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Dunhuang: History, Culture, and Geography of a Silk Road Oasis

At a Glance

Title: Dunhuang: History, Culture, and Geography of a Silk Road Oasis

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Geographical Context and Climate: 12 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Ancient History and Early Development (Pre-Han to Tang): 12 flashcards, 14 questions
  • Medieval and Late Imperial History (Post-Tang to Qing): 7 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Cultural Heritage: Mogao Caves and Buddhist Art: 7 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Modern Demographics, Economy, and Infrastructure: 10 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Notable Sites and Environmental Concerns: 8 flashcards, 7 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 56
  • True/False Questions: 33
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 30
  • Total Questions: 63

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about Dunhuang: History, Culture, and Geography of a Silk Road Oasis

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
  • Import & Edit Existing Kit: Load a .json kit file from your computer to continue your work or to modify a kit created by a colleague.
  • Restore Session: The Studio automatically saves your progress in your browser. If you get interrupted, you can restore your unsaved work with one click.

Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
  • Fill in the term/question and the definition/answer.
  • Assign the flashcard to one of your pre-defined topics.
  • To edit or remove a flashcard, simply use the ✏️ (Edit) or ❌ (Delete) icons next to any entry in the list.

✍️ Question Author: Assessing Understanding

Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
  • Choose a Type: True/False for quick checks or Multiple Choice for more complex assessments.
  • To edit an existing question, click the ✏️ icon. You can change the question text, options, correct answer, and explanation at any time.
  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

📝 Worksheet & 📄 Exam Builder

Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

  • A Student Version, clean and ready for quizzing.
  • A Teacher Version, complete with a detailed answer key and the explanations you wrote.

🖨️ Flashcard Printer

Forget wrestling with table layouts in a word processor. Select a topic, choose a cards-per-page layout, and instantly generate perfectly formatted, print-ready flashcard sheets.

Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

  • 💾 Export & Save Kit: This is your primary save function. It downloads the entire Kit (content, images, and all) to your computer as a single .json file. Use this to create permanent backups and share your work with others.
  • ➕ Import & Merge Kit: Combine your work. You can merge a colleague's Kit into your own or combine two of your lessons into a larger review Kit.

You're now ready to reclaim your time.

You're not just a teacher; you're a curriculum designer, and this is your Studio.

This page is an interactive visualization based on the Wikipedia article "Dunhuang" (opens in new tab) and its cited references.

Text content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (opens in new tab). Additional terms may apply.

Disclaimer: This website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute any kind of advice. The information is not a substitute for consulting official sources or records or seeking advice from qualified professionals.


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Study Guide: Dunhuang: History, Culture, and Geography of a Silk Road Oasis

Study Guide: Dunhuang: History, Culture, and Geography of a Silk Road Oasis

Geographical Context and Climate

Dunhuang is located in southeastern Gansu Province.

Answer: False

Dunhuang is a county-level city situated in northwestern Gansu Province, not southeastern.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is Dunhuang located and what is its administrative classification?: Dunhuang is a county-level city situated in northwestern Gansu Province, located in Western China. Administratively, it is part of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan.

The Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park is located in the city's southwest suburbs.

Answer: True

The Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park is indeed located in the southwest suburbs of the city, designed to utilize the region's abundant solar energy.

Related Concepts:

  • What significant energy project is located near Dunhuang?: The Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park, designed to harness the region's abundant solar energy, is located in the southwest suburbs of the city.

Dunhuang's climate is characterized by high annual precipitation and mild winters.

Answer: False

Dunhuang has a cool arid climate with low annual precipitation (44.6 mm) and long, freezing winters, not high precipitation and mild winters.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the climate characteristics of Dunhuang.: Dunhuang experiences a cool arid climate, classified as Köppen BWk. It receives an annual total precipitation of 67 mm (2.64 inches), with most occurring in summer, though it quickly evaporates. Winters are long and freezing, averaging -8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January, while summers are hot, with a July average of 24.6 °C (76.3 °F). The annual mean temperature is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F), and the diurnal temperature variation averages 16.1 °C (29.0 °F) annually. The city is notably sunny, receiving 3,258 hours of bright sunshine per year, with monthly possible sunshine ranging from 69% in March to 82% in October.
  • What is the average monthly and annual precipitation in Dunhuang?: The average monthly precipitation in Dunhuang is: January 1.2 mm (0.05 inches), February 0.5 mm (0.02 inches), March 2.1 mm (0.08 inches), April 3.2 mm (0.13 inches), May 5.7 mm (0.22 inches), June 8.7 mm (0.34 inches), July 11.2 mm (0.44 inches), August 5.9 mm (0.23 inches), September 2.7 mm (0.11 inches), October 0.9 mm (0.04 inches), November 1.1 mm (0.04 inches), and December 1.4 mm (0.06 inches). The average annual precipitation is 44.6 mm (1.76 inches).

Dunhuang is administratively part of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan.

Answer: True

Dunhuang is a county-level city that is administratively part of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan in northwestern Gansu Province.

Related Concepts:

  • Where is Dunhuang located and what is its administrative classification?: Dunhuang is a county-level city situated in northwestern Gansu Province, located in Western China. Administratively, it is part of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan.

