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Discrimination: Concepts, Manifestations, and Global Responses

At a Glance

Title: Discrimination: Concepts, Manifestations, and Global Responses

Total Categories: 5

Category Stats

  • Defining Discrimination: Concepts and Evolution: 10 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Manifestations of Discrimination: Specific Categories: 31 flashcards, 36 questions
  • Legal and International Responses to Discrimination: 15 flashcards, 26 questions
  • Sociopsychological Dimensions and Health Impacts: 9 flashcards, 14 questions
  • Strategies for Combating Discrimination: 7 flashcards, 6 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 72
  • True/False Questions: 46
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 49
  • Total Questions: 95

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about Discrimination: Concepts, Manifestations, and Global Responses

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
  • Import & Edit Existing Kit: Load a .json kit file from your computer to continue your work or to modify a kit created by a colleague.
  • Restore Session: The Studio automatically saves your progress in your browser. If you get interrupted, you can restore your unsaved work with one click.

Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
  • Fill in the term/question and the definition/answer.
  • Assign the flashcard to one of your pre-defined topics.
  • To edit or remove a flashcard, simply use the ✏️ (Edit) or ❌ (Delete) icons next to any entry in the list.

✍️ Question Author: Assessing Understanding

Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
  • Choose a Type: True/False for quick checks or Multiple Choice for more complex assessments.
  • To edit an existing question, click the ✏️ icon. You can change the question text, options, correct answer, and explanation at any time.
  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

📝 Worksheet & 📄 Exam Builder

Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

  • A Student Version, clean and ready for quizzing.
  • A Teacher Version, complete with a detailed answer key and the explanations you wrote.

🖨️ Flashcard Printer

Forget wrestling with table layouts in a word processor. Select a topic, choose a cards-per-page layout, and instantly generate perfectly formatted, print-ready flashcard sheets.

Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

  • 💾 Export & Save Kit: This is your primary save function. It downloads the entire Kit (content, images, and all) to your computer as a single .json file. Use this to create permanent backups and share your work with others.
  • ➕ Import & Merge Kit: Combine your work. You can merge a colleague's Kit into your own or combine two of your lessons into a larger review Kit.

You're now ready to reclaim your time.

You're not just a teacher; you're a curriculum designer, and this is your Studio.

This page is an interactive visualization based on the Wikipedia article "Discrimination" (opens in new tab) and its cited references.

Text content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (opens in new tab). Additional terms may apply.

Disclaimer: This website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute any kind of advice. The information is not a substitute for consulting official sources or records or seeking advice from qualified professionals.


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Study Guide: Discrimination: Concepts, Manifestations, and Global Responses

Study Guide: Discrimination: Concepts, Manifestations, and Global Responses

Defining Discrimination: Concepts and Evolution

Discrimination is generally defined as making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and denial of opportunities.

Answer: True

The source defines discrimination as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges.

Related Concepts:

  • How is discrimination generally defined in a societal context?: Discrimination is generally defined as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, classes, or other categories, whether real or perceived. These distinctions typically result in unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges to members of one group that are available to others.
  • What is the moralized definition of discrimination according to moral philosophers?: Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. This comparative definition implies that an individual is discriminated against if treated worse than others for an arbitrary reason, even if some benefit is still received.

The United Nations views discriminatory behaviors as actions that primarily involve inclusion and acceptance, rather than exclusion or rejection.

Answer: False

The United Nations views discriminatory behaviors as actions that invariably involve some form of exclusion or rejection, contrary to inclusion and acceptance.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the United Nations' perspective on discriminatory behaviors?: The United Nations views discriminatory behaviors as actions that invariably involve some form of exclusion or rejection. International bodies, including the UN Human Rights Council, are actively engaged in global efforts to combat and end discrimination.

Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' was commonly associated with negative prejudicial treatment.

Answer: False

Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' generally signified discernment, tact, and culture, not negative prejudicial treatment.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the original meaning of the term 'discriminate' before the American Civil War?: Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' in English typically denoted discernment, tact, and culture, signifying a laudable attribute. It was not commonly associated with negative prejudicial treatment.

After the American Civil War, the term 'discrimination' in American English evolved to signify prejudicial treatment based on race, and later, more broadly, on membership in any socially undesirable group.

Answer: True

The source states that after the American Civil War, the term 'discrimination' evolved to signify prejudicial treatment based on race, and later, more broadly, on membership in any socially undesirable group or category.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the meaning of 'discrimination' evolve in American English after the Civil War?: After the American Civil War, the meaning of 'discrimination' in American English evolved to signify prejudicial treatment of an individual based solely on their race, and subsequently, more broadly, on their membership in any socially undesirable group or category.

Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts that impose a relative disadvantage on persons based on their membership in a salient social group, even if those individuals still receive some benefit.

Answer: True

Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group, even if those individuals still receive some benefit, as the definition is comparative.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the moralized definition of discrimination according to moral philosophers?: Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. This comparative definition implies that an individual is discriminated against if treated worse than others for an arbitrary reason, even if some benefit is still received.
  • What is the philosophical debate surrounding the inclusiveness of the definition of discrimination?: Philosophers debate whether discrimination should exclusively refer to wrongful disadvantageous treatment within the context of a socially salient group (e.g., race or gender) to avoid overinclusiveness, or if it should broadly encompass any wrongful disadvantageous treatment regardless of the social salience of the group, arguing that limiting it is arbitrary.

