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Edward IV inherited the Yorkist claim to the throne following his father's death at the Battle of Wakefield.
Answer: True
Edward IV inherited the Yorkist claim to the throne at the age of eighteen following the death of his father, Richard, Duke of York, at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460.
Edward IV was born in London in 1442.
Answer: False
Edward IV was born on April 28, 1442, not in London, but in Rouen, Normandy, France.
Edward IV's claim to the throne was primarily based on his father's lineage, ignoring his mother's descent.
Answer: False
Edward IV's claim derived strength from both his father's and mother's lineages, both tracing back to King Edward III. His mother's descent, in particular, made him a senior heir by some interpretations.
England experienced economic prosperity and strong central governance during Edward IV's youth.
Answer: False
During Edward IV's youth, England was characterized by economic decline, military setbacks, and a weak central government, conditions that fueled the instability of the Wars of the Roses.
The Duke of York's appointment as chief governor of Ireland in 1447 was a period of peace and stability for English possessions.
Answer: False
The Duke of York's tenure as governor of Ireland coincided with significant political turmoil and the loss of English territories in France, exacerbating the conflict between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions.
The birth of Prince Edward, Henry VI's son, intensified the rivalry between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions in the 1450s.
Answer: True
The birth of Prince Edward, Henry VI's heir, solidified the Lancastrian succession and intensified the political struggle with the Yorkist faction, led by Richard, Duke of York.
After his father's death at Wakefield, Edward, Earl of March, immediately surrendered his claim to the throne to Henry VI.
Answer: False
Following his father's death at Wakefield, Edward, as the Earl of March, assumed leadership of the Yorkist cause and did not surrender his claim; instead, he moved to secure the throne.
Edward IV's paternal grandparents were Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily Neville.
Answer: False
Richard, Duke of York, was Edward IV's father. Edward IV's paternal grandparents were Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, and Alianore Holland.
Edward IV's maternal grandparents were Ralph Neville and Joan Beaufort.
Answer: True
Edward IV's maternal grandparents were Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Joan Beaufort.
Edward IV's lineage connected him to Edward III solely through his father's side.
Answer: False
Edward IV's lineage connected him to Edward III through both his father's descent (from the second and fourth sons) and his mother's descent (from the second son).
John of Gaunt was Edward IV's paternal uncle.
Answer: False
John of Gaunt was Edward III's third surviving son. Edward IV descended from Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, making John of Gaunt his great-uncle, not paternal uncle.
Joan Beaufort was Edward IV's paternal grandmother.
Answer: False
Joan Beaufort was Edward IV's maternal grandmother, being the mother of Cecily Neville.
Edward IV's claim to the throne challenged the Lancastrian claim based on descent from Edward III's second son.
Answer: False
Edward IV's claim, derived from his father's lineage tracing to Edward III's second son (Lionel of Antwerp), challenged the Lancastrian claim, which originated from Edward III's third son (John of Gaunt).
Who were Edward IV's parents?
Answer: Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville
Edward IV was the son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville.
What conditions in England during Edward IV's youth contributed to the political instability?
Answer: Economic decline, military defeats abroad, and a weak central government.
Edward IV's youth was marked by economic hardship, military losses in France, and a destabilized central government, factors that fueled the ongoing conflict of the Wars of the Roses.
Which of the following correctly identifies Edward IV's paternal grandparents?
Answer: Roger Mortimer and Alianore Holland
Edward IV's paternal grandparents were Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, and Alianore Holland.
How did Edward IV's lineage connect him to Edward III?
Answer: Through his father's descent from Edward III's second and fourth sons, and his mother's descent from the second son.
Edward IV's lineage connected him to Edward III through his father's descent from the second (Lionel) and fourth (Edmund) sons, and his mother's descent from the second son (Lionel).
The first period of Edward IV's reign as King of England concluded on October 3, 1470.
Answer: True
The historical record confirms that Edward IV's initial reign, commencing in 1461, concluded on October 3, 1470, prior to his subsequent restoration.
