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Discrimination is generally defined as making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and denial of opportunities.
Answer: True
The source defines discrimination as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges.
The United Nations views discriminatory behaviors as actions that primarily involve inclusion and acceptance, rather than exclusion or rejection.
Answer: False
The United Nations views discriminatory behaviors as actions that invariably involve some form of exclusion or rejection, contrary to inclusion and acceptance.
Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' was commonly associated with negative prejudicial treatment.
Answer: False
Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' generally signified discernment, tact, and culture, not negative prejudicial treatment.
After the American Civil War, the term 'discrimination' in American English evolved to signify prejudicial treatment based on race, and later, more broadly, on membership in any socially undesirable group.
Answer: True
The source states that after the American Civil War, the term 'discrimination' evolved to signify prejudicial treatment based on race, and later, more broadly, on membership in any socially undesirable group or category.
Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts that impose a relative disadvantage on persons based on their membership in a salient social group, even if those individuals still receive some benefit.
Answer: True
Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group, even if those individuals still receive some benefit, as the definition is comparative.
'Discrimination of excellence' is a system designed to strictly uphold meritocracy and formal equality of opportunity.
Answer: False
'Discrimination of excellence' is defined as the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, not a system designed to uphold them.
Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans.
Answer: True
Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.
In a societal context, how is discrimination generally defined?
Answer: The act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment.
Discrimination is generally defined as the act of making prejudicial distinctions between individuals based on their membership in specific groups, leading to unfair treatment and the denial of opportunities or privileges.
Before the American Civil War, what was the general meaning of the term 'discriminate' in English?
Answer: A synonym for discernment, tact, and culture.
Before the American Civil War, the term 'discriminate' generally signified discernment, tact, and culture, indicating a laudable attribute.
According to moral philosophers, what constitutes discrimination?
Answer: Acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group.
Moral philosophers define discrimination as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause 'discrimination of excellence'?
Answer: Strict adherence to meritocracy.
'Discrimination of excellence' is the violation of formal equality of opportunity and meritocracy, meaning strict adherence to meritocracy would prevent it, not cause it.
What do social theories such as egalitarianism assert regarding social equality?
Answer: All individuals should have equal rights and opportunities.
Social theories such as egalitarianism assert that social equality should prevail, meaning that all individuals should have equal rights and opportunities.
Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration to whom?
Answer: Every individual, regardless of their species, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.
Abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism extends the concept of equal consideration by maintaining that the interests of every individual, regardless of their species, warrant the same consideration as the interests of humans, based on the shared capacity to perceive pain or suffering.
Ageism is a form of discrimination that is exclusively directed towards elderly people.
Answer: False
Ageism is most often directed towards elderly people, but also towards adolescents and children, not exclusively elderly people.
A University of Kent survey in the UK found that gender discrimination was reported more frequently than age discrimination.
Answer: False
A University of Kent survey found that ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK.
Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.
Answer: True
The source states that caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.
Discrimination based on nationality or citizenship in employment can manifest through regulations concerning hiring, firing, forced retirement, and differences in compensation.
Answer: True
Discrimination based on nationality or citizenship in employment can manifest through various regulations, including those concerning hiring, firing, forced retirement, and differences in compensation, often linked to immigration status.
Class discrimination, or classism, involves individual attitudes and behaviors but not systemic policies or practices.
Answer: False
Class discrimination involves individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.
Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces designed for 'standard' people, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.
Answer: True
Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.
Linguistic discrimination can be based on characteristics of speech such as first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.
Answer: True
Linguistic discrimination can be based on various characteristics of speech, including first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.
Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.
Answer: True
Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.
The linguistic dominance of English has prevented academia from achieving a more universal, culture-independent perspective, particularly in the social sciences and humanities.
Answer: True
According to linguist Anna Wierzbicka, the linguistic dominance of English has led to academic disciplines being 'locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English,' preventing a more universal, culture-independent perspective.
Racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.
Answer: True
The source states that racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.
Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.
