

Political Dynamics of the French Directory

The March–April 1799 elections led to a neo-Jacobin majority in both legislative councils, including the Council of Five Hundred.

Answer: True

The March–April 1799 elections indeed resulted in a neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority in both legislative councils, particularly evident in the Council of Five Hundred.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the political composition of the French councils after the March–April 1799 elections?: The March–April 1799 elections led to the election of 315 new deputies, establishing a neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority in both legislative councils, particularly pronounced in the Council of Five Hundred. This signified a resurgence of more radical republican influence within the Directory's legislative branch.

The Council of Five Hundred was primarily dissatisfied with the directors' financial policies, not their military conduct.

Answer: False

The Council of Five Hundred's dissatisfaction stemmed primarily from the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition and the recall of General Championnet, rather than their financial policies.

Related Concepts:

  • Why did the Council of Five Hundred express dissatisfaction with the directors' actions?: The Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the French Directory's legislature, expressed significant dissatisfaction with the executive directors' management of the War of the Second Coalition. A key grievance was the recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet, a former Jacobin, which was perceived as a strategic misstep.

The legislative councils declared the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal, leading to his replacement.

Answer: True

The Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred jointly voted to declare Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard's election illegal, which directly led to his replacement.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific action did the legislative councils take regarding Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard?: The legislative councils, comprising the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred, jointly passed an act declaring the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal. This action represented a direct and significant challenge to the legitimacy of an executive director.

Louis Gohier, an erstwhile royalist, replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard as a Director.

Answer: False

Louis Gohier, who replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard, was an erstwhile Jacobin deputy, not a royalist.

Related Concepts:

  • Who replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard as a Director, and what was his political background?: On 29 Prairial (17 June), Louis Gohier, a former Jacobin deputy and minister during the French Convention, replaced Jean-Baptiste Treilhard as a Director. This appointment underscored the increasing influence of the neo-Jacobin majority within the legislative councils.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, an anti-Jacobin Director, opposed the councils' desire to remove more of his colleagues.

Answer: False

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, despite being an anti-Jacobin, largely shared the councils' sentiments regarding the removal of his colleagues and was willing to collaborate with Jacobin generals to achieve this.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the newly appointed Director Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès view the councils' desire for further removals?: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, appointed as an anti-Jacobin Director in May 1799, largely concurred with the legislative councils' desire for further removals of his fellow directors. His willingness to collaborate with Jacobin generals demonstrated a pragmatic strategy for consolidating political power.

The French Directory was comprised of three legislative branches: the Council of Five Hundred, the Council of Ancients, and the National Convention.

Answer: False

The French Directory was comprised of two legislative branches: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. The National Convention was a preceding government body.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the French Directory, and what legislative bodies comprised it?: The French Directory served as the government of France from 1795 to 1799, succeeding the National Convention. Its bicameral legislature consisted of the Council of Five Hundred, functioning as the lower house, and the Council of Ancients, which served as the upper house.

Jean Étienne Championnet was a French general whose recall by the directors was a specific grievance for the Council of Five Hundred.

Answer: True

General Jean Étienne Championnet's recall by the directors was indeed a specific grievance for the Council of Five Hundred, highlighting their dissatisfaction with the Directory's military leadership.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Jean Étienne Championnet, and why was his recall a point of contention for the Council of Five Hundred?: Jean Étienne Championnet, a French general and former Jacobin, became a focal point of contention for the Council of Five Hundred. His recall by the Directory's executive members was a specific grievance, highlighting the Council's profound dissatisfaction with the military leadership and the Directory's broader policies during the War of the Second Coalition.

Louis Gohier had served as a minister during the French Convention before becoming a Director.

Answer: True

Louis Gohier had indeed served as a minister during the French Convention prior to his appointment as a Director.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Louis Gohier, and what was his role before becoming a Director?: Louis Gohier, a former Jacobin deputy and minister during the French Convention, was appointed as a Director on 29 Prairial (17 June), succeeding Jean-Baptiste Treilhard. His selection reflected the growing influence of the neo-Jacobin majority within the legislative councils.

Paul Barras, a veteran Director, opposed the removal of Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.

