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Total Categories: 6
The dative case is exclusively used to indicate the recipient of an action in all languages where it exists.
Answer: False
While the primary function of the dative case is to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, in some languages like Georgian and Hindustani, it can also mark the subject of a sentence, demonstrating that its use is not exclusively for recipients.
The term 'dative' originates from a Greek phrase meaning 'case for receiving'.
Answer: False
The term 'dative' comes from the Latin 'casus dativus', meaning 'case for giving'. This Latin term is a translation of the Greek 'dotikē ptōsis', which means 'inflection for giving', not 'receiving'.
Dionysius Thrax, a grammarian, referred to the dative case as 'epistaltikē', a term derived from a verb meaning 'to send to'.
Answer: True
Dionysius Thrax, a prominent grammarian, used the term 'epistaltikē' for the dative case, which means 'for sending (a letter)' and is derived from the verb 'epistéllō', meaning 'send to'.
The dative case was common in early Indo-European languages and has persisted in the Romance and Celtic branches.
Answer: False
While common in early Indo-European languages, the dative case has primarily persisted in the Balto-Slavic and Germanic branches, not the Romance and Celtic branches.
The Greek 'dotikē ptōsis' translates to 'inflection for receiving'.
Answer: False
The Greek 'dotikē ptōsis' translates to 'inflection for *giving*', not 'receiving'. The Latin 'casus dativus' is a translation of this Greek term.
The English language's use of 'to' for both indirect objects and directions of movement has led to the term 'dative' being sometimes misapplied to lative cases.
Answer: True
Due to English using 'to' for both indirect objects and directional movement, the term 'dative' has occasionally been misapplied to lative cases, which more accurately describe motion towards something.
What is the primary function of the dative case in grammar, as described in the source?
Answer: To indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
The primary function of the dative case is to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, serving as the indirect object in many languages.
In which of the following language families has the dative case persisted from early Indo-European languages?
Answer: Balto-Slavic and Germanic
The dative case, common in early Indo-European languages, has notably persisted in the Balto-Slavic and Germanic branches.
What is the etymological origin of the term 'dative'?
Answer: From the Latin 'casus dativus', meaning 'case for giving'.
The term 'dative' originates from the Latin 'casus dativus', which translates to 'case for giving', itself a translation of the Greek 'dotikē ptōsis' ('inflection for giving').
Who was Dionysius Thrax, and what alternative term did he use for the dative case?
Answer: A prominent Greek grammarian who referred to it as 'epistaltikē'.
Dionysius Thrax, a notable Greek grammarian, referred to the dative case as 'epistaltikē', a term meaning 'for sending (a letter)'.
Old English did not possess a distinct dative case; its functions were always expressed through prepositions.
Answer: False
Old English did possess a distinct dative case. Its case system declined during the Middle English period, leading to the merger of accusative and dative forms into a single oblique case, which then often used prepositions.
Modern grammarians commonly use the term 'objective' to refer to the merged accusative and dative forms in English.
Answer: True
Due to the conflation of cases in Middle and Modern English, modern grammarians often use the term 'objective' to refer to the oblique case, which encompasses the functions previously indicated by both the accusative and dative.
The modern English expression 'methinks' is a remnant of the dative case, evolving from an Old English construction with a dative personal pronoun.
Answer: True
The expression 'methinks' ('it seems to me') is cited as a remnant of the dative case, having evolved from an Old English construction that used the dative case of the personal pronoun 'me'.
In Modern English, the indirect object can only be expressed using a prepositional phrase with 'to'.
Answer: False
In Modern English, the indirect object can be placed directly between the verb and the direct object (e.g., 'he gave me a book') or expressed using a prepositional phrase with 'to' (e.g., 'he gave a book to me').
The archaic '-e' ending for certain dative nouns in German is still widely used in everyday conversation.
Answer: False
The archaic '-e' ending for certain dative nouns in German is largely obsolete and survives almost exclusively in fixed phrases or formal contexts, not in widespread everyday conversation.
In German, 'weak nouns' or 'n-nouns' are typically feminine nouns that take an '-n' or '-en' ending in the dative singular and plural.
