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Carl Linnaeus formally described the Cuban amazon in the early 18th century, assigning it the original binomial name *Amazona leucocephala*.
Answer: False
Carl Linnaeus formally described the Cuban amazon in 1758, which is the mid-18th century, and originally assigned it the binomial name *Psittacus leucocephalus*. The genus *Amazona* was introduced later by René Lesson in 1830.
The specific epithet *leucocephala* is derived from Latin, meaning 'white-winged', referring to a distinctive feature of the bird.
Answer: False
The specific epithet *leucocephala* is derived from Ancient Greek, meaning 'white-headed', referring to a distinctive white marking on the bird's head, not 'white-winged' from Latin.
James Lee Peters' 1928 review was instrumental in traditionally recognizing four subspecies of the Cuban amazon.
Answer: True
James Lee Peters' comprehensive review in 1928 led to the traditional recognition of four subspecies for the Cuban amazon by most taxonomic authorities.
The subspecies *A. l. bahamensis* currently has extant populations on the Acklins and Crooked Islands.
Answer: False
The populations of *A. l. bahamensis* on the Acklins and Crooked Islands were extirpated in the 1940s, meaning they are no longer extant there. Current extant populations are on the Abaco Islands and Great Inagua.
Recent genetic evidence suggests that the Abaco Islands and Inagua Islands populations of the Cuban amazon each represent distinct, new subspecies.
Answer: True
Recent taxonomic reviews, supported by genetic evidence, propose that the Cuban amazon populations on the Abaco Islands and Inagua Islands should be recognized as distinct, new subspecies.
René Lesson introduced the genus *Amazona* in the late 19th century, grouping similar parrot species.
Answer: False
René Lesson introduced the genus *Amazona* in 1830, which is the early 19th century, not the late 19th century.
The proposed subspecies *A. l. palmarum* was initially questioned because its observed plumage differences were thought to be primarily related to diet.
Answer: False
The validity of the proposed subspecies *A. l. palmarum* was initially questioned because its observed plumage differences were suggested to be primarily age-related, not diet-related.
George Edwards' *A Natural History of Uncommon Birds* (1751) provided visual and descriptive information that Linnaeus referenced for the Cuban amazon.
Answer: True
Carl Linnaeus referenced George Edwards' *A Natural History of Uncommon Birds* (1751) for the description and illustration of the 'white-headed parrot' when formally describing the Cuban amazon.
The *A. l. hesterna* subspecies was historically found on Little Cayman Island.
Answer: True
The subspecies *A. l. hesterna* was indeed found on Little Cayman Island, in addition to Cayman Brac, before its local extinction on Little Cayman.
Who was responsible for the formal description of the Cuban amazon in 1758?
Answer: Carl Linnaeus
The renowned Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus formally described the Cuban amazon in 1758 in his work *Systema Naturae*.
What was the original binomial name assigned to the Cuban amazon by Linnaeus?
Answer: *Psittacus leucocephalus*
Carl Linnaeus originally assigned the binomial name *Psittacus leucocephalus* to the Cuban amazon in 1758.
What earlier work did Linnaeus reference when describing the Cuban amazon?
Answer: *A Natural History of Uncommon Birds*
Linnaeus referenced George Edwards' *A Natural History of Uncommon Birds* (1751) for the description and illustration of the 'white-headed parrot'.
In what year was the genus *Amazona* introduced by René Lesson?
Answer: 1830
The genus *Amazona*, which includes the Cuban amazon, was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830.
The specific epithet *leucocephala* translates to 'white-headed' from which ancient language?
Answer: Ancient Greek
The specific epithet *leucocephala* is derived from Ancient Greek, where *leukos* means 'white' and *-kephalos* means '-headed'.
How many subspecies of the Cuban amazon have traditionally been recognized by most authorities?
Answer: Four
Most taxonomic authorities have traditionally recognized four subspecies of the Cuban amazon, following James Lee Peters' 1928 review.
Which of the following subspecies is restricted to Grand Cayman Island?
Answer: *A. l. caymanensis*
The subspecies *A. l. caymanensis* is specifically restricted to Grand Cayman Island.
The subspecies *A. l. hesterna* was formerly found on which island, in addition to Cayman Brac?
