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The literal translation of the Latin phrase 'de facto' is 'by law'.
Answer: False
The literal translation of the Latin phrase 'de facto' is 'from fact,' signifying existence in reality rather than by law.
'De facto' describes a situation that exists in reality, whereas 'de jure' refers to something legally established.
Answer: True
This accurately distinguishes 'de facto,' denoting actual existence, from 'de jure,' signifying legal establishment or recognition.
In common usage, 'de facto' emphasizes what is prescribed by law rather than what is actually happening.
Answer: False
Common usage of 'de facto' emphasizes what exists in reality or practice, contrasting with what is legally prescribed.
What is the literal translation of the Latin phrase 'de facto'?
Answer: From fact
The literal translation of 'de facto' from Latin is 'from fact,' indicating something that exists in reality.
Which of the following best describes the contrast between 'de facto' and 'de jure'?
Answer: 'De facto' describes what exists in reality, while 'de jure' refers to what is legally recognized.
This option accurately captures the fundamental distinction: 'de facto' pertains to actual existence, whereas 'de jure' pertains to legal establishment.
In common usage, what does 'de facto' primarily highlight?
Answer: What is actually happening in practice
In common parlance, 'de facto' emphasizes the reality of a situation or practice, as opposed to its legal or formal status.
A 'de facto government' in political science is one that holds power through established constitutional succession.
Answer: False
A 'de facto government' typically exercises power through means outside established constitutional succession, often via force or usurpation.
A 'de facto leader' always holds a recognized constitutional office.
Answer: False
A 'de facto leader' exercises power in reality, potentially without holding any formal constitutional office.
Augusto Pinochet transitioned from a de facto leader to a de jure ruler by amending the constitution and becoming president.
Answer: True
Pinochet's transition from leading a junta (de facto) to assuming the presidency through constitutional amendment exemplifies this shift.
Saddam Hussein's de facto rule in Iraq began only after he formally became President in 1979.
Answer: False
Hussein's de facto rule commenced earlier, during his tenure as vice president, when he wielded significant power.
Deng Xiaoping and General Manuel Noriega are cited as examples of individuals who exercised significant control without holding official constitutional positions.
Answer: True
Both Deng Xiaoping and Manuel Noriega are presented as instances of de facto leaders who wielded substantial power without formal constitutional roles.
The World Bank defines a 'de facto government' as one that comes to power through constitutional means.
Answer: False
The World Bank defines a 'de facto government' as one that assumes or retains power through means not provided for in the country's constitution.
Bill Belichick is mentioned as having served as a 'de facto general manager' for the New England Patriots.
Answer: True
Belichick's role exemplifies a 'de facto general manager' by exercising control over personnel decisions without holding the official title.
A de facto government exercises power based on legal legitimacy, while a de jure government governs based on actual control.
Answer: False
This statement reverses the definitions: a de facto government governs based on actual control, while a de jure government has legal legitimacy.
The term 'de facto' is typically associated with legitimate, constitutionally approved power grabs.
Answer: False
The term 'de facto' is associated with power acquired or exercised in reality, often outside legitimate or constitutional channels.
A de facto leader can never hold a formal title simultaneously.
Answer: False
A de facto leader may simultaneously hold a formal title; their de facto status emphasizes the source of their power in actual control rather than solely the title.
How is a 'de facto government' primarily defined in political science?
Answer: A government that maintains power through force or usurpation, outside formal legal structures.
Political science defines a 'de facto government' by its actual exercise of power, often through non-constitutional means.
What distinguishes a 'de facto leader' from a formally recognized leader?
Answer: A de facto leader exercises power informally and may not hold a constitutional office.
The key distinction lies in the source and nature of power: de facto leaders govern by actual control, potentially without formal legal authority.
Which historical figure is cited as an example of transitioning from de facto leadership to de jure status by amending the constitution?
Answer: Augusto Pinochet
Augusto Pinochet's career in Chile serves as a prominent example of a de facto leader who later formalized his rule through constitutional changes.
How did Saddam Hussein's rule in Iraq exemplify de facto leadership prior to becoming President?
Answer: He held significant power as vice president, overshadowing the de jure president.