Dunhuang's annual mean temperature is approximately 16.1 °C (29.0 °F).

Answer: False

Dunhuang's annual mean temperature is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F). The value 16.1 °C (29.0 °F) refers to the average annual diurnal temperature variation.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the climate characteristics of Dunhuang.: Dunhuang experiences a cool arid climate, classified as Köppen BWk. It receives an annual total precipitation of 67 mm (2.64 inches), with most occurring in summer, though it quickly evaporates. Winters are long and freezing, averaging -8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January, while summers are hot, with a July average of 24.6 °C (76.3 °F). The annual mean temperature is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F), and the diurnal temperature variation averages 16.1 °C (29.0 °F) annually. The city is notably sunny, receiving 3,258 hours of bright sunshine per year, with monthly possible sunshine ranging from 69% in March to 82% in October.

The Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base is one of the nine towns administered by Dunhuang.

Answer: False

The Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base is the sole other township-level division administered by Dunhuang, separate from the nine towns.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the other township-level division administered by Dunhuang?: The Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base is the sole other township-level division administered by the city of Dunhuang, apart from its nine towns.
  • Name some of the towns administered by Dunhuang.: The towns administered by Dunhuang include Qili, Shazhou, Suzhou, Mogao, Zhuanqukou, Yangguan, Yueyaquan, Guojiabu, and Huangqu.

Dunhuang's record low temperature for July is -0.8 °C (30.6 °F).

Answer: False

Dunhuang's record low temperature for July is 10.7 °C (51.3 °F). The temperature -0.8 °C (30.6 °F) is the record low for May.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the record low temperatures for Dunhuang throughout the year, and what is the lowest recorded temperature?: The record low temperatures for Dunhuang by month are: January -25.7 °C (-14.3 °F), February -24.8 °C (-12.6 °F), March -15.7 °C (3.7 °F), April -5.9 °C (21.4 °F), May -0.8 °C (30.6 °F), June 6.1 °C (43.0 °F), July 10.7 °C (51.3 °F), August 6.9 °C (44.4 °F), September -3.3 °C (26.1 °F), October -9.0 °C (15.8 °F), November -19.6 °C (-3.3 °F), and December -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F). The lowest recorded temperature for the year is -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F).

Which of the following natural features are characteristic of the oasis where Dunhuang is located?

Answer: Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan

Dunhuang is situated within an oasis that features Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan, also known as 'Singing-Sand Mountain'.

Related Concepts:

  • What natural features characterize the oasis where Dunhuang is located?: Dunhuang is situated within an oasis that features Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan, which translates to 'Singing-Sand Mountain.' This mountain is named for the unique 'singing sand' phenomenon, referring to the sound produced by wind moving across the dunes.

What is the average annual precipitation in Dunhuang?

Answer: 44.6 mm (1.76 inches)

The average annual precipitation in Dunhuang is 44.6 mm (1.76 inches).

Related Concepts:

  • What is the average monthly and annual precipitation in Dunhuang?: The average monthly precipitation in Dunhuang is: January 1.2 mm (0.05 inches), February 0.5 mm (0.02 inches), March 2.1 mm (0.08 inches), April 3.2 mm (0.13 inches), May 5.7 mm (0.22 inches), June 8.7 mm (0.34 inches), July 11.2 mm (0.44 inches), August 5.9 mm (0.23 inches), September 2.7 mm (0.11 inches), October 0.9 mm (0.04 inches), November 1.1 mm (0.04 inches), and December 1.4 mm (0.06 inches). The average annual precipitation is 44.6 mm (1.76 inches).

What is the highest recorded temperature for Dunhuang?

Answer: 43.1 °C (109.6 °F)

The highest recorded temperature for Dunhuang is 43.1 °C (109.6 °F), recorded in July.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the record high temperatures for Dunhuang across the year, and what is the overall record high?: Dunhuang's record high temperatures by month are: January 12.0 °C (53.6 °F), February 18.0 °C (64.4 °F), March 27.8 °C (82.0 °F), April 35.6 °C (96.1 °F), May 38.2 °C (100.8 °F), June 40.7 °C (105.3 °F), July 43.1 °C (109.6 °F), August 40.9 °C (105.6 °F), September 36.4 °C (97.5 °F), October 30.9 °C (87.6 °F), November 20.3 °C (68.5 °F), and December 11.0 °C (51.8 °F). The overall record high temperature for the year is 43.1 °C (109.6 °F).

Which of the following is *not* one of the nine towns administered by Dunhuang as of 2020?

Answer: Yangjiaqiao

Yangjiaqiao was a former township from which Yueyaquan was established in 2011, and is not listed among the nine towns administered by Dunhuang as of 2020.

Related Concepts:

  • Name some of the towns administered by Dunhuang.: The towns administered by Dunhuang include Qili, Shazhou, Suzhou, Mogao, Zhuanqukou, Yangguan, Yueyaquan, Guojiabu, and Huangqu.
  • What changes occurred in Dunhuang's administrative divisions historically?: Historically, Guojiabu and Huangqu were administered as townships prior to 2015. Before 2019, Guoying Dunhuang Farm also functioned as a township-level division. In 2011, Yueyaquan was established, formed from the former Yangjiaqiao Township.