'Discrimination of excellence' is a system designed to strictly uphold meritocracy and formal equality of opportunity.

Answer: False

'Discrimination of excellence' is defined as the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, not a system designed to uphold them.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'discrimination of excellence,' and what factors can cause it?: Discrimination of excellence is the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, principles that should reward individual merits and overachievement. This type of discrimination can be caused by factors such as legacy preferences, nepotism, substantive equality, affirmative action, ageism, or even random luck.

Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans.

Answer: True

Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.

Related Concepts:

  • How do abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extend the concept of equal consideration?: Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans. This perspective views the failure to do so as 'speciesist' discrimination, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering among all animals.

In a societal context, how is discrimination generally defined?

Answer: The act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment.

Discrimination is generally defined as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges.

Related Concepts:

  • How is discrimination generally defined in a societal context?: Discrimination is generally defined as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, classes, or other categories, whether real or perceived. These distinctions typically result in unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges to members of one group that are available to others.
  • What is the moralized definition of discrimination according to moral philosophers?: Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. This comparative definition implies that an individual is discriminated against if treated worse than others for an arbitrary reason, even if some benefit is still received.

Before the American Civil War, what was the general meaning of the term 'discriminate' in English?

Answer: A synonym for discernment, tact, and culture.

Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' generally signified discernment, tact, and culture, indicating a laudable attribute.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the original meaning of the term 'discriminate' before the American Civil War?: Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' in English typically denoted discernment, tact, and culture, signifying a laudable attribute. It was not commonly associated with negative prejudicial treatment.

According to moral philosophers, what constitutes discrimination?

Answer: Acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group.

Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the moralized definition of discrimination according to moral philosophers?: Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. This comparative definition implies that an individual is discriminated against if treated worse than others for an arbitrary reason, even if some benefit is still received.
  • What is the philosophical debate surrounding the inclusiveness of the definition of discrimination?: Philosophers debate whether discrimination should exclusively refer to wrongful disadvantageous treatment within the context of a socially salient group (e.g., race or gender) to avoid overinclusiveness, or if it should broadly encompass any wrongful disadvantageous treatment regardless of the social salience of the group, arguing that limiting it is arbitrary.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause 'discrimination of excellence'?

Answer: Strict adherence to meritocracy.

'Discrimination of excellence' is the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, meaning strict adherence to meritocracy would prevent it, not cause it.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'discrimination of excellence,' and what factors can cause it?: Discrimination of excellence is the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, principles that should reward individual merits and overachievement. This type of discrimination can be caused by factors such as legacy preferences, nepotism, substantive equality, affirmative action, ageism, or even random luck.

What do social theories such as egalitarianism assert regarding social equality?

Answer: All individuals should have equal rights and opportunities.

Social theories such as egalitarianism assert that social equality should prevail, meaning that all individuals should have equal rights and opportunities.

Related Concepts:

  • What do social theories like egalitarianism assert regarding social equality?: Social theories such as egalitarianism assert that social equality should prevail, meaning that all individuals should have equal rights and opportunities. In many developed countries, this principle is reflected in civil rights that protect individuals from government-sponsored social discrimination.

Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration to whom?

Answer: Every individual, regardless of their species, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.

Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.

Related Concepts:

  • How do abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extend the concept of equal consideration?: Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans. This perspective views the failure to do so as 'speciesist' discrimination, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering among all animals.

Manifestations of Discrimination: Specific Categories

Ageism is a form of discrimination that is exclusively directed towards elderly people.

Answer: False

Ageism is most often directed towards elderly people, but also towards adolescents and children, not exclusively elderly people.

Related Concepts:

  • What is ageism, and towards whom is it most frequently directed?: Ageism, or age discrimination, is discrimination and stereotyping based on a person's age, encompassing beliefs, norms, and values that justify discrimination or subordination. It is most often directed towards elderly people, as well as adolescents and children.

A University of Kent survey in the UK found that gender discrimination was reported more frequently than age discrimination.

Answer: False

A University of Kent survey found that ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK.

Related Concepts:

  • What did a University of Kent survey reveal about age discrimination in the UK?: A survey conducted for the University of Kent in England found that 29% of respondents reported experiencing age discrimination, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination. Social psychology professor Dominic Abrams concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK population.

Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.

Answer: True

The source states that caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.

Related Concepts:

  • How prevalent is caste discrimination globally, and in which regions is it most common?: Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide, primarily prevalent in parts of Asia (including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Japan) and some parts of Africa. As of 2011, India alone accounted for 200 million Dalits, historically known as 'untouchables'.

Discrimination based on nationality or citizenship in employment can manifest through regulations concerning hiring, firing, forced retirement, and differences in compensation.

Answer: True

Discrimination based on nationality or citizenship in employment can manifest through various regulations, including those concerning hiring, firing, forced retirement, and differences in compensation, often linked to immigration status.

Related Concepts:

  • What forms can discrimination based on nationality or citizenship take in employment?: Discrimination based on nationality, citizenship, or naturalization is typically covered by employment laws and can manifest in various ways, including regulations concerning hiring, firing, forced retirement, and differences in compensation and pay, often linked to an individual's immigration status.
  • Are there exemptions for nationality or immigration status in anti-discrimination laws?: Anti-discrimination laws in most countries typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status. However, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality,' even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general.