Answer: True
Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.
Under Nazi Germany, Jewish people faced severe religious discrimination, including forced residency in ghettos and systematic torture and killing in concentration camps.
Answer: True
Under Nazi Germany, the Jewish population faced severe religious discrimination, including forced residency in ghettos, mandatory wearing of the Star of David, and systematic torture and killing in concentration and death camps.
Historically, Christian authorities encouraged Jewish people to enter a wide range of professions and own land freely.
Answer: False
Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them, limiting their residency to ghettos, and banning them from owning land.
In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
Answer: True
In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
The institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar includes the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless.
Answer: True
The institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar includes the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.
Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and can lead to severe violence like sexual harassment and rape.
Answer: True
Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender, often linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.
Gender discrimination is primarily defined in terms of individual attitudes and rarely arises from prevailing social or cultural customs.
Answer: False
Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms, not rarely.
The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in fewer than 50 countries worldwide.
Answer: False
The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in 80 countries worldwide, not fewer than 50.
Ageism is most frequently directed towards which groups?
Answer: Elderly people, adolescents, and children.
Ageism is most often directed towards elderly people, but also towards adolescents and children.
What was a key finding of the University of Kent survey regarding prejudice in the UK?
Answer: Ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice.
A University of Kent survey found that ageism was reported by 29% of respondents, a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination, making it the most pervasive form of prejudice in the UK.
Approximately how many people are affected by caste discrimination worldwide, and where is it primarily prevalent?
Answer: 250 million people, primarily in parts of Asia and Africa.
Caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is primarily prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa.
Which of the following best describes class discrimination?
Answer: Discrimination based on social class, involving systemic policies designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.
Class discrimination involves individual attitudes, behaviors, and systemic policies and practices designed to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.
What is a primary consequence of ableism for people with disabilities?
Answer: The creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with disabilities.
Ableism leads to the creation of public and private spaces, services, and workplaces designed for non-disabled individuals, thereby excluding or hindering those with various disabilities.
Linguistic discrimination can be based on which of the following characteristics of speech?
Answer: All of the above, including first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.
Linguistic discrimination can be based on a person's first language, accent, perceived vocabulary size, modality, and syntax.
According to Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, what does 'linguicism' refer to?
Answer: Ideologies and structures used to legitimize unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.
Linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas defined 'linguicism' as ideologies and structures used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources between groups defined on the basis of language.
In Africa, how has linguistic imperialism historically contributed to linguicism?
Answer: By instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, benefiting the African upper class.
In Africa, linguistic imperialism contributed to linguicism by instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, historically benefiting the African upper class while disadvantaging the majority.
Which of the following factors can contribute to discrimination based on a person's name?
Answer: Its meaning, pronunciation, uniqueness, gender affiliation, and racial affiliation.
Discrimination based on a person's name can occur due to its meaning, pronunciation, uniqueness, gender affiliation, and racial affiliation.
Racial and ethnic discrimination often stems from the belief that human groups possess what?
Answer: Distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.
Racial and ethnic discrimination can stem from the belief that human groups possess distinct behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be ranked as inherently superior or inferior.
Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on what?
Answer: Accent, dialect, or cultural differences.
Regional or geographic discrimination is rooted in prejudices against a particular area within one or more countries and is often accompanied by discrimination based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.
Which of the following was a manifestation of religious discrimination against the Jewish population in Nazi Germany?
Answer: Forced residency in ghettos and mandatory wearing of the Star of David.
Under Nazi Germany, religious discrimination against the Jewish population included forced residency in ghettos and mandatory wearing of the Star of David, among other severe measures.
Historically, Christian authorities imposed which of the following restrictions on Jewish people?
Answer: Closing many professions to them and limiting their residency to ghettos.
Historically, Christian authorities imposed restrictions on Jewish people, closing many professions to them and limiting their residency to ghettos, and banning them from owning land.
In Saudi Arabia, what restriction is placed on non-Muslims regarding their religious practice?