What is the lowest recorded temperature for Dunhuang?

Answer: -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F)

The lowest recorded temperature for Dunhuang is -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F), recorded in December.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the record low temperatures for Dunhuang throughout the year, and what is the lowest recorded temperature?: The record low temperatures for Dunhuang by month are: January -25.7 °C (-14.3 °F), February -24.8 °C (-12.6 °F), March -15.7 °C (3.7 °F), April -5.9 °C (21.4 °F), May -0.8 °C (30.6 °F), June 6.1 °C (43.0 °F), July 10.7 °C (51.3 °F), August 6.9 °C (44.4 °F), September -3.3 °C (26.1 °F), October -9.0 °C (15.8 °F), November -19.6 °C (-3.3 °F), and December -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F). The lowest recorded temperature for the year is -30.5 °C (-22.9 °F).

Ancient History and Early Development (Pre-Han to Tang)

The ancient Greek name Throana, used by Ptolemy for Dunhuang, is believed to have an Iranian origin suggesting a 'fortress for tax collecting.'

Answer: True

Ptolemy's Geography referred to Dunhuang as Throana, which Mair (1977) suggests derives from the Iranian term Druvana, meaning 'fortress for tax collecting.'

Related Concepts:

  • What ancient Greek name did Ptolemy's Geography use for Dunhuang, and what is its possible Iranian origin?: Ptolemy's c. 150 Geography referred to Dunhuang by the Greek name Throana. Mair (1977) suggests this name may derive from the Iranian term Druvana, potentially meaning 'fortress for tax collecting,' indicating its historical function as a frontier outpost.

Dunhuang's strategic importance on ancient trade routes was due to its location at the intersection of the Southern Silk Route and a main road connecting India to Mongolia.

Answer: True

Dunhuang was strategically located at the intersection of the Southern Silk Route and a main road connecting India to Mongolia, and later served as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Related Concepts:

  • Why was Dunhuang considered a strategically important location on the ancient trade routes?: Dunhuang held a strategic position because it was located at the intersection of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road connecting India (via Lhasa) to Mongolia and southern Siberia. Furthermore, it controlled access to the narrow Hexi Corridor, a vital passage leading directly to the northern Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an) and Luoyang.
  • What was Dunhuang's importance during the Sui and Tang dynasties regarding global communication and trade?: During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, Dunhuang functioned as the primary communication link between ancient China and the rest of the world. It was a major commercial hub on the Silk Road, uniquely serving as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes: north, central, and south.

The name 'Dunhuang' was interpreted by McGraw-Hill in 1963 as 'honest + shining'.

Answer: True

In 1963, McGraw-Hill indeed offered a simplified interpretation of 'Dunhuang' as 'honest + shining'.

Related Concepts:

  • What simplified meaning of Dunhuang was offered by McGraw-Hill in 1963?: In 1963, McGraw-Hill provided a simplified interpretation of Dunhuang as meaning 'honest + shining,' offering a concise understanding of the name's components.

The Xiongnu dominated the Dunhuang area after Emperor Wu defeated them in 121 BC.

Answer: False

The Xiongnu dominated the Dunhuang area *before* Emperor Wu defeated them in 121 BC, after which it came under Chinese rule.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Dunhuang come under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty?: By the 3rd century BC, the Xiongnu dominated the Dunhuang area. However, it came under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty after Emperor Wu defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC, expanding Chinese influence westward.

Dunhuang served as the primary communication link between ancient China and the rest of the world during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Answer: True

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Dunhuang indeed functioned as the primary communication link between ancient China and the rest of the world, serving as a major commercial hub and intersection point for all three main Silk Routes.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's importance during the Sui and Tang dynasties regarding global communication and trade?: During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, Dunhuang functioned as the primary communication link between ancient China and the rest of the world. It was a major commercial hub on the Silk Road, uniquely serving as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes: north, central, and south.

The Dunhuang Commandery was likely established shortly after 104 BC, holding military importance.

Answer: True

The Dunhuang Commandery was likely established shortly after 104 BC, serving as a crucial frontier garrison town with significant military importance.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's role and significance during the Han dynasty, particularly regarding its name and military function?: During the Han dynasty, Dunhuang was one of four crucial frontier garrison towns, alongside Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Wuwei. The Chinese constructed fortifications and sent settlers to the area, and its name, 'Blazing Beacon,' referred to the warning beacons used against nomadic attacks. Dunhuang Commandery was likely established shortly after 104 BC, holding military importance due to its location at the western end of the Hexi Corridor and near the junction of the Northern and Southern Silk Roads.

The Dayuezhi, Wusun, and Saizhong peoples inhabited Dunhuang during the Warring States period.

Answer: True

During the Warring States period, Dunhuang was indeed inhabited by the Dayuezhi, Wusun, and Saizhong (Scythians) peoples.

Related Concepts:

  • Which groups inhabited Dunhuang during the Warring States period, and what significant demographic shift occurred?: During the Warring States period, Dunhuang was inhabited by the Dayuezhi, Wusun, and Saizhong (Chinese name for Scythians) peoples. A significant demographic shift occurred when the Dayuezhi grew stronger and absorbed the Qiang tribes.