Class discrimination, or classism, involves individual attitudes and behaviors but not systemic policies or practices.

Answer: False

Class discrimination involves individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

Related Concepts:

  • What is class discrimination, and how does it affect social structures?: Class discrimination, or classism, is prejudice or discrimination based on social class, a hierarchical grouping determined by wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network. It encompasses individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces designed for 'standard' people, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.

Answer: True

Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.

Related Concepts:

  • What is ableism, and what are its consequences for people with disabilities?: Ableism, or disablism, is discrimination against people with disabilities, treating non-disabled individuals as the standard of 'normal living.' This results in the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for 'standard' people, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.

Linguistic discrimination can be based on characteristics of speech such as first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.

Answer: True

Linguistic discrimination can be based on various characteristics of speech, including first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.

Related Concepts:

  • What is linguistic discrimination, and what characteristics of speech can it be based on?: Linguistic discrimination, also known as glottophobia, linguicism, and languagism, is the unfair treatment of people based on their use of language and the characteristics of their speech. This can include their first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.
  • How can linguistic discrimination lead to social judgments?: Based on differences in language use, individuals may automatically form judgments about another person's wealth, education, social status, character, or other traits, which can then lead to discrimination. This phenomenon is often discussed in public debates surrounding localization theories and multiculturalism.

Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.

Answer: True

Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'linguicism' as defined by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas?: Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups that are defined on the basis of language.

The linguistic dominance of English has prevented academia from achieving a more universal, culture-independent perspective, particularly in the social sciences and humanities.

Answer: True

According to linguist Anna Wierzbicka, the linguistic dominance of English has led to academic disciplines being 'locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English,' preventing a more universal, culture-independent perspective.

Related Concepts:

  • What impact has the linguistic dominance of English had on academic disciplines?: The linguistic dominance of English has led to academic disciplines, particularly in the social sciences and humanities, being 'locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English.' According to linguist Anna Wierzbicka, this prevents academia from achieving a more universal, culture-independent perspective.

Racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.

Answer: True

The source states that racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.

Related Concepts:

  • What is racial and ethnic discrimination, and what can it lead to?: Racial and ethnic discrimination involves differentiating individuals based on real or perceived racial and ethnic differences, often leading to various forms of the 'ethnic penalty.' It can also stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior based on presumed shared inheritable qualities.

Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Answer: True

Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Related Concepts:

  • What is regional or geographic discrimination?: Regional or geographic discrimination is a form of discrimination based on the specific region where a person lives or was born. Unlike national discrimination, it is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Under Nazi Germany, Jewish people faced severe religious discrimination, including forced residency in ghettos and systematic torture and killing in concentration camps.

Answer: True

Under Nazi Germany, the Jewish population faced severe religious discrimination, including forced residency in ghettos, mandatory wearing of the Star of David, and systematic torture and killing in concentration and death camps.

Related Concepts:

  • How was religious discrimination manifested against the Jewish population in Nazi Germany?: Between 1933 and 1945, the Jewish population in Germany and much of Europe faced severe religious discrimination under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. This included forced residency in ghettos, mandatory wearing of the Star of David, and systematic torture and killing in concentration and death camps, all based on their Jewish faith, with laws like the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 explicitly deeming them inferior.

Historically, Christian authorities encouraged Jewish people to enter a wide range of professions and own land freely.

Answer: False

Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them, limiting their residency to ghettos, and banning them from owning land.

Related Concepts:

  • What restrictions were historically imposed on Jewish people regarding occupations and residency by Christian authorities?: Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them and pushing them into marginal roles like tax and rent collecting or moneylending. Additionally, their residency was often limited to ghettos, and they were banned from owning land.

In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Answer: True

In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some examples of religious discrimination against non-Muslims in Saudi Arabia and Maldives?: In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina; private non-Muslim religious gatherings may also be raided. In Maldives, non-Muslims are forbidden from openly expressing their religious beliefs, holding public congregations, or involving Maldivians in religious activities, facing potential imprisonment, fines, and deportation.

The institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar includes the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless.

Answer: True

The institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar includes the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the institutionalized religious discrimination faced by the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.: In Myanmar, 600,000 Rohingya Muslims have been forced to become refugees in Bangladesh due to institutionalized religious discrimination embedded in law, policy, and practice. A key example is the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.

Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and can lead to severe violence like sexual harassment and rape.

Answer: True

Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.

Related Concepts:

  • What is sexism, and what are its extreme manifestations?: Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may involve the belief that one sex or gender is inherently superior. Extreme sexism can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.
  • How does gender discrimination relate to gender identity and workplace inequality?: Gender discrimination can encompass sexism and involves discrimination based on an individual's gender identity or perceived gender/sex differences. It is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.

Gender discrimination is primarily defined in terms of individual attitudes and rarely arises from prevailing social or cultural customs.

Answer: False

Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms, not rarely.

Related Concepts:

  • How does gender discrimination relate to gender identity and workplace inequality?: Gender discrimination can encompass sexism and involves discrimination based on an individual's gender identity or perceived gender/sex differences. It is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.

The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in fewer than 50 countries worldwide.