Answer: False
Weak nouns or n-nouns in German are primarily certain masculine nouns (and one neuter noun, 'Herz') that take an '-n' or '-en' ending in the dative singular and plural, not typically feminine nouns.
German 'two-way' prepositions use the dative case when indicating a current location and the accusative case when indicating direction.
Answer: True
German 'two-way' prepositions indeed take the dative case when indicating a current location ('where something is') and the accusative case when indicating a direction or movement towards something ('where something is going').
In colloquial German, prepositions like 'wegen' (because of), which formally require the genitive case, are often used with the accusative case.
Answer: False
In colloquial German, genitive-requiring prepositions like 'wegen' are most commonly used with the dative case, not the accusative case.
German verbs like 'helfen' (to help) and 'danken' (to thank) require their direct objects to be in the dative case.
Answer: True
German verbs such as 'helfen' (to help) and 'danken' (to thank) are among several verbs that specifically require their direct objects to be in the dative case, rather than the accusative.
German verbs that take dative objects can form normal passive constructions, similar to verbs with accusative objects.
Answer: False
German verbs that require dative objects cannot form normal passive constructions. Instead, an 'impersonal passive' construction is used, as normal passive is reserved for verbs with accusative objects.
The German 'double dative' construction involves two dative phrases, one for commiseration/interest and another for the actual object of the action.
Answer: True
The German 'double dative' construction indeed features two dative phrases: one to express the speaker's commiseration or interest (similar to the Latin *dativus ethicus*) and another to name the actual object of the action.
The Old English accusative pronoun 'hwone' is the direct ancestor of the modern objective case pronoun 'whom'.
Answer: False
The modern objective case pronoun 'whom' is derived from the Old English *dative* pronoun 'hwām', although it also absorbed the functions of the Old English *accusative* pronoun 'hwone'.
In German, the normal word order places the accusative object in front of the dative object.
Answer: False
The normal word order in German places the *dative* object in front of the *accusative* object, though the order can be reversed due to clear case marking.
What happened to the distinct dative case in English during the Middle English period?
Answer: It merged with the accusative of pronouns into a single oblique case.
During the Middle English period, the distinct dative case declined and merged with the accusative of pronouns into a single oblique case, which also came to be used with all prepositions.
Which of the following modern English expressions is cited as a remnant of the dative case?
Answer: 'Methinks'
The modern English expression 'methinks' ('it seems to me') is considered a remnant of the dative case, evolving from an Old English construction with a dative personal pronoun.
How can the indirect object of a verb be expressed in Modern English sentences, according to the source?
Answer: By placing it between the verb and direct object, or using a prepositional phrase with 'to'.
In Modern English, an indirect object can be expressed either by placing it directly between the verb and the direct object (e.g., 'he gave me a book') or by using a prepositional phrase with 'to' (e.g., 'he gave a book to me').
What is the primary role of the dative case (Dativ) in German grammar?
Answer: To mark the indirect object of a sentence.
In German grammar, the dative case (Dativ) primarily serves to mark the indirect object of a sentence, indicating the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
Which of the following German prepositions consistently requires the dative case?
Answer: mit
Among the given options, 'mit' (with) is a German preposition that consistently requires the dative case.
How do 'two-way' prepositions in German determine whether to use the dative or accusative case?
Answer: Dative for current location, accusative for direction or movement.
German 'two-way' prepositions use the dative case to indicate a current location ('where something is') and the accusative case to indicate a direction or movement towards something ('where something is going').
In colloquial German, which case is often used with genitive-requiring prepositions like 'wegen' (because of)?
Answer: Dative
In colloquial German, genitive-requiring prepositions such as 'wegen' (because of) are frequently used with the dative case, despite formal grammar rules.
Which of the following German verbs requires its direct object to be in the dative case?
Answer: helfen (to help)
The German verb 'helfen' (to help) is one of several verbs that specifically require their direct object to be in the dative case.
How are passive constructions typically formed for German verbs that take dative objects?
Answer: An 'impersonal passive' construction is used, such as 'Mir wird geholfen'.
For German verbs that take dative objects, an 'impersonal passive' construction, such as 'Mir wird geholfen' (literally: 'To me is helped'), is typically used, as normal passive constructions are not applicable.
When is the dative case used with reflexive verbs in German?