What was the proposed Iranian origin for Ptolemy's Greek name 'Throana' for Dunhuang?

Answer: 'Fortress for tax collecting'

Mair (1977) suggests that Ptolemy's Greek name 'Throana' for Dunhuang may derive from the Iranian term Druvana, potentially meaning 'fortress for tax collecting'.

Related Concepts:

  • What ancient Greek name did Ptolemy's Geography use for Dunhuang, and what is its possible Iranian origin?: Ptolemy's c. 150 Geography referred to Dunhuang by the Greek name Throana. Mair (1977) suggests this name may derive from the Iranian term Druvana, potentially meaning 'fortress for tax collecting,' indicating its historical function as a frontier outpost.

Which ancient people are possibly associated with habitation in the Dunhuang area as early as 2,000 BC?

Answer: Qiang people

Evidence suggests habitation in the Dunhuang area as early as 2,000 BC, possibly by the Qiang people.

Related Concepts:

  • What early historical evidence exists for habitation in the Dunhuang area, and which ancient peoples are associated with it?: Evidence suggests habitation in the Dunhuang area as early as 2,000 BC, possibly by the Qiang people. The region was part of ancient Guazhou, known for its melon production, and was also mentioned in connection with the homeland of the Yuezhi. Archaeologist Lin Meicun proposed that 'Dunhuan' might be a Chinese name for the Tukhara, a Central Asian group believed to be an offshoot of the Yuezhi.

How did Dunhuang come under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty?

Answer: After Emperor Wu defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC.

Dunhuang came under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty after Emperor Wu defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Dunhuang come under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty?: By the 3rd century BC, the Xiongnu dominated the Dunhuang area. However, it came under Chinese rule during the Han dynasty after Emperor Wu defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC, expanding Chinese influence westward.

By the 2nd century AD, what was the approximate population of Dunhuang?

Answer: Exceeding 76,000 people

By the 2nd century AD, Dunhuang had a population exceeding 76,000 people.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the scale of Dunhuang's development and its role for Silk Road caravans by the 2nd century AD?: By the 2nd century AD, Dunhuang had a population exceeding 76,000 people. The Great Wall was extended to the city, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched into the desert. It served as a vital supply base for caravans on the Silk Road, offering water and food for those departing and signifying safety and comfort for those arriving from the west. The first Buddhist caves in the area were carved in 353 AD.

What was Dunhuang's unique role during the Sui and Tang dynasties regarding the Silk Road?

Answer: It served as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Dunhuang uniquely served as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes: north, central, and south.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's importance during the Sui and Tang dynasties regarding global communication and trade?: During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, Dunhuang functioned as the primary communication link between ancient China and the rest of the world. It was a major commercial hub on the Silk Road, uniquely serving as the intersection point for all three main Silk Routes: north, central, and south.

Which of the following is a historical alternative name for Dunhuang and its surrounding region, meaning 'prefecture of sand'?

Answer: Shazhou

Historically, Dunhuang and its surrounding region were known as Shazhou, meaning 'prefecture of sand'.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the historical alternative names for Dunhuang, and how are they used in the modern era?: Historically, Dunhuang and its surrounding region were also known as Shazhou, meaning 'prefecture of sand,' and Guazhou, meaning 'prefecture of melons.' In the modern era, Shazhou town serves as Dunhuang's seat of government, while Guazhou County is a neighboring administrative division.

What was the primary purpose of the warning beacons associated with Dunhuang's Han dynasty name 'Blazing Beacon'?

Answer: To warn against nomadic attacks

During the Han dynasty, Dunhuang's name 'Blazing Beacon' referred to the warning beacons used against nomadic attacks.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's role and significance during the Han dynasty, particularly regarding its name and military function?: During the Han dynasty, Dunhuang was one of four crucial frontier garrison towns, alongside Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Wuwei. The Chinese constructed fortifications and sent settlers to the area, and its name, 'Blazing Beacon,' referred to the warning beacons used against nomadic attacks. Dunhuang Commandery was likely established shortly after 104 BC, holding military importance due to its location at the western end of the Hexi Corridor and near the junction of the Northern and Southern Silk Roads.

Medieval and Late Imperial History (Post-Tang to Qing)

During the Guiyi Circuit era, Sogdians in Dunhuang were notable for writing their Chinese documents vertically from right to left.

Answer: False

During the Guiyi Circuit era, Sogdians in Dunhuang notably wrote their Chinese documents horizontally from left to right, which was a departure from the typical vertical, right-to-left Chinese writing style.

Related Concepts:

  • What cultural characteristics defined Dunhuang during the Guiyi Circuit era?: From 848 to about 1036, during the Guiyi Circuit era, Dunhuang was a multicultural entrepot, hosting one of China's largest Sogdian communities after the An Lushan Rebellion. These Sogdians were somewhat Sinified, bilingual in Chinese and Sogdian, and notably wrote their documents using Chinese characters horizontally from left to right, a departure from the typical vertical, right-to-left Chinese writing style of the time.

The Ming dynasty saw Dunhuang flourish as China prioritized the Silk Road for international trade.

Answer: False

During the Ming dynasty, Dunhuang experienced a significant decline because China shifted its focus to sea trade routes and officially abandoned the Silk Road.