Hussein's vice-presidency demonstrated de facto leadership by wielding substantial power, effectively controlling the state apparatus before assuming the presidency.
Which individuals are cited as examples of de facto leaders who exercised significant control without holding formal constitutional office?
Answer: Deng Xiaoping and General Manuel Noriega
These individuals are presented as prime examples of de facto leadership, exercising substantial power without formal constitutional positions.
Which historical figure is mentioned as influencing the official ruler, acting as a de facto ruler?
Answer: Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Dowager Cixi is cited as an example of a de facto ruler who exerted significant influence over the official monarch.
According to the World Bank's definition, what characterizes a 'de facto government'?
Answer: It comes into or remains in power through means not provided for in the country's constitution.
The World Bank's definition emphasizes the non-constitutional origin or maintenance of power for a 'de facto government'.
Bill Belichick's role as a 'de facto General Manager' for the New England Patriots implies what?
Answer: He controlled personnel decisions without holding the official GM title.
Belichick's designation as 'de facto GM' signifies his exercise of managerial authority without the formal title.
A 'de facto law' is always explicitly enumerated by a formal legal statute.
Answer: False
A 'de facto law' operates in practice without formal statutory enumeration, distinguishing it from a 'de jure' law.
A 'de facto life sentence' is a legally designated sentence that lasts for the entirety of a person's life.
Answer: False
A 'de facto life sentence' is one that, due to its extreme length, effectively functions as a life sentence in practice, even if not formally designated as such.
The 'doctrine of the de facto governments' in Argentina held that actions of illegitimate governments were automatically void.
Answer: False
The doctrine stipulated that actions of de facto governments remained binding unless explicitly revoked by a subsequent legitimate government.
The 1994 Argentine constitutional reform declared acts interrupting the institutional order as permanently valid.
Answer: False
The 1994 reform declared such acts irreparably null and subject to severe penalties.
A 'de facto state of war' implies that military conflict exists in practice, even without a formal declaration of war.
Answer: True
This term accurately describes a condition of active military conflict occurring without a formal declaration of war.
A de facto law might be followed in another jurisdiction due to the economic influence of the originating jurisdiction.
Answer: True
Economic influence can indeed lead to the adoption of a de facto law or regulation in jurisdictions where it lacks formal legal standing.
According to jurisprudence, what defines a 'de facto law'?
Answer: A law that is followed in practice but not explicitly enumerated by formal law.
Jurisprudence defines a 'de facto law' as one that operates in practice without formal legal codification, contrasting with 'de jure' law.
What is the defining characteristic of a 'de facto life sentence'?
Answer: It is a sentence so lengthy that it effectively functions as a life sentence in practice.
A 'de facto life sentence' is characterized by its practical effect of lasting for the remainder of an individual's life, regardless of formal designation.
What was the core principle of the 'doctrine of the de facto governments' in Argentina?
Answer: Actions of de facto governments remained binding unless explicitly revoked by a subsequent legitimate government.
This doctrine established the continuity of legal effects from de facto regimes, a principle later overturned.
What does the 1994 Argentine constitutional reform declare about acts interrupting the institutional order?
Answer: They are irreparably null and their authors face severe penalties.
The reform unequivocally declared such acts null and void, imposing penalties on their perpetrators.
What does the term 'de facto state of war' signify?
Answer: A situation where active military conflict exists without a formal declaration of war.
A 'de facto state of war' denotes actual hostilities occurring in the absence of a formal declaration.
Organizations might comply with a 'de facto' regulation solely to avoid legal penalties.
Answer: False
Organizations often comply with de facto regulations for efficiency, market access, or standardization, not solely to avoid penalties, though that can be a factor.
A 'de facto standard' in technical contexts achieves dominance through formal standardization processes and official approval.
Answer: False
A 'de facto standard' emerges through widespread adoption and market dominance, not formal standardization processes.
In the social sciences, a de facto standard can emerge as a practical solution to coordination problems.
Answer: True
De facto standards frequently arise as practical solutions to coordination challenges, facilitating interaction and consensus in various social contexts.
Australia, Japan, Mexico, and the United Kingdom are examples of countries with a de jure national language but no de facto national language.