A parhelion, or three suns, appeared in the sky before the Battle of Towton.
Answer: False
The phenomenon of the 'three suns' (a parhelion) was observed before the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in February 1461, not before the Battle of Towton.
The Battle of Towton was a decisive Yorkist victory that solidified Edward IV's claim to the throne.
Answer: True
The Battle of Towton, fought on March 29, 1461, resulted in a significant Yorkist victory, consolidating Edward IV's position and paving the way for his coronation.
Henry VI was executed shortly after Edward IV's coronation in 1461.
Answer: False
Following Edward IV's coronation, Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London rather than executed, as his son remained a potential Lancastrian claimant.
The Red Rose symbolized the House of Lancaster, and the White Rose symbolized the House of York.
Answer: True
During the Wars of the Roses, the White Rose was the recognized symbol of the House of York, while the Red Rose represented the House of Lancaster.
What were Edward IV's two distinct periods of reign as King of England?
Answer: 1461-1470 and 1471-1483
Edward IV reigned initially from March 4, 1461, to October 3, 1470, and then was restored to the throne from April 11, 1471, until his death in 1483.
Under what circumstances did Edward IV first become king?
Answer: He led a successful rebellion against Henry VI after securing victories at key battles.
Following his father's death and securing crucial victories at battles like Mortimer's Cross and Towton, Edward IV deposed King Henry VI and claimed the throne in 1461.
What emblem did Edward IV adopt after witnessing a meteorological phenomenon before the Battle of Mortimer's Cross?
Answer: The Sun in Splendour
After observing the phenomenon of three suns (a parhelion) before the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Edward IV adopted the 'Sun in Splendour' as his personal emblem.
What was the significance of the Battle of Towton in Edward IV's rise to power?
Answer: It was a decisive Yorkist victory that solidified Edward's claim to the throne.
The Battle of Towton in 1461 was a crucial and bloody Yorkist victory that decisively secured Edward IV's claim to the English throne.
What was the primary symbol of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses?
Answer: The White Rose
The White Rose served as the principal symbol of the House of York throughout the duration of the Wars of the Roses.
Richard Neville, the 'Kingmaker,' initially supported Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.
Answer: False
Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick (the 'Kingmaker'), was not privy to Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and strongly opposed it, leading to a significant rift in their alliance.
Edward IV initially relied on the Nevilles because much of the nobility remained loyal to Henry VI or stayed neutral.
Answer: True
Edward IV's early reliance on the powerful Neville family stemmed from the fact that many other noble houses were either loyal to Henry VI or maintained neutrality during his initial ascent.
Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville angered the Earl of Warwick because she was of higher nobility than him.
Answer: False
The marriage angered Warwick precisely because Elizabeth Woodville was of lower nobility than Warwick himself, and the union bypassed Warwick's own diplomatic negotiations for a royal marriage alliance with France.
The rise of the Woodville family after Edward IV's marriage led to widespread celebration among the established English nobility.
Answer: False
The rapid advancement and advantageous marriages of the Woodville family members following Edward IV's union with Elizabeth Woodville generated considerable resentment and jealousy among the established noble houses.
Warwick and the Duke of Clarence allied against Edward IV after Clarence married Warwick's daughter, Isabel.
Answer: True
The Earl of Warwick and Edward IV's brother, George, Duke of Clarence, formed a significant alliance, culminating in Clarence's marriage to Warwick's daughter, Isabel, and subsequently opposing Edward IV.
The 'remonstrance' issued by Warwick, Clarence, and George Neville was a petition for increased royal spending.
Answer: False
The 'remonstrance' was a document outlining grievances against the Woodville faction and royal advisors, serving as justification for their opposition to Edward IV's policies.
What event caused the rift between Edward IV and Richard Neville, the 'Kingmaker'?
Answer: Edward IV's secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.
Edward IV's clandestine marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, undertaken without Warwick's consultation, significantly undermined Warwick's influence and led to their eventual estrangement.