Answer: When the action is done to a specific part of the self.
The dative case is used with German reflexive verbs when the action is directed towards a specific part of the subject's own body or self, as opposed to the entire self.
In German, what is the dative article for a feminine singular noun?
Answer: der
In German, the definite article for a feminine singular noun in the dative case is 'der'.
Ancient Greek's dative case assimilated the functions of the locative and instrumental cases, which were extinct in Proto-Indo-European.
Answer: True
In Ancient Greek, the dative case indeed took on the roles of the locative case (indicating location) and the instrumental case (indicating means or instrument), functions that were distinct in Proto-Indo-European but became assimilated into the dative in Greek.
In Latin, the *Dativus finalis* is used to denote the person for whom an action is performed.
Answer: False
The Latin *Dativus finalis* (dative of purpose) denotes the purpose or end goal of an action. The dative of benefit or harm (*Dativus commodi/incommodi*) is used to denote the person for whom an action is performed.
The Latin *Dativus possessivus* indicates possession and typically appears with a copula.
Answer: True
The Latin *Dativus possessivus* is indeed used to indicate possession and is typically found with a copula (a linking verb like 'to be'), as in 'angelis alae sunt' (angels have wings).
In Classical Greek, the *Dativus auctoris* is primarily used with the present active tense to denote the doer of an action.
Answer: False
In Classical Greek, the *Dativus auctoris* is primarily used with the perfect and pluperfect passive tenses, and with verbal adjectives ending in '-τέος', to denote the doer of an action, not the present active tense.
Modern Greek has fully retained the dative case, using it extensively in everyday speech.
Answer: False
Modern Greek has not fully retained the dative case; it exists only in a few fossilized expressions, with its functions now primarily expressed by the genitive case or prepositional phrases.
The Latin 'double dative' construction combines the *Dativus commodi* and *Dativus finalis* to express both the person and the purpose.
Answer: True
The Latin 'double dative' construction indeed combines the *Dativus commodi* (dative of benefit) and *Dativus finalis* (dative of purpose) to simultaneously express the person for whom something is done and the purpose it serves.
How did the dative case evolve in Ancient Greek regarding its functions?
Answer: It assimilated the functions of the locative and instrumental cases.
In Ancient Greek, the dative case evolved to assimilate the functions of the locative and instrumental cases, which were extinct in Proto-Indo-European.
What does the Latin *Dativus finalis* (dative of purpose) denote?
Answer: The purpose or end goal of an action.
The Latin *Dativus finalis*, or dative of purpose, is used to denote the purpose or ultimate goal of an action.
Which Latin dative construction combines the *Dativus commodi* and *Dativus finalis*?
Answer: The 'double dative'.
The Latin 'double dative' construction specifically combines the *Dativus commodi* (dative of benefit) and *Dativus finalis* (dative of purpose) to express both the beneficiary and the aim of an action.
In Latin, how is agency expressed using the dative case with the gerundive?
Answer: It conveys obligation or necessity, with the dative indicating the doer.
In Latin, when the gerundive is used to convey obligation or necessity, the dative case is employed to express the agent or doer of the action.
What is the Greek name for the dative case, and what other functions did it encompass in Classical Greek besides the indirect object?
Answer: 'Dotikē ptōsis'; it encompassed instrumental, locative, and agent.
The Greek name for the dative case is 'dotikē ptōsis'. In Classical Greek, it encompassed not only the indirect object but also the functions of the instrumental, locative, and agent cases.
Does Modern Greek retain the dative case, and if so, how extensively?
Answer: No, it no longer exists except in a few fossilized expressions.
Modern Greek has largely lost the dative case, retaining it only in a few fossilized expressions, with its functions now typically expressed by the genitive or prepositional phrases.
Which of the following is an example of the *Dativus ethicus* in Latin?
Answer: 'Quid mihi Celsus agit?' (showing concern)
The phrase 'Quid mihi Celsus agit?' (What is Celsus doing for me?) exemplifies the Latin *Dativus ethicus*, which conveys the speaker's personal concern or interest in the action.
In Ancient Greek, what definite article is used for masculine and neuter plural nouns in the dative case?