Answer: False

The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in 80 countries worldwide, not fewer than 50.

Related Concepts:

  • What did the ILGA's 2009 report reveal about the legality of homosexuality worldwide?: The ILGA's 2009 report, based on research by Daniel Ottosson, found that out of 80 countries where homosexuality was illegal, five imposed the death penalty for homosexual activity, and two did so in specific regions. This was described as 'State sponsored homophobia,' primarily occurring in Islamic states or regions under Islamic authority.

Ageism is most frequently directed towards which groups?

Answer: Elderly people, adolescents, and children.

Ageism is most often directed towards elderly people, but also towards adolescents and children.

Related Concepts:

  • What is ageism, and towards whom is it most frequently directed?: Ageism, or age discrimination, is discrimination and stereotyping based on a person's age, encompassing beliefs, norms, and values that justify discrimination or subordination. It is most often directed towards elderly people, as well as adolescents and children.

What was a key finding of the University of Kent survey regarding prejudice in the UK?

Answer: Ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice.

A University of Kent survey found that ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK.

Related Concepts:

  • What did a University of Kent survey reveal about age discrimination in the UK?: A survey conducted for the University of Kent in England found that 29% of respondents reported experiencing age discrimination, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination. Social psychology professor Dominic Abrams concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK population.

Approximately how many people are affected by caste discrimination worldwide, and where is it primarily prevalent?

Answer: 250 million people, primarily in parts of Asia and Africa.

Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.

Related Concepts:

  • How prevalent is caste discrimination globally, and in which regions is it most common?: Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide, primarily prevalent in parts of Asia (including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Japan) and some parts of Africa. As of 2011, India alone accounted for 200 million Dalits, historically known as 'untouchables'.

Which of the following best describes class discrimination?

Answer: Discrimination based on social class, involving systemic policies designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

Class discrimination involves individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

Related Concepts:

  • What is class discrimination, and how does it affect social structures?: Class discrimination, or classism, is prejudice or discrimination based on social class, a hierarchical grouping determined by wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network. It encompasses individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

What is a primary consequence of ableism for people with disabilities?

Answer: The creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with disabilities.

Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.

Related Concepts:

  • What is ableism, and what are its consequences for people with disabilities?: Ableism, or disablism, is discrimination against people with disabilities, treating non-disabled individuals as the standard of 'normal living.' This results in the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for 'standard' people, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.

Linguistic discrimination can be based on which of the following characteristics of speech?

Answer: All of the above, including first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.

Linguistic discrimination can be based on a person's first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.

Related Concepts:

  • What is linguistic discrimination, and what characteristics of speech can it be based on?: Linguistic discrimination, also known as glottophobia, linguicism, and languagism, is the unfair treatment of people based on their use of language and the characteristics of their speech. This can include their first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.

According to Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, what does 'linguicism' refer to?

Answer: Ideologies and structures used to legitimize unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.

Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'linguicism' as defined by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas?: Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups that are defined on the basis of language.

In Africa, how has linguistic imperialism historically contributed to linguicism?

Answer: By instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, benefiting the African upper class.

In Africa, linguistic imperialism contributed to linguicism by instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, historically benefiting the African upper class while disadvantaging the majority.

Related Concepts:

  • How does linguistic imperialism contribute to linguicism, particularly in Africa?: Scholars suggest that linguistic imperialism, where speakers of dominant languages discriminate against speakers of less dominant ones, contributes to linguicism. In Africa, European languages introduced during the colonial era are often instituted as the main medium of instruction, historically benefiting the African upper class while disadvantaging the majority.

Which of the following factors can contribute to discrimination based on a person's name?

Answer: Its meaning, pronunciation, uniqueness, gender affiliation, and racial affiliation.

Discrimination based on a person's name can occur due to its meaning, pronunciation, uniqueness, gender affiliation, and racial affiliation.

Related Concepts:

  • What factors contribute to discrimination based on a person's name?: Discrimination based on a person's name can occur due to its meaning, pronunciation, uniqueness, gender affiliation, and racial affiliation. Research indicates that recruiters often focus on a person's name during the initial screening of resumes, which can lead to biased decisions.

Racial and ethnic discrimination often stems from the belief that human groups possess what?

Answer: Distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.

Racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.

Related Concepts:

  • What is racial and ethnic discrimination, and what can it lead to?: Racial and ethnic discrimination involves differentiating individuals based on real or perceived racial and ethnic differences, often leading to various forms of the 'ethnic penalty.' It can also stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior based on presumed shared inheritable qualities.

Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on what?

Answer: Accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Related Concepts:

  • What is regional or geographic discrimination?: Regional or geographic discrimination is a form of discrimination based on the specific region where a person lives or was born. Unlike national discrimination, it is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.

Which of the following was a manifestation of religious discrimination against the Jewish population in Nazi Germany?

Answer: Forced residency in ghettos and mandatory wearing of the Star of David.

Under Nazi Germany, religious discrimination against the Jewish population included forced residency in ghettos and mandatory wearing of the Star of David, among other severe measures.

Related Concepts:

  • How was religious discrimination manifested against the Jewish population in Nazi Germany?: Between 1933 and 1945, the Jewish population in Germany and much of Europe faced severe religious discrimination under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. This included forced residency in ghettos, mandatory wearing of the Star of David, and systematic torture and killing in concentration and death camps, all based on their Jewish faith, with laws like the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 explicitly deeming them inferior.