Answer: False
These nations are cited as examples possessing a de facto national language without a formal de jure designation.
A country cannot simultaneously possess both de facto and de jure national languages.
Answer: False
It is possible for a country to have both de jure (legally recognized) and de facto (practically used) national languages.
The Russian language was officially declared the de jure state language of the Soviet Union in the early 1980s.
Answer: False
Russian functioned as the de facto official language of the Soviet Union, but was only declared de jure in 1990.
In Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese is legally defined as the official spoken and written standard Chinese variety.
Answer: False
Neither Hong Kong nor Macau legally defines a specific variety of Chinese as official; Cantonese functions as the de facto standard.
The de facto boundaries of a country are determined by its legally established borders on official maps.
Answer: False
De facto boundaries reflect the practical extent of a government's enforceable control, which may diverge from legally established borders.
The Durand Line is given as an example of a de facto boundary that is recognized and enforced in practice.
Answer: True
The Durand Line serves as an illustration of a de facto boundary, recognized and enforced in practice despite potential ambiguities in its legal status.
De facto segregation in the US was primarily enforced through explicit 'Jim Crow' laws.
Answer: False
De facto segregation arose from social and economic factors, distinct from the legally mandated de jure segregation enforced by 'Jim Crow' laws.
A 'de facto monopoly' exists when only one company is legally permitted to operate in a market.
Answer: False
A 'de facto monopoly' arises from market dominance that prevents competition, regardless of legal permission for other entities to operate.
CDMA1X is cited as an example of 'standard technology' in cell phone communications.
Answer: False
CDMA1X is presented as an example of 'de facto technology' due to its privately held intellectual property, contrasting with 'standard technology' like GSM.
The concept of 'de facto' implies that borders are solely determined by international treaties.
Answer: False
The 'de facto' aspect of borders refers to practical control and enforcement, not solely treaty-based legal definitions.
When a language is 'de facto national', it means it is widely used and functions as the primary language in practice, even without official legal recognition.
Answer: True
This definition accurately captures the essence of a 'de facto national' language: practical prevalence over formal legal status.
De facto segregation is characterized by explicit legal mandates enforcing racial separation.
Answer: False
De facto segregation arises from societal factors, unlike de jure segregation which is legally mandated.
The primary characteristic of a de facto standard is its widespread adoption and market dominance.
Answer: True
Widespread adoption and market dominance are the defining features of a de facto standard, distinguishing it from formally ratified standards.
The 'Brussels effect' describes how EU regulations become de facto global standards due to the EU's market size.
Answer: True
The 'Brussels effect' illustrates how the EU's market power leads its regulations to achieve de facto global standard status.
De facto boundaries within a federal state are always identical to the officially demarcated lines on maps.
Answer: False
Within federal states, de facto boundaries can arise from practical enforcement and administrative control, potentially differing from official demarcations.
The term 'de facto technology' implies that its intellectual property is publicly available for anyone to use and manufacture.
Answer: False
'De facto technology' typically implies privately held intellectual property, limiting its widespread use, unlike standard technologies.
Why might an organization voluntarily comply with a 'de facto' regulation?
Answer: To simplify manufacturing processes and maintain a single standard across markets.
Organizations often adopt de facto regulations for operational efficiency, market consistency, and to meet widespread consumer expectations.
How does a 'de facto standard' typically emerge in technical contexts?
Answer: Through tradition, market dominance, or widespread adoption.
De facto standards arise organically through market forces and widespread use, rather than through formal standardization bodies.
Which of the following countries is mentioned as having a de facto national language but no official de jure national language?
Answer: United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is cited as an example of a nation with a de facto national language (English) but no legally designated de jure national language.
What does the source suggest about countries having both de facto and de jure national languages?
Answer: It is common, with examples like Morocco and Lebanon.
The source indicates that the coexistence of de facto and de jure national languages is common, citing Morocco and Lebanon as examples.
In the former Soviet Union, what was the status of the Russian language before 1990?
Answer: It served as the de facto official language for the central government.
Prior to 1990, Russian functioned as the de facto official language of the Soviet Union's central administration.