Answer: ΤΟΙΣ (τοῖς)
In Ancient Greek, the definite article 'ΤΟΙΣ' (τοῖς) is used for masculine and neuter plural nouns in the dative case.
In Russian, the dative case is used for the goal of motion towards a person, typically with the preposition 'к'.
Answer: True
In Russian, the dative case is indeed used to indicate the goal of motion towards a person, and this function is typically accompanied by the preposition 'к' (k).
In Polish, the dative case is used with verbs like 'dziękować' (to thank) and 'pomóc' (to help).
Answer: True
The dative case in Polish is used after specific verbs, including 'dziękować' (to thank) and 'pomóc' (to help), among others.
Lithuanian nouns in the dative case show pronominal endings, while adjectives preserve Indo-European inflections well.
Answer: False
In Lithuanian, nouns generally preserve Indo-European inflections in the dative case, while adjectives receive pronominal endings, which is a more recent development.
In Latvian, the final 's' has been dropped from all dative forms, including personal pronouns in the plural.
Answer: False
In Latvian, the final 's' has been dropped from all dative forms, *except* for personal pronouns in the plural.
The main function of the dative case in both Latvian and Lithuanian is to mark the direct object in a sentence.
Answer: False
The main function of the dative case in both Latvian and Lithuanian is to mark the *indirect* object in a sentence, indicating the recipient of an action, not the direct object.
In Russian, besides indicating the indirect object, what other function does the dative case serve with the preposition 'к'?
Answer: To express the goal of motion towards a person.
In Russian, in addition to marking the indirect object, the dative case with the preposition 'к' (k) is used to express the goal of motion towards a person.
Which of the following is a specific use of the dative case in Polish, according to the source?
Answer: To express that something is taken away or occurs to someone.
A specific use of the dative case in Polish is to express that something is taken away from someone or occurs to someone, as in 'Zdechł im pies' (Their dog died).
How do Lithuanian nouns and adjectives generally inflect in the dative case?
Answer: Nouns preserve Indo-European inflections, while adjectives receive pronominal endings.
In Lithuanian, nouns in the dative case generally preserve Indo-European inflections, whereas adjectives receive pronominal endings, a more recent linguistic development.
What simplification has occurred in the Latvian dative case compared to Lithuanian, regarding masculine endings?
Answer: Masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been replaced with pronominal inflections.
In Latvian, a simplification in the dative case, compared to Lithuanian, is that the original masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been replaced with pronominal inflections.
In modern Eastern Armenian, the dative case is formed by adding any article to the nominative form of a noun.
Answer: False
In modern Eastern Armenian, the dative case is formed by adding any article to the *genitive* form of a noun, not the nominative form.
Eastern Armenian uses the dative case to mark the time of an event, similar to English's use of 'at'.
Answer: True
Eastern Armenian indeed utilizes the dative case to mark the time of an event, a function analogous to the English preposition 'at' in temporal expressions.
In Hindustani, the dative case can mark the subject of a sentence, a phenomenon known as the dative construction.
Answer: True
In Hindustani, the dative case can mark the subject of a sentence, a phenomenon referred to as the dative construction or quirky subjects, as exemplified by sentences like 'मुझे अपने सभी रिश्तेदार पसंद हैं' (I like all my relatives).
Sanskrit's dative case, known as the 'fourth case', is primarily used for the direct object of a verb.
Answer: False
In Sanskrit, the dative case, known as the 'fourth case' (chaturthi-vibhakti), is primarily used for the *indirect* object of a verb, not the direct object.
In Tsez, verbs of perception or emotion require their logical subject to be in the dative/lative case.
Answer: True
In Tsez, verbs expressing perception or emotion, such as 'see', 'know', 'love', and 'want', indeed require their logical subject to be marked with the dative/lative case.
In Georgian, the dative case can mark the subject of a sentence, a phenomenon known as the dative construction.
Answer: True
In Georgian, the dative case can indeed mark the subject of a sentence, a linguistic phenomenon known as the dative construction or quirky subjects.
How is the dative case formed for nouns in modern Eastern Armenian?
Answer: By adding any article to the genitive form of a noun.
In modern Eastern Armenian, the dative case for nouns is formed by adding any article (definite or indefinite) to the genitive form of the noun.