Related Concepts:

  • What led to Dunhuang's decline during the Ming dynasty?: During the Ming dynasty, Dunhuang experienced a significant decline because China shifted its focus to sea trade routes, becoming a major sea power and officially abandoning the Silk Road. The city was also occupied by Tibetans around 1516 and came under the influence of the Chagatai Khanate in the early 16th century.

Dunhuang was retaken by China during the Yuan dynasty.

Answer: False

Dunhuang was conquered by the Mongols in 1227 and became part of the Yuan dynasty. It was later retaken by China around 1715 during the Qing dynasty, not the Yuan.

Related Concepts:

  • When and by whom was Dunhuang conquered during the Yuan dynasty?: Dunhuang was conquered by the Mongols in 1227 and subsequently became part of the Mongol Empire following Kublai Khan's conquest of China under the Yuan dynasty.
  • When was Dunhuang retaken by China, and when was the present-day city established?: Dunhuang was retaken by China around 1715 during the Qing dynasty. The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725, located to the east of the original ruined city.
  • What happened to Dunhuang during the Song dynasty?: During the Song dynasty, Dunhuang fell outside of Chinese borders. In 1036, the Tanguts, who founded the Western Xia dynasty, captured the city, marking a period of non-Chinese rule.

The Western Liang dynasty was established in Dunhuang in 400 AD by Li Gao.

Answer: True

Li Gao established the Western Liang dynasty in Dunhuang in 400 AD during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's political status during the Sixteen Kingdoms period?: During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Li Gao established the Western Liang dynasty in Dunhuang in 400 AD. The capital was later moved from Dunhuang to Jiuquan in 405, and the Western Liang was eventually conquered by the Northern Liang in 421.

The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725 to the west of the original ruined city.

Answer: False

The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725 to the *east* of the original ruined city, not to the west.

Related Concepts:

  • When was Dunhuang retaken by China, and when was the present-day city established?: Dunhuang was retaken by China around 1715 during the Qing dynasty. The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725, located to the east of the original ruined city.

Who established the Western Liang dynasty in Dunhuang in 400 AD?

Answer: Li Gao

Li Gao established the Western Liang dynasty in Dunhuang in 400 AD.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's political status during the Sixteen Kingdoms period?: During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Li Gao established the Western Liang dynasty in Dunhuang in 400 AD. The capital was later moved from Dunhuang to Jiuquan in 405, and the Western Liang was eventually conquered by the Northern Liang in 421.

What happened to Dunhuang during the Song dynasty?

Answer: It was captured by the Tanguts, who founded the Western Xia dynasty.

During the Song dynasty, Dunhuang was captured by the Tanguts in 1036, who subsequently founded the Western Xia dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What happened to Dunhuang during the Song dynasty?: During the Song dynasty, Dunhuang fell outside of Chinese borders. In 1036, the Tanguts, who founded the Western Xia dynasty, captured the city, marking a period of non-Chinese rule.

What was a notable characteristic of Sogdians in Dunhuang during the Guiyi Circuit era?

Answer: They wrote Chinese documents horizontally from left to right.

During the Guiyi Circuit era, Sogdians in Dunhuang were notable for writing their Chinese documents horizontally from left to right, a unique practice for the time.

Related Concepts:

  • What cultural characteristics defined Dunhuang during the Guiyi Circuit era?: From 848 to about 1036, during the Guiyi Circuit era, Dunhuang was a multicultural entrepot, hosting one of China's largest Sogdian communities after the An Lushan Rebellion. These Sogdians were somewhat Sinified, bilingual in Chinese and Sogdian, and notably wrote their documents using Chinese characters horizontally from left to right, a departure from the typical vertical, right-to-left Chinese writing style of the time.

When was Dunhuang conquered by the Mongols?

Answer: 1227

Dunhuang was conquered by the Mongols in 1227, subsequently becoming part of the Mongol Empire under the Yuan dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • When and by whom was Dunhuang conquered during the Yuan dynasty?: Dunhuang was conquered by the Mongols in 1227 and subsequently became part of the Mongol Empire following Kublai Khan's conquest of China under the Yuan dynasty.

What was a primary reason for Dunhuang's decline during the Ming dynasty?

Answer: China's shift to sea trade routes and abandonment of the Silk Road.

Dunhuang's decline during the Ming dynasty was primarily due to China's strategic shift to sea trade routes and the official abandonment of the Silk Road.

Related Concepts:

  • What led to Dunhuang's decline during the Ming dynasty?: During the Ming dynasty, Dunhuang experienced a significant decline because China shifted its focus to sea trade routes, becoming a major sea power and officially abandoning the Silk Road. The city was also occupied by Tibetans around 1516 and came under the influence of the Chagatai Khanate in the early 16th century.

When was the present-day city of Dunhuang established?

Answer: 1725

The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725, after China retook the area during the Qing dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • When was Dunhuang retaken by China, and when was the present-day city established?: Dunhuang was retaken by China around 1715 during the Qing dynasty. The present-day city of Dunhuang was established in 1725, located to the east of the original ruined city.

Which dynasty saw Dunhuang fall outside of Chinese borders and captured by the Tanguts?