Historically, Christian authorities imposed which of the following restrictions on Jewish people?

Answer: Closing many professions to them and limiting their residency to ghettos.

Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them and limiting their residency to ghettos, and banning them from owning land.

Related Concepts:

  • What restrictions were historically imposed on Jewish people regarding occupations and residency by Christian authorities?: Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them and pushing them into marginal roles like tax and rent collecting or moneylending. Additionally, their residency was often limited to ghettos, and they were banned from owning land.

In Saudi Arabia, what restriction is placed on non-Muslims regarding their religious practice?

Answer: They are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some examples of religious discrimination against non-Muslims in Saudi Arabia and Maldives?: In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina; private non-Muslim religious gatherings may also be raided. In Maldives, non-Muslims are forbidden from openly expressing their religious beliefs, holding public congregations, or involving Maldivians in religious activities, facing potential imprisonment, fines, and deportation.

What is a key example of institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar?

Answer: The government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless.

A key example of institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar is the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the institutionalized religious discrimination faced by the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.: In Myanmar, 600,000 Rohingya Muslims have been forced to become refugees in Bangladesh due to institutionalized religious discrimination embedded in law, policy, and practice. A key example is the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.

Extreme sexism can lead to which of the following severe forms of violence?

Answer: Sexual harassment and rape.

Extreme sexism can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.

Related Concepts:

  • What is sexism, and what are its extreme manifestations?: Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may involve the belief that one sex or gender is inherently superior. Extreme sexism can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.

Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from what?

Answer: Prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.

Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.

Related Concepts:

  • How does gender discrimination relate to gender identity and workplace inequality?: Gender discrimination can encompass sexism and involves discrimination based on an individual's gender identity or perceived gender/sex differences. It is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.

According to the ILGA's 2009 report, in how many countries was homosexuality illegal, and how many of those imposed the death penalty for homosexual activity?

Answer: 80 countries, with five imposing the death penalty.

The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in 80 countries, with five imposing the death penalty for homosexual activity.

Related Concepts:

  • What did the ILGA's 2009 report reveal about the legality of homosexuality worldwide?: The ILGA's 2009 report, based on research by Daniel Ottosson, found that out of 80 countries where homosexuality was illegal, five imposed the death penalty for homosexual activity, and two did so in specific regions. This was described as 'State sponsored homophobia,' primarily occurring in Islamic states or regions under Islamic authority.

Legal and International Responses to Discrimination

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 1979 defined religious discrimination as the denial of equal protection under the law due to the exercise of religious freedom.

Answer: True

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 1979 defined religious discrimination as the denial of equal protection under the law, equality of status, equal treatment in justice administration, and equality of opportunity and access due to the exercise of religious freedom.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights define religious discrimination in 1979?: In 1979, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights defined religious discrimination as the denial of 'equal protection under the law, equality of status under the law, equal treatment in the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity and access to employment, education, housing, public services and facilities, and public accommodation because of their exercise of their right to religious freedom,' as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

Malta was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute.

Answer: False

South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute, not Malta.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific protections have some jurisdictions implemented for intersex persons?: Intersex persons face discrimination due to their innate, atypical sex characteristics. To address this, South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute. Australia was the first to add 'intersex status' as an independent attribute, and Malta adopted a broader 'sex characteristics' framework, also ending non-consensual modifications to minors' sex characteristics.

The UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex.

Answer: True

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 aimed at in relation to gender and sex?: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.

Australia's key anti-discrimination laws include the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984.

Answer: True

Australia's key anti-discrimination laws include the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, among others.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the key anti-discrimination laws in Australia?: Australia has several key anti-discrimination laws, including the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Age Discrimination Act 2004.

The Canadian Human Rights Act came into effect in 1977.

Answer: True

The Canadian Human Rights Act came into effect in 1977, as stated in the source.

Related Concepts:

  • Which anti-discrimination laws are in place in Canada?: Canada has anti-discrimination laws such as the Ontario Human Rights Code, enacted in 1962, and the Canadian Human Rights Act, which came into effect in 1977.

The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15.

Answer: True

The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the main anti-discrimination provisions in the Constitution of India and the Indian Penal Code?: The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15, and guarantees the right to equality (Article 14) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21). Section 153 A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, criminalizes language promoting discrimination or violence based on various categories.

The Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap.

Answer: True

The Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, among other discriminatory actions.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific actions are prohibited by the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands regarding discrimination?: In the Netherlands, the Wetboek van Strafrecht prohibits several discriminatory actions: Article 137c, part 1, forbids public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine. Article 137d prohibits provoking discrimination or hate. Article 137e, part 1, prohibits publishing discriminatory statements or distributing discriminatory objects. Article 137f prohibits supporting discriminatory activities through money or goods.

The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation.

Answer: True

The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation, as stated in the source.

Related Concepts:

  • Which key anti-discrimination acts are in force in the United Kingdom?: The United Kingdom has several important anti-discrimination acts, including the Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Equality Act 2010, which consolidates and updates previous legislation.

The Fair Housing Act of 1968 in the United States banned discrimination in housing sales or rentals.