Answer: Little Cayman Island
The subspecies *A. l. hesterna* was historically found on Little Cayman Island, in addition to Cayman Brac, before its local extinction on Little Cayman.
What recent evidence supports distinguishing *A. l. palmarum* for the Isla de la Juventud population?
Answer: Longer wing chord, metatarsus, and a larger rosy pink throat patch.
Recent morphological and plumage reviews support distinguishing *A. l. palmarum* for the Isla de la Juventud population due to its longer wing chord, metatarsus, and a larger rosy pink throat patch compared to the mainland Cuban population.
What does a recent review, supported by genetic evidence, suggest regarding the *A. l. bahamensis* subspecies?
Answer: It should be restricted to the now-extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands.
A recent review, supported by genetic evidence, suggests that the subspecies *A. l. bahamensis* should be restricted to the now-extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, with other Bahaman populations potentially representing new subspecies.
Which specific work by Carl Linnaeus, published in 1758, included the formal description of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: *Systema Naturae*
Carl Linnaeus formally described the Cuban amazon in the tenth edition of his seminal work, *Systema Naturae*, published in 1758.
What is the linguistic origin of the term 'leukos' in the specific epithet *leucocephala*?
Answer: Ancient Greek
The term 'leukos' in the specific epithet *leucocephala* originates from Ancient Greek, meaning 'white'.
An adult Cuban amazon typically measures between 20 and 25 centimeters in length.
Answer: False
An adult Cuban amazon typically measures between 28 and 33 centimeters (11 to 13 inches) in length, which is longer than 20-25 cm.
The Cuban amazon is predominantly green, with its green feathers distinctly edged with a terminal black rim.
Answer: True
The Cuban amazon's plumage is predominantly green, and its green feathers are indeed distinctly edged with a terminal black rim, contributing to its patterned appearance.
The forehead and eye-rings of the Cuban amazon are typically a striking rosy pink, contrasting with its green body.
Answer: False
The forehead and eye-rings of the Cuban amazon are typically white, while the rosy pink coloration is found on its lower face, chin, and throat.
Juvenile Cuban amazons have more pronounced black edging on their green feathers and a larger amount of red on their abdomen compared to adults.
Answer: False
Juvenile Cuban amazons have less pronounced black edging on their green feathers and little to no red on their abdomen, which is the opposite of adult plumage characteristics.
The Cuban amazon's irises are typically a bright yellow, contrasting with its horn-colored beak.
Answer: False
The Cuban amazon's irises are typically pale olive-green, not bright yellow.
The Cuban amazon is also known as the 'blue-headed parrot' due to prominent blue markings on its head.
Answer: False
The Cuban amazon is known as the Cuban amazon, Cuban parrot, or rose-throated parrot. Its forehead and eye-rings are white, not blue, and it is not referred to as the 'blue-headed parrot'.
What are the primary common names used to refer to the *Amazona leucocephala*?
Answer: Cuban amazon, Cuban parrot, rose-throated parrot
The *Amazona leucocephala* is commonly referred to as the Cuban amazon, Cuban parrot, and rose-throated parrot, reflecting its geographic origin and certain physical traits.
What is the typical size range of an adult Cuban amazon in centimeters?
Answer: 28 to 33 cm
An adult Cuban amazon typically measures between 28 and 33 centimeters (11 to 13 inches) in length.
The green feathers of the Cuban amazon are distinctly edged with what color?
Answer: Black
The green feathers of the Cuban amazon are distinctly edged with a terminal black rim, which gives its plumage a patterned appearance.
What color is found on the lower face, chin, and throat of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: Rosy pink
The lower face, chin, and throat of the Cuban amazon are characterized by a rosy pink coloration.
How does the amount of dull red on the abdomen vary among Cuban amazon subspecies?
Answer: It can vary significantly between different subspecies.
The amount of dull red on the abdomen is one of the color patterns that can vary significantly among the different subspecies of the Cuban amazon.
What color are the irises of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: Pale olive-green
The irises of the Cuban amazon are typically pale olive-green.
What color are the legs of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: Pink
The legs of the Cuban amazon are pink.
How does the black edging on the green feathers of a juvenile Cuban amazon compare to an adult?
Answer: It is less pronounced in juveniles.