Answer: Song Dynasty

During the Song dynasty, Dunhuang fell outside of Chinese borders and was captured by the Tanguts in 1036.

Related Concepts:

  • What happened to Dunhuang during the Song dynasty?: During the Song dynasty, Dunhuang fell outside of Chinese borders. In 1036, the Tanguts, who founded the Western Xia dynasty, captured the city, marking a period of non-Chinese rule.

Cultural Heritage: Mogao Caves and Buddhist Art

Dunhuang is primarily known today for its extensive coal mining operations.

Answer: False

Dunhuang is primarily known in the modern era for the nearby Mogao Caves and as a significant tourist attraction, not for coal mining operations.

Related Concepts:

  • What historical role did Dunhuang play, and what is it best known for today?: Historically, Dunhuang, also known as Sachu, served as a significant stop on the ancient Silk Road. In the modern era, it is primarily recognized for the nearby Mogao Caves, a renowned Buddhist cave complex.
  • What are some notable developments and current issues for Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China era?: In the People's Republic of China era, Dunhuang was elevated to a county-level city in 1988 and became a sister city with Turpan in 1995. It is now a significant tourist attraction and the site of an ongoing archaeological project, with the International Dunhuang Project digitizing many retrieved manuscripts and artifacts. A current environmental concern is the spreading Kumtag Desert, which has reached the city's edges due to long-standing overgrazing. In 2011, satellite images showing large structures in the nearby desert generated media attention.

The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were carved during the Sui dynasty.

Answer: False

The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were carved in 353 AD, well before the Sui dynasty (581–618).

Related Concepts:

  • What was the scale of Dunhuang's development and its role for Silk Road caravans by the 2nd century AD?: By the 2nd century AD, Dunhuang had a population exceeding 76,000 people. The Great Wall was extended to the city, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched into the desert. It served as a vital supply base for caravans on the Silk Road, offering water and food for those departing and signifying safety and comfort for those arriving from the west. The first Buddhist caves in the area were carved in 353 AD.
  • How did Buddhism and other religions manifest in Dunhuang during the Sui and Tang dynasties?: During the Sui and Tang dynasties, a significant Buddhist community developed in Dunhuang, following the arrival of early Buddhist monks in China by the 1st century. The caves initially carved for meditation evolved into a major site for worship and pilgrimage, known as the Mogao Caves or 'Caves of a Thousand Buddhas.' The discovery of Christian, Jewish, and Manichaean artifacts in these caves also attests to the diverse religious and cultural exchanges facilitated by the Silk Road.

The Mogao Caves are also known as the Dunhuang Grottoes.

Answer: True

The Mogao Caves are indeed also known as the Dunhuang Grottoes, a name that emphasizes their carved nature.

Related Concepts:

  • By what other name are the Mogao Caves known?: The Mogao Caves are also known as the Dunhuang Grottoes, emphasizing their carved nature and location.

The Dunhuang manuscripts found in the Mogao Caves included excerpts from a Christian Bible.

Answer: True

The Dunhuang manuscripts, a hoard of texts discovered in the Mogao Caves, included excerpts from a Christian Bible.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the key features and discoveries of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang?: The Mogao Caves, located 25 km (16 miles) southeast of Dunhuang, comprise 735 caves renowned for their Buddhist art, including murals and numerous Buddhist statues. They are also famous for the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts, a hoard of texts found hidden in a sealed cave, which even included excerpts from a Christian Bible dating to the Yuan dynasty.

What is Dunhuang primarily known for in the modern era?

Answer: The nearby Mogao Caves

In the modern era, Dunhuang is primarily recognized for the nearby Mogao Caves, a renowned Buddhist cave complex.

Related Concepts:

  • What historical role did Dunhuang play, and what is it best known for today?: Historically, Dunhuang, also known as Sachu, served as a significant stop on the ancient Silk Road. In the modern era, it is primarily recognized for the nearby Mogao Caves, a renowned Buddhist cave complex.

How many caves comprise the Mogao Caves complex?

Answer: 735

The Mogao Caves complex is comprised of 735 caves, renowned for their Buddhist art.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the key features and discoveries of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang?: The Mogao Caves, located 25 km (16 miles) southeast of Dunhuang, comprise 735 caves renowned for their Buddhist art, including murals and numerous Buddhist statues. They are also famous for the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts, a hoard of texts found hidden in a sealed cave, which even included excerpts from a Christian Bible dating to the Yuan dynasty.

Which of the following is *not* listed as another Buddhist cave site in the Dunhuang region?

Answer: Longmen Grottoes

The Western Thousand Buddha Caves, Eastern Thousands Buddha Caves, and Yulin Caves are listed as other Buddhist cave sites in the Dunhuang region. The Longmen Grottoes are not mentioned in this context.

Related Concepts:

  • Besides Mogao, what other Buddhist cave sites are found in the Dunhuang region?: In addition to the Mogao Caves, the Dunhuang region features several smaller Buddhist cave sites, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, the Eastern Thousands Buddha Caves, and the Five Temple site. The Yulin Caves are situated further east in Guazhou County.

What cultural artwork, inspired by the Mogao Caves, is found as a sculpture in Dunhuang?