Why did Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville cause significant resentment among the established nobility?
Answer: Her family members rapidly gained advantageous positions and marriages, overshadowing older noble families.
The marriage elevated the Woodville family, whose members secured advantageous marriages and positions, leading to resentment among established nobility who felt their own influence and opportunities were diminished.
What was the 'remonstrance' issued by Warwick, Clarence, and George Neville?
Answer: A list of grievances against the Woodvilles and royal advisors.
The 'remonstrance' was a document issued by Warwick, Clarence, and George Neville detailing their grievances against the Woodville family and other advisors perceived to be influencing Edward IV negatively.
Following the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469, Edward IV was killed.
Answer: False
After the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469, Edward IV was captured and held briefly, but he was not killed; he later escaped and resumed the throne.
Warwick and Clarence fled to France in May 1470 after exploiting the 1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion.
Answer: True
The Lincolnshire Rebellion of 1470 provided an opportunity for Warwick and Clarence to challenge Edward IV. Following its suppression, they were compelled to seek refuge in France.
After his deposition in 1470, Edward IV sought refuge in France and received substantial support from Louis XI.
Answer: False
Following his deposition in 1470, Edward IV sought refuge in Bruges, Burgundy, receiving minimal support from Louis XI of France. His sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, provided more substantial assistance.
The restored Lancastrian regime was stable due to Henry VI's strong leadership.
Answer: False
The restored Lancastrian regime under Henry VI was inherently unstable, plagued by the king's mental and physical frailties and internal factional disputes.
Edward IV landed near Dover in March 1471 to begin his restoration campaign.
Answer: False
Edward IV initiated his restoration campaign by landing near Hull in March 1471, not Dover.
The Battle of Barnet resulted in the death of the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster.
Answer: False
The Battle of Barnet in April 1471 resulted in the death of the Earl of Warwick. The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed at the subsequent Battle of Tewkesbury in May 1471.
After the Battle of Tewkesbury, the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was captured and later pardoned by Edward IV.
Answer: False
The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed on the battlefield at Tewkesbury in May 1471, not captured and pardoned.
The Battle of Barnet was significant for resulting in the death of the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster.
Answer: False
The Battle of Barnet in 1471 resulted in the death of the Earl of Warwick. The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury.
What happened to Edward IV after being captured following the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469?
Answer: He was held at Middleham Castle and later released.
Following his capture after the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469, Edward IV was held at Middleham Castle before securing his release and resuming royal authority.
Which two decisive battles in 1471 were crucial for Edward IV's restoration to the throne?
Answer: Battle of Barnet and Battle of Tewkesbury
The Battles of Barnet (April 14, 1471) and Tewkesbury (May 4, 1471) were pivotal victories that secured Edward IV's restoration to the English throne.
What was the fate of the sixteen-year-old Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, after the Battle of Tewkesbury?
Answer: He was killed on the battlefield.
The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, was killed on the battlefield following the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Tewkesbury in May 1471.
What was the significance of the Battle of Barnet in 1471?
Answer: It resulted in the death of the Earl of Warwick.
The Battle of Barnet in April 1471 proved decisive with the death of the influential Earl of Warwick, a key figure in the conflict.
The Treaty of Picquigny, signed in 1475, formally ended the Hundred Years' War.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Picquigny, negotiated between Edward IV and Louis XI of France in 1475, effectively concluded the protracted conflict known as the Hundred Years' War.
George, Duke of Clarence, was executed in the Tower of London for treasonous activities.
Answer: True
George, Duke of Clarence, Edward IV's brother, was indeed executed in the Tower of London in 1478, following accusations of treason and involvement in rebellions.
Edward IV's invasion of France in 1475 was a costly failure with no diplomatic gains.
Answer: False
Although the military campaign did not achieve all its objectives, the invasion of France in 1475 concluded with the Treaty of Picquigny, which provided Edward IV with significant financial compensation and diplomatic advantages.