In juvenile Cuban amazons, the black edging on their green feathers is less pronounced compared to that of adults.
What is the significance of the terminal black rim on the green feathers of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: It adds a patterned appearance to its body.
The distinct terminal black rim on the green feathers of the Cuban amazon contributes to a patterned appearance on its body.
What is the primary difference in head feather coloration between juvenile and adult Cuban amazons?
Answer: Some of a juvenile's head feathers may appear pale yellow instead of white.
A primary difference in head feather coloration is that some of a juvenile Cuban amazon's head feathers may appear pale yellow, contrasting with the adult's white forehead and eye-rings.
Which of the following describes the appearance of some feathers on the top of a juvenile Cuban amazon's head?
Answer: Pale yellow
Some feathers on the top of a juvenile Cuban amazon's head may appear pale yellow, distinguishing them from the white feathers found in adults.
The Cuban amazon is exclusively found in the dry forests of Cuba, with no populations existing elsewhere.
Answer: False
The Cuban amazon's natural habitat extends beyond Cuba to include the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands, where it is found in woodlands and dry forests.
The distribution of the Cuban amazon in Cuba has expanded over time, now covering more diverse habitats than historically.
Answer: False
The distribution of the Cuban amazon in Cuba has actually been reduced over time, now mainly confined to forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud, rather than expanding.
In 2006, the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Grand Cayman was approximately 3,400 individuals.
Answer: True
A 2006 survey estimated the Cuban amazon population on Grand Cayman to be approximately 3,400 individuals.
The Cuban amazon population on Little Cayman Island became locally extinct in the 1980s due to a major hurricane.
Answer: False
The Cuban amazon population on Little Cayman Island became locally extinct in the 1940s, not the 1980s, and the cause mentioned in the source is general 'environmental changes or human impact', not specifically a hurricane.
Fossil remains indicate the Cuban amazon was historically present on Grand Turk Island.
Answer: True
Fossil remains and archaeological findings confirm that the Cuban amazon was historically present on Grand Turk Island, among other Bahaman islands.
The total estimated population of Cuban amazons in Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud, is approximately 5,000 individuals.
Answer: False
The total estimated population of Cuban amazons in Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud, is approximately 10,000 individuals, not 5,000.
The population of Cuban amazons on Cayman Brac was estimated at 3,400 individuals in 2006.
Answer: False
In 2006, the population of Cuban amazons on Grand Cayman was estimated at 3,400 individuals, while Cayman Brac had an estimated population of 400-500 individuals.
Which of the following is NOT a geographical region where the Cuban amazon can be found in its natural habitat?
Answer: Jamaica
The Cuban amazon's natural habitat is restricted to Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Cayman Islands; it is not found in Jamaica.
The distribution of the Cuban amazon in Cuba is now mainly confined to which areas?
Answer: Forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud.
The Cuban amazon's distribution in Cuba has been reduced and is now primarily confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud.
What was the estimated total population size of Cuban amazons in Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud?
Answer: Approximately 10,000 individuals
The estimated total population of Cuban amazons in Cuba, encompassing the main island and Isla de la Juventud, is approximately 10,000 individuals.
In 2006, what was the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Grand Cayman?
Answer: About 3,400 individuals
A 2006 survey estimated the population of Cuban amazons on Grand Cayman to be about 3,400 individuals.
When did the Cuban amazon population on Little Cayman Island become locally extinct?
Answer: 1940s
The Cuban amazon population on Little Cayman Island became locally extinct, or extirpated, in the 1940s.
In 2006, what was the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Abaco in the Bahamas?
Answer: 3,550 individuals
In 2006, the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Abaco in the Bahamas was 3,550 individuals.
Which Bahaman islands historically hosted Cuban amazon populations that are now extirpated, according to fossil remains and archaeological findings?
Answer: New Providence and San Salvador
Fossil remains and archaeological findings indicate that Cuban amazon populations were historically present and are now extirpated on Bahaman islands such as New Providence and San Salvador, in addition to Acklins and Crooked Islands, and Grand Turk Island.
What is the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Isla de la Juventud?
Answer: 1,100-1,320 individuals
The estimated population of Cuban amazons specifically on Isla de la Juventud is between 1,100 and 1,320 individuals.