Answer: An Apsara playing the pipa behind her back

A sculpture in Dunhuang depicts an Apsara playing the pipa behind her back, an artwork inspired by a mural found in the Mogao Caves.

Related Concepts:

  • What cultural artwork, inspired by the Mogao Caves, is found in Dunhuang?: A sculpture in Dunhuang depicts an Apsara playing the pipa behind her back, an artwork inspired by a mural found in the Mogao Caves, showcasing the enduring artistic legacy of the region.

Modern Demographics, Economy, and Infrastructure

Dunhuang's population in 2019 was estimated to be less than its population recorded in the 2010 Chinese census.

Answer: False

Dunhuang's population was 186,027 in the 2010 census, and estimated to be approximately 191,800 in 2019, indicating an increase, not a decrease.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the population of Dunhuang according to the 2010 Chinese census and 2019 estimates?: According to the 2010 Chinese census, Dunhuang had a population of 186,027. By 2019, estimates placed the city's population at approximately 191,800.
  • What were Dunhuang's demographic statistics in 2019 regarding population, urbanization, and vital rates?: In 2019, Dunhuang had an estimated population of 191,800, with an urbanization rate of 69.45%. The city's birth rate was 9.87‰, its death rate was 5.69‰, resulting in a natural increase rate of 3.15‰.

The Dunhuang railway, also known as the Liudun Railway, was completed in 2019.

Answer: False

The Dunhuang railway (Liudun Railway) was constructed between 2004 and 2006. An *extension* of this railway was completed in 2019.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the railway connections available in Dunhuang.: Dunhuang is connected by the Dunhuang railway, also known as the Liudun Railway, which was constructed between 2004 and 2006. This line links Dunhuang to Liugou Station on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway, offering regular overnight passenger services to cities like Lanzhou and Xi'an. Dunhuang Station itself is located northeast of the town, close to the airport.
  • What recent extension has been made to the Dunhuang railway?: The railway from Dunhuang has been extended south into Qinghai province, establishing connections to Subei, Mahai, and Yinmaxia (near Golmud) on the Qingzang railway. The central section of this extension was completed and opened on December 18, 2019, enhancing regional connectivity.

The population of Dunhuang is predominantly composed of various ethnic minorities, with Han Chinese forming a small percentage.

Answer: False

The population of Dunhuang is predominantly Han Chinese, comprising 97.8% of residents, with ethnic minorities forming a smaller percentage.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the ethnic composition of Dunhuang's population?: The population of Dunhuang is predominantly Han Chinese, comprising 97.8% of residents. The remaining 2.2% consists of 27 ethnic minorities, including groups such as Hui, Mongol, Tibetan, Uyghur, Miao, Manchu, Monguor, Kazakh, Dongxiang, and Yugur, reflecting the region's historical role as a crossroads.

In 2019, the tertiary sector contributed the least to Dunhuang's GDP compared to the primary and secondary sectors.

Answer: False

In 2019, the tertiary sector contributed the most to Dunhuang's GDP (¥5.312 billion), significantly more than the primary (¥0.994 billion) and secondary (¥1.872 billion) sectors.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Dunhuang's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the contribution of its economic sectors in 2019?: In 2019, Dunhuang's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was ¥8.178 billion. The primary sector contributed ¥0.994 billion, the secondary sector contributed ¥1.872 billion, and the tertiary sector accounted for ¥5.312 billion.

The Dunhuang Mogao International Airport provides both road and air travel connections.

Answer: False

The Dunhuang Mogao International Airport provides air travel connections, while China National Highway 215 provides road travel connections.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the main transportation links serving Dunhuang?: Dunhuang is served by China National Highway 215 and the Dunhuang Mogao International Airport, providing both road and air travel connections for residents and tourists.
  • What is the name of the airport serving Dunhuang?: The airport serving the city is named Dunhuang Mogao International Airport, facilitating air travel to and from the region.

According to the 2010 Chinese census, what was the population of Dunhuang?

Answer: 186,027

According to the 2010 Chinese census, Dunhuang had a population of 186,027.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the population of Dunhuang according to the 2010 Chinese census and 2019 estimates?: According to the 2010 Chinese census, Dunhuang had a population of 186,027. By 2019, estimates placed the city's population at approximately 191,800.

What was Dunhuang's urbanization rate in 2019?

Answer: 69.45%

In 2019, Dunhuang had an urbanization rate of 69.45%.

Related Concepts:

  • What were Dunhuang's demographic statistics in 2019 regarding population, urbanization, and vital rates?: In 2019, Dunhuang had an estimated population of 191,800, with an urbanization rate of 69.45%. The city's birth rate was 9.87‰, its death rate was 5.69‰, resulting in a natural increase rate of 3.15‰.

What was the annual per capita disposable income for urban residents in Dunhuang in 2019?

Answer: ¥36,215

In 2019, the annual per capita disposable income for urban residents in Dunhuang was ¥36,215.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the annual per capita disposable income for urban and rural residents in Dunhuang in 2019?: In 2019, the annual per capita disposable income for urban residents in Dunhuang was ¥36,215, while for rural residents, it was ¥18,852.

What is the name of the railway connecting Dunhuang to Liugou Station on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway?