Through the Treaty of Picquigny, Edward IV received an annual pension of 75,000 crowns.
Answer: False
The Treaty of Picquigny stipulated an immediate payment of 75,000 crowns and an annual pension of 50,000 crowns to Edward IV, not 75,000 crowns annually.
In 1482, Edward IV supported an invasion of Scotland led by his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, which was ultimately successful.
Answer: False
While Edward IV supported an invasion of Scotland in 1482 led by his brother Richard, the campaign ultimately failed due to shifting alliances and a lack of decisive military success.
After his restoration in 1471, Edward IV became more lenient towards his political opponents.
Answer: False
Following his restoration in 1471, Edward IV adopted a more ruthless approach to governance, particularly concerning perceived disloyalty and former adversaries, as exemplified by the execution of his brother, the Duke of Clarence.
Edward IV's financial management included transferring the Duchy of Lancaster to the Crown and preparing the 'Black Book.'
Answer: True
Edward IV implemented measures for financial consolidation, including the transfer of the Duchy of Lancaster to the Crown and the compilation of the 'Black Book,' a comprehensive financial review.
Edward IV's foreign policy was significantly influenced by the decline of Burgundy after Charles the Bold's death.
Answer: True
The death of Charles the Bold in 1477 and the subsequent shift in Burgundian power dynamics significantly impacted Edward IV's foreign policy considerations and England's diplomatic standing in continental Europe.
The 'Black Book' prepared in 1478 was a critique of Edward IV's military strategies.
Answer: False
The 'Black Book,' compiled in 1478, was primarily a comprehensive review of government finances, reflecting Edward IV's focus on fiscal administration.
The Treaty of Picquigny led to the formal end of the conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Picquigny, signed in 1475, formally concluded the Hundred Years' War, which had been in a state of abeyance since 1453.
Edward IV's relationship with the Medici Bank ended in bankruptcy due to his excessive borrowing.
Answer: True
Edward IV's extensive borrowing from the Medici Bank led to its bankruptcy, with the bank still seeking repayment of his debts well into the subsequent Tudor period.
What was the primary significance of the Treaty of Picquigny signed in 1475?
Answer: It formally ended the Hundred Years' War and provided Edward IV with financial compensation.
The Treaty of Picquigny in 1475 formally concluded the Hundred Years' War and secured substantial financial benefits for Edward IV, including an immediate payment and a pension from the French crown.
What financial benefits did Edward IV gain from the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475?
Answer: An immediate payment of 75,000 crowns and a pension of 50,000 crowns.
The Treaty of Picquigny provided Edward IV with an immediate sum of 75,000 crowns and a subsequent annual pension of 50,000 crowns.
What was the outcome of the 1482 foreign policy initiative involving Scotland?
Answer: A failed attempt to usurp the Scottish throne due to shifting alliances.
The 1482 initiative to support an attempt to usurp the Scottish throne ultimately failed due to shifting alliances and lack of sustained support, resulting in minimal gains for England.
How did Edward IV's approach to governance and his use of power change after his restoration in 1471?
Answer: He adopted a more ruthless approach, particularly towards former enemies and perceived disloyalty.
Post-restoration, Edward IV exhibited a more ruthless governance style, marked by a reduced willingness to reconcile with opponents and exemplified by the execution of his brother, the Duke of Clarence.
What does the 'Black Book' prepared in 1478 represent regarding Edward IV's reign?
Answer: A comprehensive review of government finances.
The 'Black Book,' prepared in 1478, served as a thorough examination of the kingdom's finances, remaining a significant document for fiscal administration for a century.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Picquigny regarding the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: It formally ended the Hundred Years' War.
The Treaty of Picquigny in 1475 marked the formal conclusion of the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
What was the nature of Edward IV's relationship with the Medici Bank?
Answer: He was a major creditor, leading to the bank's bankruptcy.
Edward IV's extensive borrowing from the London branch of the Medici Bank resulted in its bankruptcy, with outstanding debts persisting long after his death.