What is a unique function of the dative case in Eastern Armenian, besides marking the recipient of an action?
Answer: To mark the time of an event.
Beyond its primary role of marking the recipient, Eastern Armenian uniquely uses the dative case to mark the time of an event, similar to the English preposition 'at'.
How are dative pronouns formed in Hindustani?
Answer: By using true dative forms or by adding 'ko' to oblique pronouns.
In Hindustani, dative pronouns can be formed either by using true dative case forms (e.g., 'mujhe') or by adding the dative case-marker 'ko' to oblique pronouns, resulting in synonymous forms.
In Sanskrit, what is the dative case known as, and what is its primary use?
Answer: 'Chaturthi-vibhakti'; for the indirect object.
In Sanskrit, the dative case is known as the 'fourth case' (chaturthi-vibhakti) and is primarily used to mark the indirect object of a verb.
In Tsez, how is possession indicated, considering the absence of a verb 'to have'?
Answer: Using the dative/lative case.
Given the absence of a verb equivalent to 'to have' in Tsez, possession is indicated using the dative/lative case, as in 'Kidbeqor k'et'cu zowsi' (The girl had a cat).
What is the main function of dative marking in Armenian?
Answer: To mark the receiving end of an action, like an indirect object.
The main function of dative marking in Armenian is to indicate the receiving end of an action, typically serving as the indirect object.
In Hindustani, how is the dative case constructed for nouns?
Answer: By adding the postposition 'ko' to the nouns in their oblique case.
For nouns in Hindustani, the dative case is constructed by adding the postposition 'ko' to the nouns when they are in their oblique case.
What is the phenomenon called when the dative case marks the subject of a sentence in Hindustani?
Answer: Dative construction or quirky subjects
When the dative case marks the subject of a sentence in Hindustani, this phenomenon is known as the dative construction or quirky subjects.
In Sanskrit, besides the indirect object, what other function can the dative case indicate?
Answer: Purpose or a recipient of worship.
In Sanskrit, beyond its use for the indirect object, the dative case can also indicate purpose or a recipient of worship.
In Northeast Caucasian languages like Tsez, what additional functions does the dative case take on, besides its primary role?
Answer: It takes on the functions of the lative case.
In Northeast Caucasian languages such as Tsez, the dative case additionally assumes the functions of the lative case, marking the direction of an action.
In Hungarian, the dative case has only one suffix, '-nak', which is used universally.
Answer: False
In Hungarian, the dative case has two suffixes, '-nak' and '-nek', which are chosen based on vowel harmony rules, not a single universal suffix.
Finnish uses a separate dative case, distinct from the allative case, to indicate the recipient of an action.
Answer: False
Finnish does not have a separate dative case; instead, the allative case fulfills the role of indicating the recipient of an action, in addition to its directional meaning.
Turkish dative case is formed by adding suffixes '-e' or '-a' to a noun, following vowel harmony rules.
Answer: True
In Turkish grammar, the dative case, known as 'yönelme durumu', is formed by adding the suffixes '-e' or '-a' to the end of a noun, in strict adherence to the language's vowel harmony rules.
The dative case in Turkish indicates 'when' an action occurs, similar to a temporal adverb.
Answer: False
The dative case in Turkish indicates 'whither' or direction ('to what?', 'to whom?', 'to where?'), not 'when' an action occurs. Temporal adverbs or other case forms would be used for time.
What are the two suffixes used for the dative case in Hungarian, and how are they chosen?
Answer: '-nak' and '-nek', chosen based on vowel harmony.
In Hungarian, the dative case uses two suffixes, '-nak' and '-nek', which are selected according to the rules of vowel harmony.
How does Finnish fulfill the role of the dative case, given it does not have a separate one?
Answer: Through the allative case, in addition to its directional meaning.
Finnish, lacking a distinct dative case, fulfills its functions through the allative case, which serves both directional and recipient-marking roles.
What questions can help identify a dative case in a Turkish sentence?
Answer: 'neye?' (to what?), 'kime?' (to whom?), 'nereye?' (to where?)
To identify the dative case in a Turkish sentence, one can ask the questions 'neye?' (to what?), 'kime?' (to whom?), and 'nereye?' (to where?), as the answers will typically be in the dative.