Answer: True

The Fair Housing Act of 1968 in the United States banned discrimination in housing sales or rentals, as part of significant anti-discrimination legislation.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the significant anti-discrimination laws in the United States?: In the United States, significant anti-discrimination laws include the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, and the Violence Against Women Act of 1994. Additionally, many states, such as Florida, have their own civil rights laws.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, or religion.

Answer: True

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the purpose of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights concerning discrimination?: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted in 1969 and entered into force in 1965.

Answer: False

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969, not the other way around.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)?: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969. It commits its member states to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms.

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008.

Answer: True

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008, as stated in the source.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities?: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations, adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008. It requires parties to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities, guaranteeing their full equality under the law.

Most countries' anti-discrimination laws typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status.

Answer: True

Anti-discrimination laws in most countries typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status, though the CERD prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality'.

Related Concepts:

  • Are there exemptions for nationality or immigration status in anti-discrimination laws?: Anti-discrimination laws in most countries typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status. However, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality,' even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general.

Which country was the first to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute?

Answer: South Africa

South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific protections have some jurisdictions implemented for intersex persons?: Intersex persons face discrimination due to their innate, atypical sex characteristics. To address this, South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute. Australia was the first to add 'intersex status' as an independent attribute, and Malta adopted a broader 'sex characteristics' framework, also ending non-consensual modifications to minors' sex characteristics.

What is the primary aim of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5?

Answer: To end all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 aimed at in relation to gender and sex?: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.

Which of the following is NOT one of Australia's key anti-discrimination laws mentioned in the source?

Answer: The Human Rights Act 1998.

Australia's key anti-discrimination laws mentioned are the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Age Discrimination Act 2004. The Human Rights Act 1998 is not listed as an Australian law in the source.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the key anti-discrimination laws in Australia?: Australia has several key anti-discrimination laws, including the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Age Discrimination Act 2004.

Which two anti-discrimination laws are specifically mentioned as being in place in Canada?

Answer: The Ontario Human Rights Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act.

The source specifically mentions the Ontario Human Rights Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act as anti-discrimination laws in Canada.

Related Concepts:

  • Which anti-discrimination laws are in place in Canada?: Canada has anti-discrimination laws such as the Ontario Human Rights Code, enacted in 1962, and the Canadian Human Rights Act, which came into effect in 1977.

Under Article 15 of the Constitution of India, discrimination against any citizen is prohibited on which grounds?

Answer: Caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth.

Under Article 15 of the Constitution of India, discrimination against any citizen is prohibited on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the main anti-discrimination provisions in the Constitution of India and the Indian Penal Code?: The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15, and guarantees the right to equality (Article 14) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21). Section 153 A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, criminalizes language promoting discrimination or violence based on various categories.

According to the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands, what is prohibited with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine?

Answer: Public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap.

Article 137c, part 1, of the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific actions are prohibited by the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands regarding discrimination?: In the Netherlands, the Wetboek van Strafrecht prohibits several discriminatory actions: Article 137c, part 1, forbids public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine. Article 137d prohibits provoking discrimination or hate. Article 137e, part 1, prohibits publishing discriminatory statements or distributing discriminatory objects. Article 137f prohibits supporting discriminatory activities through money or goods.

Which UK act consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation?

Answer: The Equality Act 2010.

The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation.

Related Concepts:

  • Which key anti-discrimination acts are in force in the United Kingdom?: The United Kingdom has several important anti-discrimination acts, including the Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Equality Act 2010, which consolidates and updates previous legislation.

Which US law broadly prohibited workplace discrimination?

Answer: The Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 broadly prohibited workplace discrimination in the United States.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the significant anti-discrimination laws in the United States?: In the United States, significant anti-discrimination laws include the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, and the Violence Against Women Act of 1994. Additionally, many states, such as Florida, have their own civil rights laws.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without distinction based on what?

Answer: Race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the purpose of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights concerning discrimination?: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

When was the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) adopted by the United Nations?

Answer: 1965

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted by the United Nations in 1965.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)?: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969. It commits its member states to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as what?

Answer: An international bill of rights for women.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as an international bill of rights for women.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)?: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, often referred to as an international bill of rights for women. It came into force on September 3, 1981, aiming to eliminate discrimination against women.

When was the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities enforced?

Answer: 2008

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities?: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations, adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008. It requires parties to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities, guaranteeing their full equality under the law.

What does the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibit, even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general?

Answer: Discrimination 'against any particular nationality.'

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality,' even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general.

Related Concepts:

  • Are there exemptions for nationality or immigration status in anti-discrimination laws?: Anti-discrimination laws in most countries typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status. However, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality,' even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general.
  • What is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)?: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969. It commits its member states to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms.

Sociopsychological Dimensions and Health Impacts

Rubin and Hewstone identified 'institutional discrimination' as one of their three distinct types of discrimination.

Answer: False

Rubin and Hewstone identified 'realistic competition,' 'social competition,' and 'consensual discrimination' as their three distinct types of discrimination, not 'institutional discrimination'.