Edward IV and his brother Richard III shared the same physical characteristics, being tall and blonde.
Answer: False
Edward IV and his siblings George, Duke of Clarence, and Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, were noted for being tall and blonde. Richard III, however, closely resembled their father, Richard, Duke of York, who was short and dark-haired.
Edward IV was described as short and physically frail by his contemporaries.
Answer: False
Contemporaneous accounts describe Edward IV as tall, handsome, and energetic, contrasting with the frail King Henry VI. His physical stature was notable for the period.
Edward IV's physicians attributed his declining health partly to his habitual use of emetics.
Answer: True
Physicians attending Edward IV in his later years suggested that his habitual use of emetics, employed to induce vomiting after meals, contributed to his declining health.
Edward IV's court was considered modest and unremarkable compared to other European courts.
Answer: False
Edward IV's court was renowned for its splendor and magnificence, often described as one of the most impressive in Christendom during his reign.
William Caxton established the first English printing press in 1476.
Answer: True
William Caxton established the first printing press in England at Westminster Abbey in 1476, initiating the era of printed books in the country.
Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's eldest daughter, married Henry VII, uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.
Answer: True
Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's eldest daughter, married Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch, a union that symbolically and politically merged the claims of the Houses of York and Lancaster.
Jane Shore, one of Edward IV's mistresses, was executed by Richard III for her alleged involvement in treason.
Answer: False
While Jane Shore was a prominent mistress of Edward IV, Richard III compelled her to perform public penance for alleged complicity, but she was not executed for treason.
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, was an acknowledged illegitimate son of Edward IV.
Answer: True
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, is recognized as one of Edward IV's acknowledged illegitimate children and is notable for the Lisle Papers.
The presentation miniature from Caxton's 'Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers' shows Edward IV receiving the book.
Answer: True
The miniature accompanying William Caxton's 1477 printing of 'Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers' depicts Edward IV receiving the volume, illustrating his patronage of early English printing.
Which of the following physical descriptions accurately contrasts Edward IV and his youngest brother, Richard III?
Answer: Edward IV was tall and blonde; Richard III resembled their father (short and dark-haired).
Edward IV was noted for his tall stature and blonde hair, while Richard III physically resembled their father, Richard, Duke of York, who was described as short and dark-haired.
According to his physicians, what habit contributed to Edward IV's declining health in his later years?
Answer: Habitual use of emetics to induce vomiting after meals.
Edward IV's physicians noted that his regular practice of using emetics to induce vomiting after meals likely contributed to his deteriorating health.
Which of the following was a significant collection item for Edward IV to display his royal status?
Answer: Fine clothes, jewels, and furnishings
Edward IV amassed a collection of fine clothes, jewels, and furnishings, often commissioned from foreign artisans, to ostentatiously display his royal wealth and status.
What was the significance of William Caxton establishing the first English printing press?
Answer: It allowed for the mass production of texts, starting with 'Sayengis of the Philosophres' in English.
William Caxton's establishment of the first printing press in England facilitated the mass production of texts, beginning with works like 'Sayengis of the Philosophres' in English.
Who was Edward IV's eldest daughter, and her marriage's significance?
Answer: Elizabeth of York; she married Henry VII, uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.
Edward IV's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, married Henry VII, the first Tudor king, a union that served to reconcile the warring houses of York and Lancaster.
What is Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, known for in relation to historical sources?
Answer: Authoring the Lisle Papers, an important source for the Tudor period.
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, an acknowledged illegitimate son of Edward IV, is historically significant for the Lisle Papers, a valuable source for Tudor history.
The presentation miniature from Caxton's 'Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers' illustrates Edward IV's patronage of what?
Answer: Early English printing and literature
The miniature associated with Caxton's printing of 'Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers' highlights Edward IV's support for the nascent field of English printing and literature.
Edward IV was succeeded directly by his uncle, Richard III, upon his death in 1483.