Answer: False

Paul Barras, a veteran Director, supported the demands for the removal of Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Paul Barras, and what was his reputation during the Directory period?: Paul Barras, a veteran Director serving since 1795 and renowned for his political cunning, supported the demands for the removal of Révellière-Lépeaux and Merlin de Douai. His involvement likely stemmed from a strategic effort to navigate the shifting power dynamics and preserve his own influence within the Directory.

The Constitution of the Year III established the Directory as the governing body of France.

Answer: True

The Constitution of the Year III, enacted in 1795, indeed established the Directory as the governing body of France.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Constitution of the Year III' that was technically not violated by the coup?: The Constitution of the Year III, enacted in 1795, established the Directory as France's governing body. Despite the significant political pressure and military involvement during the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, the events were noted as not formally violating the letter of this constitution, highlighting a complex interplay between legal form and political reality.

What was the political outcome of the March–April 1799 elections regarding the legislative councils?

Answer: A new neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority was created in both legislative councils.

The March–April 1799 elections resulted in a new neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority being established in both legislative councils.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the political composition of the French councils after the March–April 1799 elections?: The March–April 1799 elections led to the election of 315 new deputies, establishing a neo-Jacobin, or 'The Mountain,' majority in both legislative councils, particularly pronounced in the Council of Five Hundred. This signified a resurgence of more radical republican influence within the Directory's legislative branch.

Why was the Council of Five Hundred dissatisfied with the directors' actions?

Answer: Their conduct of the War of the Second Coalition and the recall of General Championnet.

The Council of Five Hundred was dissatisfied with the directors' conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, specifically citing the recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet as a grievance.

Related Concepts:

  • Why did the Council of Five Hundred express dissatisfaction with the directors' actions?: The Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the French Directory's legislature, expressed significant dissatisfaction with the executive directors' management of the War of the Second Coalition. A key grievance was the recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet, a former Jacobin, which was perceived as a strategic misstep.

What specific action did the legislative councils take regarding Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard?

Answer: They declared his election illegal.

The legislative councils jointly voted to declare the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific action did the legislative councils take regarding Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard?: The legislative councils, comprising the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred, jointly passed an act declaring the election of Director Jean-Baptiste Treilhard illegal. This action represented a direct and significant challenge to the legitimacy of an executive director.

How did Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès view the councils' desire for further removals of directors?

Answer: He largely shared their sentiments and was willing to work with Jacobin generals.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès largely shared the councils' desire for further removals of directors and was willing to collaborate with Jacobin generals to achieve this.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the newly appointed Director Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès view the councils' desire for further removals?: Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, appointed as an anti-Jacobin Director in May 1799, largely concurred with the legislative councils' desire for further removals of his fellow directors. His willingness to collaborate with Jacobin generals demonstrated a pragmatic strategy for consolidating political power.

Which two legislative bodies comprised the French Directory?

Answer: The Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients

The French Directory was comprised of two legislative bodies: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the French Directory, and what legislative bodies comprised it?: The French Directory served as the government of France from 1795 to 1799, succeeding the National Convention. Its bicameral legislature consisted of the Council of Five Hundred, functioning as the lower house, and the Council of Ancients, which served as the upper house.

What was the primary reason for the Council of Five Hundred's discontent with the Directory's actions?

Answer: The Directory's conduct of the War of the Second Coalition.

The primary reason for the Council of Five Hundred's discontent was the Directory's conduct of the War of the Second Coalition, particularly the recall of General Championnet.

Related Concepts:

  • Why did the Council of Five Hundred express dissatisfaction with the directors' actions?: The Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the French Directory's legislature, expressed significant dissatisfaction with the executive directors' management of the War of the Second Coalition. A key grievance was the recall of General Jean Étienne Championnet, a former Jacobin, which was perceived as a strategic misstep.

Before becoming a Director, Louis Gohier had served as a minister during which French government?

Answer: The French Convention

Louis Gohier had served as a minister during the French Convention before his appointment as a Director.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Louis Gohier, and what was his role before becoming a Director?: Louis Gohier, a former Jacobin deputy and minister during the French Convention, was appointed as a Director on 29 Prairial (17 June), succeeding Jean-Baptiste Treilhard. His selection reflected the growing influence of the neo-Jacobin majority within the legislative councils.