Related Concepts:

  • According to Rubin and Hewstone, what are the three distinct types of discrimination?: Rubin and Hewstone distinguish three types of discrimination: 'realistic competition,' driven by self-interest to obtain material resources for the in-group; 'social competition,' driven by the need for self-esteem to achieve positive social status for the in-group relative to out-groups; and 'consensual discrimination,' driven by the need for accuracy and reflecting stable, legitimate intergroup status hierarchies.

In Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.

Answer: True

In Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, it was observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.

Related Concepts:

  • What was a notable finding regarding cooperation in the disadvantaged group during Varoufakis's game theory experiment?: When a cooperation option was introduced into the hawk-dove game, Varoufakis and Hargreaves-Heap observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not. This finding, which classical game theory does not fully explain, led them to hypothesize that a 'fairness' equilibrium, defined by a norm of differing entitlements, emerged within the disadvantaged group.
  • What did Yanis Varoufakis's game theory experiment reveal about the evolution of discrimination?: Economist Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, conducted with Shaun Hargreaves-Heap, showed that discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics (e.g., assigned colors) evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting. Players of one color consistently adopted an aggressive 'hawk' strategy against the other 'disadvantaged' color, who in turn played an acquiescent 'dove' strategy, suggesting that a norm of differing entitlements can emerge between groups.

The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to how discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized groups.

Answer: True

The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.
  • What consistent findings have emerged regarding discrimination and health?: Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, these experiences often lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, a pattern observed across multiple population groups and diverse cultural and national contexts.
  • What framework is used to investigate the influence of discrimination on health outcomes?: A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, including racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as immigrant and indigenous populations. This framework helps understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.

Beyond interpersonal discrimination, only cultural racism contributes to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States.

Answer: False

Beyond interpersonal discrimination, institutional discrimination and cultural racism also contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States, not cultural racism alone.

Related Concepts:

  • Beyond interpersonal interactions, what other forms of discrimination contribute to health disparities?: Beyond interpersonal discrimination, researchers studying discrimination and health in the United States have proposed that institutional discrimination and cultural racism also create conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities. These systemic forms of discrimination embed disadvantages within societal structures.

A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups.

Answer: True

A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, helping to understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.

Related Concepts:

  • What framework is used to investigate the influence of discrimination on health outcomes?: A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, including racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as immigrant and indigenous populations. This framework helps understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.
  • What consistent findings have emerged regarding discrimination and health?: Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, these experiences often lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, a pattern observed across multiple population groups and diverse cultural and national contexts.
  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct types of discrimination identified by Rubin and Hewstone?

Answer: Institutional discrimination.

Rubin and Hewstone identified 'realistic competition,' 'social competition,' and 'consensual discrimination' as their three distinct types of discrimination, not 'institutional discrimination'.

Related Concepts:

  • According to Rubin and Hewstone, what are the three distinct types of discrimination?: Rubin and Hewstone distinguish three types of discrimination: 'realistic competition,' driven by self-interest to obtain material resources for the in-group; 'social competition,' driven by the need for self-esteem to achieve positive social status for the in-group relative to out-groups; and 'consensual discrimination,' driven by the need for accuracy and reflecting stable, legitimate intergroup status hierarchies.

In labeling theory, how does discrimination manifest?

Answer: As the mental categorization of minorities and the application of stereotypes.

In labeling theory, discrimination manifests as the mental categorization of minorities and the application of stereotypes, leading to internal devaluation and social stigma.

Related Concepts:

  • How does labeling theory explain discrimination?: In labeling theory, discrimination manifests as the mental categorization of minorities and the application of stereotypes. This theory posits that perceiving differences as deviance from the norm leads to internal devaluation and social stigma, which are forms of discrimination. Historical examples include the racially discriminatory agendas of the Nazis and the Apartheid government of South Africa.

What did Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment reveal about discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics?

Answer: It evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting.

Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment showed that discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting.

Related Concepts:

  • What did Yanis Varoufakis's game theory experiment reveal about the evolution of discrimination?: Economist Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, conducted with Shaun Hargreaves-Heap, showed that discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics (e.g., assigned colors) evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting. Players of one color consistently adopted an aggressive 'hawk' strategy against the other 'disadvantaged' color, who in turn played an acquiescent 'dove' strategy, suggesting that a norm of differing entitlements can emerge between groups.

In Varoufakis's hawk-dove game experiment, what was a notable finding regarding cooperation within the disadvantaged group?

Answer: Disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other.

In Varoufakis's hawk-dove game experiment, it was observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.

Related Concepts:

  • What was a notable finding regarding cooperation in the disadvantaged group during Varoufakis's game theory experiment?: When a cooperation option was introduced into the hawk-dove game, Varoufakis and Hargreaves-Heap observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not. This finding, which classical game theory does not fully explain, led them to hypothesize that a 'fairness' equilibrium, defined by a norm of differing entitlements, emerged within the disadvantaged group.
  • What did Yanis Varoufakis's game theory experiment reveal about the evolution of discrimination?: Economist Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, conducted with Shaun Hargreaves-Heap, showed that discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics (e.g., assigned colors) evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting. Players of one color consistently adopted an aggressive 'hawk' strategy against the other 'disadvantaged' color, who in turn played an acquiescent 'dove' strategy, suggesting that a norm of differing entitlements can emerge between groups.

What does the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refer to?

Answer: The cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.