Regarding the linguistic situation in Hong Kong and Macau, what is true about Chinese varieties?
Answer: No specific variety of Chinese is legally defined as official.
In Hong Kong and Macau, while Cantonese functions as the de facto standard, no specific variety of Chinese is legally defined as official.
How are the de facto boundaries of a country determined?
Answer: By the territory over which the government can enforce its laws and defend.
De facto boundaries are defined by the practical extent of governmental control and defense capabilities.
The Durand Line is presented as an example of what?
Answer: A de facto boundary recognized and enforced in practice.
The Durand Line exemplifies a de facto boundary, characterized by its practical recognition and enforcement.
What was the key difference between de facto and de jure segregation in the United States, particularly outside the South?
Answer: De facto segregation occurred without legal mandate, while de jure segregation was legally enforced (e.g., Jim Crow laws).
This highlights the crucial distinction: de facto segregation resulted from societal factors, whereas de jure segregation was legally codified.
In a business context, what defines a 'de facto monopoly'?
Answer: A situation where one supplier dominates the market so completely that competitors cannot realistically survive, even if legally allowed.
A 'de facto monopoly' is characterized by overwhelming market dominance that effectively precludes competition, regardless of legal structures.
What is the key difference between 'de facto technology' like CDMA1X and 'standard technology' like GSM mentioned in the source?
Answer: De facto technology has privately held IP limiting manufacturing, while standard technology is more publicly available.
This highlights the intellectual property aspect: de facto technology is proprietary, whereas standard technology is generally accessible for replication.
The 'Brussels effect' relates to de facto regulations by describing how:
Answer: EU regulations become de facto global standards due to the EU's market size.
The 'Brussels effect' describes the phenomenon where EU regulations achieve de facto global standard status due to the Union's significant market influence.
In Australia, 'de facto relationships' are only legally recognized between opposite-sex couples.
Answer: False
Australian law recognizes de facto relationships for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples living together on a genuine domestic basis.
Due to federalism in Australia, de facto relationship laws apply uniformly across all states and territories.
Answer: False
Australian federalism means de facto relationship laws are primarily tied to the state or territory of residence, not uniformly applied nationwide.
An Australian 'de facto relationship' is legally equivalent to a common-law marriage recognized across all jurisdictions.
Answer: False
While granting similar rights, Australian de facto relationships have specific jurisdictional limitations, distinguishing them from the broader recognition of common-law marriage where it exists.
'De facto joint custody' implies that parents share legal decision-making authority over children after separation until a court order is issued.
Answer: True
This accurately defines 'de facto joint custody' as a shared parental decision-making arrangement preceding formal court orders.
In Australia and New Zealand, a 'de facto relationship' requires the couple to be legally married but living separately.
Answer: False
A 'de facto relationship' in these jurisdictions signifies a committed partnership outside of legal marriage.
In Australia, what is a key aspect of the legal recognition of 'de facto relationships'?
Answer: They are legally recognized for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples living together.
Australian law extends legal recognition to de facto relationships irrespective of the partners' gender, provided they meet criteria of cohabitation and domesticity.
How does Australian federalism impact the laws governing de facto relationships?
Answer: Recognition is primarily tied to the state or territory of residence.
Due to federalism, the application of de facto relationship laws in Australia is generally determined by the state or territory of residence.
What distinguishes an Australian 'de facto relationship' from common-law marriage?
Answer: Common-law marriage is a fully legal marriage contracted irregularly, whereas de facto relationships have specific jurisdictional limitations.
This distinction clarifies that common-law marriage, where recognized, is a form of legal marriage, while de facto relationships are a distinct legal status with jurisdictional boundaries.
What does 'de facto joint custody' mean in family law after parental separation?
Answer: Both parents share joint legal decision-making authority until a court order is issued.
'De facto joint custody' describes the shared parental authority that exists in practice pending formal judicial determination.
In the context of relationships in Australia and New Zealand, what defines a 'de facto relationship'?
Answer: A committed partnership between two people living together on a genuine domestic basis.
In Australia and New Zealand, a 'de facto relationship' signifies a committed partnership between two people living together on a genuine domestic basis, outside of legal marriage.