What was the purpose of the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI in 1798?

Answer: To annul the results of elections that favored neo-Jacobin candidates.

The Law of 22 Floréal Year VI in 1798 was enacted by the Directory to annul the results of elections that had favored neo-Jacobin candidates.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Law of 22 Floréal Year VI' in 1798?: The Law of 22 Floréal Year VI, enacted on 11 May 1798, was a directive by the Directory to annul election results that had favored neo-Jacobin candidates. This measure underscored the Directory's persistent struggle to maintain political control and its readiness to override democratic processes when its authority was challenged.

Key Concepts and Institutions of the French Revolution

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès played a crucial role in both the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII and the later Coup of 18 Brumaire.

Answer: True

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès was indeed a pivotal figure in both the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, where he became dominant, and the subsequent Coup of 18 Brumaire, which brought Napoleon to power.

Related Concepts:

  • Who was Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, and what was his significance in the French Revolution?: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, or Abbé Sieyès, was a pivotal figure and influential political theorist during the French Revolution. He was instrumental in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, emerging as a dominant governmental figure, and subsequently co-orchestrated the Coup of 18 Brumaire, which ultimately brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.

The French Republican Calendar was adopted after the Coup of 18 Brumaire to mark Napoleon's new era.

Answer: False

The French Republican Calendar was adopted during the French Revolution, in use from 1793 to 1805, well before the Coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'French Republican Calendar' used to date the coup?: The French Republican Calendar, implemented during the French Revolution (1793–1805), was designed to eliminate religious and royalist influences from traditional dating systems. The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is dated according to this revolutionary calendar, underscoring its symbolic break from the Ancien Régime.

'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with moderate royalist policies during the French Revolution.

Answer: False

'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with the more radical Jacobins, not moderate royalist policies, during the French Revolution.

Related Concepts:

  • What was 'The Mountain' faction, which gained a majority in the councils before the coup?: 'The Mountain' was a radical Jacobin political faction during the French Revolution, named for their elevated seating in the legislative assembly. Their re-emergence as a majority in the councils prior to the coup signaled a shift towards more radical republican policies and a demand for increased accountability from the Directory.

The French Convention was the first government of the French Revolution, established immediately after the monarchy's overthrow.

Answer: False

The French Convention was the third government of the French Revolution, following the Legislative Assembly, not the first.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'French Convention' mentioned in relation to Louis Gohier's background?: The French Convention, also known as the National Convention, served as the third government of the French Revolution from 1792 to 1795, succeeding the Legislative Assembly. It was responsible for proclaiming France a republic and presided over the tumultuous period of the Reign of Terror.

The Coup of 18 Brumaire occurred before the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII in 1799.

Answer: False

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII occurred on 18 June 1799, while the Coup of 18 Brumaire occurred later, on 9 November 1799.

Related Concepts:

  • Which other significant civil and political events occurred in 1799, according to the provided timeline?: Beyond the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII (18 June 1799), other pivotal civil and political events in 1799 included the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) and the promulgation of the Constitution of the Year VIII (24 December 1799), which established the Consulate and fundamentally restructured the French government.

The 'Sans-culottes' were primarily wealthy aristocrats who supported the French Revolution.

Answer: False

The 'Sans-culottes' were the common people of the lower classes, many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution, directly contrasting with wealthy aristocrats.

Related Concepts:

  • Who were the 'Sans-culottes' during the French Revolution?: The 'Sans-culottes' were the common, lower-class people of late 18th-century France, many of whom became radical and militant adherents of the French Revolution. Their name, literally 'without breeches,' denoted their rejection of the knee-breeches favored by the aristocracy and bourgeoisie, symbolizing their distinct social and political identity.

The Phrygian cap was a symbol of royal authority during the French Revolution.

Answer: False

The Phrygian cap, also known as the liberty cap, was a symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution, not royal authority.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Phrygian cap' and its symbolism during the French Revolution?: The Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, a soft, conical cap with its apex pulled forward, emerged as a potent symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution. Frequently worn by revolutionaries and depicted in art, it served as an emblem of liberty and the pursuit of republican ideals.