The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.
  • What consistent findings have emerged regarding discrimination and health?: Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, these experiences often lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, a pattern observed across multiple population groups and diverse cultural and national contexts.
  • What framework is used to investigate the influence of discrimination on health outcomes?: A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, including racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as immigrant and indigenous populations. This framework helps understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.

Beyond interpersonal discrimination, what other forms of discrimination contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States?

Answer: Institutional discrimination and cultural racism.

Beyond interpersonal discrimination, institutional discrimination and cultural racism also create conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States.

Related Concepts:

  • Beyond interpersonal interactions, what other forms of discrimination contribute to health disparities?: Beyond interpersonal discrimination, researchers studying discrimination and health in the United States have proposed that institutional discrimination and cultural racism also create conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities. These systemic forms of discrimination embed disadvantages within societal structures.
  • What consistent findings have emerged regarding discrimination and health?: Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, these experiences often lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, a pattern observed across multiple population groups and diverse cultural and national contexts.
  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.

What framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups?

Answer: A stress and coping framework.

A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, helping to understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.

Related Concepts:

  • What framework is used to investigate the influence of discrimination on health outcomes?: A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, including racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as immigrant and indigenous populations. This framework helps understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.
  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.
  • Beyond interpersonal interactions, what other forms of discrimination contribute to health disparities?: Beyond interpersonal discrimination, researchers studying discrimination and health in the United States have proposed that institutional discrimination and cultural racism also create conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities. These systemic forms of discrimination embed disadvantages within societal structures.

What consistent finding has emerged from research regarding experiences of discrimination and health?

Answer: Experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions and increased participation in unhealthy behaviors.

Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions and increased participation in unhealthy behaviors across multiple population groups and contexts.

Related Concepts:

  • What consistent findings have emerged regarding discrimination and health?: Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions. Furthermore, these experiences often lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, a pattern observed across multiple population groups and diverse cultural and national contexts.
  • What is the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health'?: The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups, such as racial and sexual minorities. Research in this area expanded in the 1990s, proposing that persistent health disparities could be explained by experiences with discrimination.
  • What framework is used to investigate the influence of discrimination on health outcomes?: A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, including racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as immigrant and indigenous populations. This framework helps understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.

A UK Household Longitudinal Study found that disability discrimination was associated with lower well-being, including which of the following?

Answer: Increased depression, poorer self-rated health, greater psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction.

An analysis of data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study demonstrated that disability discrimination was associated with lower well-being, including increased depression, poorer self-rated health, greater psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction.

Related Concepts:

  • What did a UK Household Longitudinal Study reveal about disability discrimination and well-being?: An analysis of data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study demonstrated a clear link between disability discrimination and well-being. The study found that 13.4% of disabled individuals reported experiencing discrimination, and this discrimination was associated with lower well-being, including increased depression, poorer self-rated health, greater psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction.

Strategies for Combating Discrimination

To combat name-based discrimination, only France has experimented with name-blind resume processes.

Answer: False

While France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during initial screening, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes.

Related Concepts:

  • What measures have some countries taken to address name-based discrimination in hiring?: To combat name-based discrimination, countries like France have made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process for qualified candidates. Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes.

Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant group, favoring a minority group, with the primary purpose of redressing existing social inequalities.

Answer: True

Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, favoring members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group, with the primary purpose of redressing existing social inequalities.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'reverse discrimination,' and what is its intended purpose?: Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, favoring members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Its primary purpose is to redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face, often through preferential policies in areas like college admissions or employment.
  • When did the concept of affirmative action as reverse discrimination become popular?: The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s. This period focused on addressing under-representation and implementing policies to remedy the effects of past discrimination in government and business.
  • The source material shows students in Brazil protesting against racial quotas, with a banner reading 'Quer uma vaga? Passe no vestibular!' (Do you want a spot? Pass the entrance exam!). What does this illustrate?: This illustrates the public debate and controversy surrounding policies like racial quotas in Brazil, which are intended to remedy historical discrimination but are sometimes perceived by others as a form of reverse discrimination, challenging merit-based systems.

The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the late 1990s.

Answer: False

The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s, not the late 1990s.

Related Concepts:

  • When did the concept of affirmative action as reverse discrimination become popular?: The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s. This period focused on addressing under-representation and implementing policies to remedy the effects of past discrimination in government and business.

To combat name-based discrimination in hiring, what measure has France implemented?

Answer: Made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process.

To combat name-based discrimination, France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process for qualified candidates.

Related Concepts:

  • What measures have some countries taken to address name-based discrimination in hiring?: To combat name-based discrimination, countries like France have made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process for qualified candidates. Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes.

What is the primary purpose of 'reverse discrimination'?

Answer: To redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face.

The primary purpose of 'reverse discrimination' is to redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face, often through preferential policies.

Related Concepts:

  • What is 'reverse discrimination,' and what is its intended purpose?: Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, favoring members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Its primary purpose is to redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face, often through preferential policies in areas like college admissions or employment.

When did the concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gain popularity?

Answer: In the early to mid-1970s.

The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s.

Related Concepts:

  • When did the concept of affirmative action as reverse discrimination become popular?: The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s. This period focused on addressing under-representation and implementing policies to remedy the effects of past discrimination in government and business.

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