Answer: They are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are prohibited from publicly practicing their religions and cannot enter the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
What is a key example of institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar?
Answer: The government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless.
A key example of institutionalized religious discrimination faced by Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar is the government's refusal to grant them citizenship, rendering them stateless and without legal documentation.
Extreme sexism can lead to which of the following severe forms of violence?
Answer: Sexual harassment and rape.
Extreme sexism can lead to severe forms of violence, including sexual harassment and rape.
Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from what?
Answer: Prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.
Gender discrimination is particularly defined in terms of workplace inequality and can arise from prevailing social or cultural customs and norms.
According to the ILGA's 2009 report, in how many countries was homosexuality illegal, and how many of those imposed the death penalty for homosexual activity?
Answer: 80 countries, with five imposing the death penalty.
The ILGA's 2009 report found that homosexuality was illegal in 80 countries, with five imposing the death penalty for homosexual activity.
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 1979 defined religious discrimination as the denial of equal protection under the law due to the exercise of religious freedom.
Answer: True
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 1979 defined religious discrimination as the denial of equal protection under the law, equality of status, equal treatment in justice administration, and equality of opportunity and access due to the exercise of religious freedom.
Malta was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute.
Answer: False
South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute, not Malta.
The UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex.
Answer: True
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.
Australia's key anti-discrimination laws include the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984.
Answer: True
Australia's key anti-discrimination laws include the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, among others.
The Canadian Human Rights Act came into effect in 1977.
Answer: True
The Canadian Human Rights Act came into effect in 1977, as stated in the source.
The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15.
Answer: True
The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth under Article 15.
The Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap.
Answer: True
The Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, among other discriminatory actions.
The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation.
Answer: True
The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation, as stated in the source.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 in the United States banned discrimination in housing sales or rentals.
Answer: True
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 in the United States banned discrimination in housing sales or rentals, as part of significant anti-discrimination legislation.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, or religion.
Answer: True
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted in 1969 and entered into force in 1965.
Answer: False
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969, not the other way around.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008.
Answer: True
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008, as stated in the source.
Most countries' anti-discrimination laws typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status.
Answer: True
Anti-discrimination laws in most countries typically allow for exceptions regarding discrimination based on nationality and immigration status, though the CERD prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality'.
Which country was the first to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute?
Answer: South Africa
South Africa was the first country to explicitly include 'intersex' in legislation as part of the 'sex' attribute.
What is the primary aim of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5?
Answer: To end all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is specifically aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex, promoting equality and empowerment for all women and girls.
Which of the following is NOT one of Australia's key anti-discrimination laws mentioned in the source?
Answer: The Human Rights Act 1998.
Australia's key anti-discrimination laws mentioned are the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Age Discrimination Act 2004. The Human Rights Act 1998 is not listed as an Australian law in the source.
Which two anti-discrimination laws are specifically mentioned as being in place in Canada?
Answer: The Ontario Human Rights Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act.
The source specifically mentions the Ontario Human Rights Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act as anti-discrimination laws in Canada.
Under Article 15 of the Constitution of India, discrimination against any citizen is prohibited on which grounds?
Answer: Caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth.
Under Article 15 of the Constitution of India, discrimination against any citizen is prohibited on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race, or place of birth.
According to the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands, what is prohibited with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine?
Answer: Public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap.
Article 137c, part 1, of the Wetboek van Strafrecht in the Netherlands prohibits public insults towards a group based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or handicap, with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment or a third-category fine.
Which UK act consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation?
Answer: The Equality Act 2010.
The Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom consolidated and updated previous anti-discrimination legislation.
Which US law broadly prohibited workplace discrimination?
Answer: The Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 broadly prohibited workplace discrimination in the United States.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without distinction based on what?
Answer: Race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.
When was the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) adopted by the United Nations?
Answer: 1965
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted by the United Nations in 1965.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as what?
Answer: An international bill of rights for women.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as an international bill of rights for women.
When was the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities enforced?