Answer: False
Edward IV was succeeded by his young son, Edward V, in April 1483. His uncle, Richard III, subsequently usurped the throne after the disappearance of Edward V and his brother.
Edward IV died in 1483 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Answer: False
Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, and was interred in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, not Westminster Abbey.
Historical speculation suggests Edward IV may have died from pneumonia or malaria.
Answer: True
While the precise cause of Edward IV's death remains debated, historical speculation includes possibilities such as pneumonia or malaria, alongside other potential ailments.
Historian Charles Ross praised Edward IV for successfully securing the succession of his son.
Answer: False
Historian Charles Ross critically assessed Edward IV's reign, concluding that he failed to secure the safe succession of his son, a failure Ross attributed to Edward's own actions and oversight.
Upon Edward IV's death, the Crown's treasury contained over £10,000 in cash.
Answer: False
Contrary to containing substantial funds, the Crown's treasury held less than £1,200 in cash upon Edward IV's death in 1483, indicating his expenditures often exceeded income.
The *Titulus Regius* declared Edward IV's children with Elizabeth Woodville legitimate heirs to the throne.
Answer: False
The *Titulus Regius*, enacted in 1484, declared Edward IV's children with Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate, thereby disqualifying them from the succession and legitimizing Richard III's claim.
The historical consensus is that Edward IV's sons, the Princes in the Tower, survived and lived in hiding.
Answer: False
The prevailing historical consensus posits that Edward IV's sons, the Princes in the Tower, were murdered in 1483, with their uncle Richard III being the primary beneficiary of their disappearance.
Elizabeth Woodville formed an alliance with Margaret Beaufort to support Henry Tudor's claim to the throne.
Answer: True
Following the presumed deaths of her sons, Elizabeth Woodville entered into an alliance with Margaret Beaufort, pledging support for Henry Tudor's claim in exchange for a marriage alliance with her eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York.
Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate based on Edward IV's valid marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.
Answer: False
Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate by asserting that Edward IV had a prior marriage contract with Lady Eleanor Talbot, thereby invalidating his subsequent marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and rendering their children illegitimate.
Bishop Robert Stillington supported Richard III's claim by officiating Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville.
Answer: False
Bishop Robert Stillington claimed to have officiated a prior marriage contract for Edward IV, which would invalidate his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. He later faced imprisonment under Henry VII.
What did historian Charles Ross conclude about Edward IV's reign concerning succession?
Answer: He failed to secure the safe succession of his son.
Charles Ross argued that Edward IV uniquely failed among English kings since 1066 to ensure the secure succession of his heir, attributing this failure to Edward's own actions.
What was the state of the Crown's finances upon Edward IV's death in 1483?
Answer: The Crown had less than £1,200 in cash.
Upon Edward IV's death in 1483, the Crown's treasury contained less than £1,200, indicating a precarious financial situation despite economic recovery.
What was the effect of the *Titulus Regius* enacted in 1484?
Answer: It declared Edward IV's children with Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate.
The *Titulus Regius*, passed in 1484, declared the children of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate, thereby removing them from the line of succession.
What political alliance did Elizabeth Woodville form after the disappearance of her sons?
Answer: An alliance with Margaret Beaufort to support Henry Tudor.
Following the presumed deaths of her sons, Elizabeth Woodville allied with Margaret Beaufort, agreeing to support Henry Tudor's claim to the throne in exchange for a marriage alliance with her daughter.
On what grounds did Richard III declare his nephews illegitimate?
Answer: An alleged prior marriage contract between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Talbot.
Richard III based his declaration of illegitimacy on the assertion that Edward IV had a pre-existing marriage contract with Lady Eleanor Talbot, thus invalidating his subsequent union with Elizabeth Woodville.
What happened to Bishop Robert Stillington under Henry VII?
Answer: He died in prison after being arrested.
Bishop Robert Stillington, who had supported Richard III's claim by testifying to Edward IV's alleged prior marriage, was arrested and died in prison during the reign of Henry VII.