Answer: Liudun Railway

The railway connecting Dunhuang to Liugou Station on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway is known as the Dunhuang railway or Liudun Railway.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the railway connections available in Dunhuang.: Dunhuang is connected by the Dunhuang railway, also known as the Liudun Railway, which was constructed between 2004 and 2006. This line links Dunhuang to Liugou Station on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway, offering regular overnight passenger services to cities like Lanzhou and Xi'an. Dunhuang Station itself is located northeast of the town, close to the airport.

What was the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Dunhuang in 2020?

Answer: ¥7.778 billion

In 2020, Dunhuang's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was ¥7.778 billion.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Dunhuang's economy perform in 2020, in terms of GDP and sector contributions?: In 2020, Dunhuang's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was ¥7.778 billion. The primary sector contributed ¥1.082 billion, the secondary sector contributed ¥1.752 billion, and the tertiary sector contributed ¥4.943 billion.

Notable Sites and Environmental Concerns

The Dunhuang Night Market is primarily a wholesale market for agricultural products.

Answer: False

The Dunhuang Night Market is popular with tourists and offers a variety of souvenir items, not primarily agricultural products.

Related Concepts:

  • What can visitors expect at the Dunhuang Night Market?: The Dunhuang Night Market, held on Dong Dajie in the city center, is popular with tourists during the summer months. It offers a variety of souvenir items such as jade, jewelry, scrolls, hangings, small sculptures, leather puppets, coins, Tibetan horns, and Buddha statues. Members of China's ethnic minorities often conduct business there, and a Central Asian dessert made with nuts and dried fruit is also sold.

The spreading Kumtag Desert is an environmental concern for Dunhuang, exacerbated by overgrazing.

Answer: True

The spreading Kumtag Desert, exacerbated by long-standing overgrazing, is a current environmental concern for Dunhuang, having reached the city's edges.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some notable developments and current issues for Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China era?: In the People's Republic of China era, Dunhuang was elevated to a county-level city in 1988 and became a sister city with Turpan in 1995. It is now a significant tourist attraction and the site of an ongoing archaeological project, with the International Dunhuang Project digitizing many retrieved manuscripts and artifacts. A current environmental concern is the spreading Kumtag Desert, which has reached the city's edges due to long-standing overgrazing. In 2011, satellite images showing large structures in the nearby desert generated media attention.

The Yumen Pass, a notable historical site near Dunhuang, was built in 111 AD.

Answer: False

The Yumen Pass, a significant historical site near Dunhuang, was built in 111 BC, not 111 AD.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some of the notable historical and natural sites in and around Dunhuang?: Notable historical and natural sites in and around Dunhuang include Crescent Lake, the Singing Sand Dunes, the Yumen Pass (built in 111 BC and located 90 km northwest in the Gobi desert), the Yang Pass, the White Horse Pagoda, and the Dunhuang Limes.

The Dunhuang Limes is a significant historical fortress mentioned in the source.

Answer: True

The Dunhuang Limes is listed as one of the notable historical sites in and around Dunhuang.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some of the notable historical and natural sites in and around Dunhuang?: Notable historical and natural sites in and around Dunhuang include Crescent Lake, the Singing Sand Dunes, the Yumen Pass (built in 111 BC and located 90 km northwest in the Gobi desert), the Yang Pass, the White Horse Pagoda, and the Dunhuang Limes.

The International Dunhuang Project is focused on digitizing retrieved manuscripts and artifacts.

Answer: True

The International Dunhuang Project is an ongoing archaeological project focused on digitizing retrieved manuscripts and artifacts from the region.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some notable developments and current issues for Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China era?: In the People's Republic of China era, Dunhuang was elevated to a county-level city in 1988 and became a sister city with Turpan in 1995. It is now a significant tourist attraction and the site of an ongoing archaeological project, with the International Dunhuang Project digitizing many retrieved manuscripts and artifacts. A current environmental concern is the spreading Kumtag Desert, which has reached the city's edges due to long-standing overgrazing. In 2011, satellite images showing large structures in the nearby desert generated media attention.

What is a current environmental concern affecting Dunhuang?

Answer: The spreading Kumtag Desert due to overgrazing.

A current environmental concern for Dunhuang is the spreading Kumtag Desert, which has reached the city's edges, exacerbated by long-standing overgrazing.

Related Concepts:

  • What are some notable developments and current issues for Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China era?: In the People's Republic of China era, Dunhuang was elevated to a county-level city in 1988 and became a sister city with Turpan in 1995. It is now a significant tourist attraction and the site of an ongoing archaeological project, with the International Dunhuang Project digitizing many retrieved manuscripts and artifacts. A current environmental concern is the spreading Kumtag Desert, which has reached the city's edges due to long-standing overgrazing. In 2011, satellite images showing large structures in the nearby desert generated media attention.

What type of ancient structure, dating to the Han dynasty, is depicted in the source material's gallery?

Answer: A rammed earth watchtower

An image in the source material depicts the rammed earth ruins of a Chinese watchtower at Dunhuang, dating back to the Han dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What historical structure, visible in an image, is found at Dunhuang and from what period does it date?: An image in the source material depicts the rammed earth ruins of a Chinese watchtower at Dunhuang, which dates back to the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), highlighting ancient military architecture.

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