Which calendar was used to date the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII, symbolizing a break from old traditions?

Answer: The French Republican Calendar

The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is dated according to the French Republican Calendar, which was created to symbolize a break from old monarchical and religious traditions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'French Republican Calendar' used to date the coup?: The French Republican Calendar, implemented during the French Revolution (1793–1805), was designed to eliminate religious and royalist influences from traditional dating systems. The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII is dated according to this revolutionary calendar, underscoring its symbolic break from the Ancien Régime.

What was 'The Mountain' faction primarily associated with during the French Revolution?

Answer: Radical Jacobins

'The Mountain' faction was primarily associated with the more radical Jacobins during the French Revolution.

Related Concepts:

  • What was 'The Mountain' faction, which gained a majority in the councils before the coup?: 'The Mountain' was a radical Jacobin political faction during the French Revolution, named for their elevated seating in the legislative assembly. Their re-emergence as a majority in the councils prior to the coup signaled a shift towards more radical republican policies and a demand for increased accountability from the Directory.

What was the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' primarily known for?

Answer: Proclaiming the universal rights of all citizens.

The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' is primarily known for proclaiming the universal rights of all citizens, establishing principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the significance of the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' during the French Revolution?: Adopted in August 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was a foundational document of the French Revolution. It proclaimed the universal rights of all citizens, establishing principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and profoundly influenced modern democratic thought and human rights declarations globally.

What was the 'Metric system' introduced during the French Revolution intended to achieve?

Answer: To rationalize and standardize various aspects of French society, including measurements.

The Metric system was introduced during the French Revolution as part of a broader effort to rationalize and standardize various aspects of French society, including units of measurement.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Metric system,' and how did it relate to the French Revolution?: The Metric system, a decimal system of measurement, was introduced during the French Revolution as part of a broader initiative to rationalize and standardize French society. This reform aimed to replace inconsistent traditional units with a new, universal system, reflecting Enlightenment ideals of order and reason.

What was the primary difference between the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being?

Answer: The Cult of Reason was more atheistic, while the Cult of the Supreme Being acknowledged a deistic god.

The primary difference is that the Cult of Reason was more atheistic, whereas the Cult of the Supreme Being, promoted by Robespierre, acknowledged a deistic god.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Cult of the Supreme Being' and the 'Cult of Reason' during the revolution?: The Cult of the Supreme Being and the Cult of Reason were civic religions instituted during the French Revolution to supplant traditional Catholicism. The Cult of Reason adopted a more atheistic stance, whereas the Cult of the Supreme Being, championed by Robespierre, acknowledged a deistic god. Both aimed to cultivate civic virtue and loyalty to the Republic.

What did the 'Ancien Régime' refer to in France?

Answer: The monarchical, aristocratic, social, and political system before the late 18th century.

The 'Ancien Régime' referred to the monarchical, aristocratic, social, and political system established in the Kingdom of France from about the 15th century until the late 18th century.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Ancien Régime' that the French Revolution sought to dismantle?: The Ancien Régime denoted the monarchical, aristocratic, social, and political system prevalent in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the late 18th century. The French Revolution fundamentally sought to dismantle this system, advocating for a more egalitarian and republican society grounded in Enlightenment principles.

What was the symbolic importance of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?

Answer: It symbolized the beginning of the revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive rule.

The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive rule.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Storming of the Bastille' and its symbolic importance?: The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 was a pivotal event in the French Revolution, involving an assault on the medieval fortress and prison. This act profoundly symbolized the inception of the revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive authority, becoming an enduring emblem of popular uprising.

Which event marked a shift towards a more conservative phase of the French Revolution after the Reign of Terror?

Answer: The Thermidorian Reaction

The Thermidorian Reaction, which followed the Reign of Terror, marked a shift towards a more conservative phase of the French Revolution.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Thermidorian Reaction' that followed the Reign of Terror?: The Thermidorian Reaction (27 July 1794) represented a political backlash against the extreme measures of the Reign of Terror, culminating in the overthrow and execution of Maximilien Robespierre. This event signaled a shift towards a more conservative phase of the French Revolution and ultimately facilitated the establishment of the Directory.

What was the 'French Consulate' that emerged after the Directory?