On the Cayman Islands, the Cuban amazon lives in dry forest environments and also utilizes what other type of land?
Answer: Agricultural land
On the Cayman Islands, the Cuban amazon is found in dry forest environments and also adapts to utilizing agricultural land.
In 2006, what was the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Inagua in the Bahamas?
Answer: 6,350 individuals
In 2006, the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Inagua in the Bahamas was 6,350 individuals.
What is the primary reason for the reduction in the Cuban amazon's range in Cuba over time?
Answer: Habitat loss.
The reduction in the Cuban amazon's range in Cuba over time is primarily attributed to habitat loss and other environmental pressures.
What is the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Cayman Brac in 2006?
Answer: 400-500 individuals
In 2006, the estimated population of Cuban amazons on Cayman Brac was between 400 and 500 individuals.
During the winter months, Cuban amazons typically form pairs and disperse for breeding.
Answer: False
During the winter months, Cuban amazons typically gather in flocks, while they disperse and form pairs specifically during the breeding season.
The primary food sources for the Cuban amazon include insects and small vertebrates.
Answer: False
The primary food sources for the Cuban amazon are fruits and seeds, including those from palm trees and West Indian mahogany.
The breeding season for the Cuban amazon generally occurs from March to September.
Answer: True
The breeding season for the Cuban amazon typically occurs from March to September, which is a crucial period for their reproductive cycle.
Cuban amazons on the Abaco Islands exhibit a unique nesting behavior, utilizing underground limestone solution holes.
Answer: True
On the Abaco Islands, Cuban amazons display a unique nesting behavior by utilizing underground limestone solution holes, which provides protection from pineyard wildfires.
Female Cuban amazons typically lay between five and seven eggs per clutch.
Answer: False
Female Cuban amazons typically lay between two and four white eggs per clutch, not five to seven.
The Cuban amazon's diet includes the seeds of West Indian mahogany.
Answer: True
The diet of the Cuban amazon includes various fruits and seeds, notably the seeds of the West Indian mahogany (*Swietenia mahagoni*).
The female Cuban amazon incubates her eggs for approximately 35-40 days.
Answer: False
Female Cuban amazons incubate their eggs for a period of 26-28 days, not 35-40 days.
What is the social behavior of Cuban amazons during the winter months?
Answer: They gather in flocks.
During the winter months, Cuban amazons typically exhibit communal behavior, gathering in flocks.
What are the primary food sources for the Cuban amazon?
Answer: Fruits and seeds.
The primary food sources for the Cuban amazon consist of various fruits and seeds, including those from palm trees and West Indian mahogany.
When does the breeding season for the Cuban amazon typically occur?
Answer: March to September
The breeding season for the Cuban amazon generally takes place from March to September.
What unique nesting behavior is observed in the Cuban amazons on the Abaco Islands?
Answer: They nest underground in limestone solution holes.
Cuban amazons on the Abaco Islands exhibit a unique nesting behavior, utilizing underground limestone solution holes, which offers protection from pineyard wildfires.
How many white eggs do female Cuban amazons typically lay?
Answer: Two to four
Female Cuban amazons typically lay between two and four white eggs per clutch.
What is the primary reason for the unique underground nesting behavior of Cuban amazons on the Abaco Islands?
Answer: To protect from pineyard wildfires.
The unique nesting behavior of Cuban amazons on the Abaco Islands, where they nest underground in limestone solution holes, is primarily an adaptation to protect their nests from pineyard wildfires.
What is the approximate incubation period for Cuban amazon eggs, during which the female incubates them?
Answer: 26-28 days
Female Cuban amazons incubate their eggs for an approximate period of 26-28 days.
According to the IUCN Red List, the Cuban amazon is classified as 'Vulnerable', indicating a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Answer: False
The IUCN Red List classifies the Cuban amazon as 'Near Threatened', not 'Vulnerable', indicating it is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future if current trends continue.
The highest level of protection under CITES for the Cuban amazon prohibits all commercial international trade of wild-caught specimens.
Answer: True
The Cuban amazon is listed on CITES Appendix I, which provides the highest level of protection, specifically prohibiting commercial international trade of wild-caught specimens.