Answer: 2008
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008.
What does the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibit, even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general?
Answer: Discrimination 'against any particular nationality.'
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) specifically prohibits discrimination 'against any particular nationality,' even if it doesn't forbid discrimination by nationality in general.
Rubin and Hewstone identified 'institutional discrimination' as one of their three distinct types of discrimination.
Answer: False
Rubin and Hewstone identified 'realistic competition,' 'social competition,' and 'consensual discrimination' as their three distinct types of discrimination, not 'institutional discrimination'.
In Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.
Answer: True
In Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment, it was observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.
The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to how discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized groups.
Answer: True
The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.
Beyond interpersonal discrimination, only cultural racism contributes to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States.
Answer: False
Beyond interpersonal discrimination, institutional discrimination and cultural racism also contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States, not cultural racism alone.
A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups.
Answer: True
A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, helping to understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct types of discrimination identified by Rubin and Hewstone?
Answer: Institutional discrimination.
Rubin and Hewstone identified 'realistic competition,' 'social competition,' and 'consensual discrimination' as their three distinct types of discrimination, not 'institutional discrimination'.
In labeling theory, how does discrimination manifest?
Answer: As the mental categorization of minorities and the application of stereotypes.
In labeling theory, discrimination manifests as the mental categorization of minorities and the application of stereotypes, leading to internal devaluation and social stigma.
What did Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment reveal about discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics?
Answer: It evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting.
Yanis Varoufakis's 2002 hawk-dove game experiment showed that discrimination based on arbitrary characteristics evolves quickly and systematically in a laboratory setting.
In Varoufakis's hawk-dove game experiment, what was a notable finding regarding cooperation within the disadvantaged group?
Answer: Disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other.
In Varoufakis's hawk-dove game experiment, it was observed that disadvantaged players typically cooperated with each other, while advantaged players generally did not.
What does the 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refer to?
Answer: The cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.
The 'psychological impact of discrimination on health' refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination negatively affects the mental and physical well-being of marginalized and lower-status groups.
Beyond interpersonal discrimination, what other forms of discrimination contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States?
Answer: Institutional discrimination and cultural racism.
Beyond interpersonal discrimination, institutional discrimination and cultural racism also create conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities in the United States.
What framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups?
Answer: A stress and coping framework.
A stress and coping framework is applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes across various minority groups, helping to understand the mechanisms through which discriminatory experiences impact well-being.
What consistent finding has emerged from research regarding experiences of discrimination and health?
Answer: Experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions and increased participation in unhealthy behaviors.
Research consistently shows that experiences of discrimination are associated with worse physical and mental health conditions and increased participation in unhealthy behaviors across multiple population groups and contexts.
A UK Household Longitudinal Study found that disability discrimination was associated with lower well-being, including which of the following?
Answer: Increased depression, poorer self-rated health, greater psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction.
An analysis of data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study demonstrated that disability discrimination was associated with lower well-being, including increased depression, poorer self-rated health, greater psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction.
To combat name-based discrimination, only France has experimented with name-blind resume processes.
Answer: False
While France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during initial screening, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes.
Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant group, favoring a minority group, with the primary purpose of redressing existing social inequalities.
Answer: True
Reverse discrimination is defined as discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, favoring members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group, with the primary purpose of redressing existing social inequalities.
The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the late 1990s.
Answer: False
The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s, not the late 1990s.
To combat name-based discrimination in hiring, what measure has France implemented?
Answer: Made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process.
To combat name-based discrimination, France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a resume during the initial screening process for qualified candidates.
What is the primary purpose of 'reverse discrimination'?
Answer: To redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face.
The primary purpose of 'reverse discrimination' is to redress existing social inequalities and remove discrimination that minority groups may already face, often through preferential policies.
When did the concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gain popularity?
Answer: In the early to mid-1970s.
The concept of affirmative action being viewed as reverse discrimination gained popularity in the early to mid-1970s.