Answer: A government headed by three Consuls, with Napoleon as First Consul, effectively giving him dictatorial powers.

The French Consulate was the government established after the Directory, headed by three Consuls, with Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul, granting him effective dictatorial powers.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'French Consulate' that emerged after the Directory?: The French Consulate, governing France from 1799 to 1804, was established after the Coup of 18 Brumaire dismantled the Directory. Headed by three Consuls, with Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul, it effectively granted him dictatorial powers, signaling the conclusion of the revolutionary period and the commencement of his imperial ascent.

What was the 'Phrygian cap' a symbol of during the French Revolution?

Answer: Freedom and revolution

The Phrygian cap, also known as the liberty cap, was a prominent symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Phrygian cap' and its symbolism during the French Revolution?: The Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, a soft, conical cap with its apex pulled forward, emerged as a potent symbol of freedom and revolution during the French Revolution. Frequently worn by revolutionaries and depicted in art, it served as an emblem of liberty and the pursuit of republican ideals.

Revolutionary Wars and International Conflicts

The War of the Second Coalition was a minor European conflict that had little impact on French domestic politics.

Answer: False

The War of the Second Coalition was a major European conflict, and the Directory's conduct of this war was a significant source of discontent, directly contributing to French political instability.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'War of the Second Coalition' mentioned in the context of the coup's prelude?: The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was a major European conflict pitting several powers against Revolutionary France. The Directory's management of this war was a primary source of discontent within the French legislative councils, significantly contributing to the political instability that culminated in the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII.

The Siege of Acre and the Battle of Zurich were among the military campaigns ongoing in 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition.

Answer: True

The Siege of Acre and the First and Second Battles of Zurich are explicitly listed as military campaigns ongoing in 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition.

Related Concepts:

  • Which military campaigns were ongoing in 1799, coinciding with the political instability in France?: In 1799, France was actively engaged in the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802), with significant military campaigns including the Siege of Acre, Battle of Ostrach, Battle of Stockach, Battle of Magnano, Battle of Cassano, First Battle of Zurich, Battle of Trebbia, Battle of Novi, and the Second Battle of Zurich. These ongoing conflicts exacerbated public dissatisfaction with the Directory's leadership and contributed to the prevailing political instability.

Britain, Prussia, and Russia were among the foreign powers that formed coalitions against Revolutionary France.

Answer: True

Britain, Prussia, and Russia are explicitly listed among the foreign powers that formed coalitions against Revolutionary France during the Revolutionary Wars.

Related Concepts:

  • Which foreign powers were part of the 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars, as listed in the navbox?: The 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars comprised several foreign powers, including Austria, Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, and Spain. These nations formed various coalitions to resist the expansionist policies and revolutionary influence of France across the European continent.

The Treaty of Campo Formio ended the War of the Second Coalition.

Answer: False

The Treaty of Campo Formio ended the War of the First Coalition in 1797. The War of the Second Coalition was ended by the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Treaty of Campo Formio' in 1797?: The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed on 17 October 1797, was a peace treaty between France and Austria that effectively concluded the War of the First Coalition. It secured significant territorial gains for France and represented a major triumph for Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign.
  • What was the 'Treaty of Lunéville' in 1801?: The Treaty of Lunéville, signed on 9 February 1801, was a peace treaty between France and Austria that effectively concluded the War of the Second Coalition. It reaffirmed French territorial gains from previous treaties and further consolidated Napoleon's strategic position in Europe.

The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France.

Answer: True

The Quasi-War is accurately described as an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Quasi-War' (1798–1800)?: The Quasi-War (1798–1800) was an undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France. It originated from French privateering activities against American shipping during the French Revolutionary Wars and was predominantly contested in the Caribbean and along the American coastline.

The Treaty of Amiens brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Austria.

Answer: False

The Treaty of Amiens brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain in 1802. The Treaty of Lunéville ended hostilities between France and Austria in 1801.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Treaty of Amiens' in 1802?: The Treaty of Amiens, signed on 25 March 1802, was a peace treaty between France and Great Britain, temporarily ceasing hostilities between the two powers during the French Revolutionary Wars. This treaty ushered in a brief period of peace in Europe before the subsequent resumption of the Napoleonic Wars.
  • What was the 'Treaty of Lunéville' in 1801?: The Treaty of Lunéville, signed on 9 February 1801, was a peace treaty between France and Austria that effectively concluded the War of the Second Coalition. It reaffirmed French territorial gains from previous treaties and further consolidated Napoleon's strategic position in Europe.