The 'Near Threatened' status of the Cuban amazon is primarily due to a lack of suitable nesting sites.
Answer: False
The 'Near Threatened' status of the Cuban amazon is primarily due to ongoing habitat loss, natural disasters, and trapping for the wild parrot trade, rather than solely a lack of suitable nesting sites.
According to the IUCN Red List, what is the conservation status of the Cuban amazon?
Answer: Near Threatened
The Cuban amazon is classified as 'Near Threatened' by the IUCN Red List, indicating that it is close to qualifying for a threatened category.
What level of protection does the Cuban amazon receive under CITES?
Answer: Appendix I
The Cuban amazon is listed on Appendix I of CITES, which grants the highest level of protection against commercial international trade of wild-caught specimens.
What is one of the main factors contributing to the Cuban amazon's 'Near Threatened' conservation status?
Answer: Habitat loss.
Habitat loss is identified as one of the primary factors contributing to the Cuban amazon's 'Near Threatened' conservation status, alongside natural disasters and the wild parrot trade.
Breeding Cuban amazons in aviculture was considered challenging until the 1980s, mainly due to male aggression.
Answer: True
Until the 1980s, breeding Cuban amazons in aviculture was indeed challenging, largely due to aggressive behavior exhibited by male birds towards their mates and chicks.
The Cuban amazon became a popular pet in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union due to birds being brought back by Russian soldiers.
Answer: True
The Cuban amazon gained popularity as a pet in Russia because Russian soldiers brought many individuals back from Cuba following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Despite its high market value, the Cuban amazon is now one of the most readily available amazon parrots in aviculture.
Answer: False
While there has been an increase in its availability, the Cuban amazon remains one of the highest-priced amazon parrots in aviculture, implying it is not among the most readily available.
The 2020 amnesty program in the Cayman Islands aimed to reintroduce captive-bred Cuban amazons into the wild.
Answer: False
The 2020 amnesty program in the Cayman Islands aimed to legally register illegally kept pet parrots and differentiate them from wild populations, not to reintroduce captive-bred birds into the wild.
The Cayman Islands amnesty program in 2020 registered over 500 illegally kept parrots.
Answer: False
During the 2020 amnesty program in the Cayman Islands, a total of 326 parrots were successfully registered, not over 500.
Why was the Cuban amazon considered challenging to breed in aviculture outside of its native regions until the 1980s?
Answer: Aggressive behavior from male birds towards their mates and chicks.
Until the 1980s, the Cuban amazon was challenging to breed in aviculture primarily due to aggressive behavior exhibited by male birds towards their mates and chicks.
How did the Cuban amazon gain popularity as a pet in Russia?
Answer: Brought back by Russian soldiers after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Cuban amazon became a popular pet in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, as many individuals were brought back from Cuba by Russian soldiers.
What is the current market status of the Cuban amazon in aviculture?
Answer: It is one of the highest-priced of all amazon parrots.
Despite some increase in availability, the Cuban amazon remains one of the highest-priced amazon parrots in aviculture due to its unique characteristics and breeding challenges.
What type of variations have been observed in captive-bred Cuban amazon stock?
Answer: Color mutations
Several color mutations have been observed in captive-bred Cuban amazon stock, leading to variations in plumage color.
What initiative did authorities in the Cayman Islands implement in 2020 concerning pet Cuban amazons?
Answer: An amnesty program for legal registration of illegally kept birds.
In 2020, authorities in the Cayman Islands implemented an amnesty program to allow owners of illegally kept pet Cuban amazons to legally register their birds.
How many parrots were registered during the 2020 amnesty program in the Cayman Islands?
Answer: 326
A total of 326 parrots were successfully registered during the 2020 amnesty program in the Cayman Islands.
What is the primary purpose of the microchips and leg bands fitted to registered pet parrots during the Cayman Islands amnesty program?
Answer: To identify them as distinct from wild populations.
The microchips and leg bands fitted during the Cayman Islands amnesty program serve to differentiate registered pet parrots from wild populations, aiding in conservation efforts.
What is the primary reason for the high market value of the Cuban amazon in aviculture?
Answer: Its unique characteristics and breeding challenges.
The high market value of the Cuban amazon in aviculture is primarily attributed to its unique characteristics and the historical challenges associated with its breeding.