Which of the following was NOT a foreign power listed as part of the 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars?

Answer: Sweden

The listed foreign powers in opposition to France included Austria, Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, and Spain. Sweden is not listed.

Related Concepts:

  • Which foreign powers were part of the 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars, as listed in the navbox?: The 'Opposition' against France during the Revolutionary Wars comprised several foreign powers, including Austria, Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, and Spain. These nations formed various coalitions to resist the expansionist policies and revolutionary influence of France across the European continent.

Who was a key Austrian military leader opposing France during the Revolutionary Wars?

Answer: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen

Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, is listed as a key Austrian military leader opposing France during the Revolutionary Wars.

Related Concepts:

  • Who were some of the key Austrian military leaders opposing France during this period?: Key Austrian military leaders who opposed France during this period included József Alvinczi, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Count of Clerfayt, Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg, Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, Pál Kray, Maximilian Baillet de Latour, Karl Mack von Leiberich, Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Dagobert von Wurmser. These commanders led various campaigns against French forces.

Which of the following treaties ended the War of the First Coalition?

Answer: Treaty of Campo Formio

The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed in 1797, effectively ended the War of the First Coalition.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Treaty of Campo Formio' in 1797?: The Treaty of Campo Formio, signed on 17 October 1797, was a peace treaty between France and Austria that effectively concluded the War of the First Coalition. It secured significant territorial gains for France and represented a major triumph for Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign.

Which treaty brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain in 1802?

Answer: Treaty of Amiens

The Treaty of Amiens, signed in 1802, brought a temporary end to hostilities between France and Great Britain.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Treaty of Amiens' in 1802?: The Treaty of Amiens, signed on 25 March 1802, was a peace treaty between France and Great Britain, temporarily ceasing hostilities between the two powers during the French Revolutionary Wars. This treaty ushered in a brief period of peace in Europe before the subsequent resumption of the Napoleonic Wars.

Internal Rebellions and Counter-Revolutionary Movements

The Chouannerie and the War in the Vendée were both royalist insurrections against the republican government in western France.

Answer: True

Both the Chouannerie and the War in the Vendée are described as royalist, counter-revolutionary uprisings in western France against the republican government.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Chouannerie' mentioned in the context of royalist revolts?: The Chouannerie refers to a series of royalist insurrections in western France, notably in Brittany and Vendée, during the French Revolution. These counter-revolutionary movements employed guerrilla warfare tactics and posed a significant internal challenge to the republican government.
  • What was the 'War in the Vendée'?: The War in the Vendée was a major counter-revolutionary uprising in the Vendée region of western France during the French Revolution. This brutal civil war, lasting from 1793 to 1796, pitted the republican government against royalist and Catholic forces, resulting in substantial loss of life.

The Peasants' War of 1798 was an uprising in the Southern Netherlands primarily against French conscription and anti-clerical policies.

Answer: True

The Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands was indeed primarily a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Peasants' War (1798)'?: The Peasants' War of 1798 was an uprising in the Southern Netherlands (encompassing modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg) against French occupation. Primarily a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription, this rebellion was ultimately suppressed by French forces.

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 aimed to establish what?

Answer: An independent Irish republic.

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 aimed to establish an independent Irish republic, with support from the French.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Irish Rebellion of 1798'?: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 was a significant uprising against British rule in Ireland, receiving French support. Its objective was to establish an independent Irish republic, but it was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to substantial casualties and enduring political ramifications.

What was the primary cause of the Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands?

Answer: French anti-clerical policies and conscription.

The primary cause of the Peasants' War of 1798 in the Southern Netherlands was a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the 'Peasants' War (1798)'?: The Peasants' War of 1798 was an uprising in the Southern Netherlands (encompassing modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg) against French occupation. Primarily a reaction to French anti-clerical policies and conscription, this rebellion was ultimately suppressed by French forces.

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