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Total Categories: 6
An endonym is defined as a name for a place or group that is exclusively utilized by individuals external to that community.
Answer: False
An endonym is a name used internally by a community for itself or its location, not exclusively by outsiders.
The terms 'endonym' and 'exonym' derive their etymological roots from the Greek word 'onoma', signifying 'name'.
Answer: True
Both 'endonym' and 'exonym' are constructed from the Greek root 'onoma' (ὄνομα), meaning 'name'.
An 'autonym' is presented as a synonym for an exonym, purportedly derived from the Greek word 'xenos' meaning 'foreign'.
Answer: False
An 'autonym' is synonymous with an endonym, derived from the Greek 'autos' (self), not 'xenos' (foreign).
The term 'xenonym' is derived from the Greek word 'xenos', meaning 'within'.
Answer: False
The term 'xenonym' is derived from the Greek word 'xenos', meaning 'foreign' or 'stranger', not 'within'.
The term 'exonym' is generally preferred over 'xenonym' on the premise that 'xenonym' possesses clearer, less ambiguous applications within naming conventions.
Answer: False
The term 'exonym' is preferred because 'xenonym' has potentially ambiguous applications in other contexts, whereas 'exonym' provides a clearer distinction for external names.
What is the core definition of an endonym?
Answer: A name used internally by a community for itself or its location.
An endonym is the native name used by a community for itself, its location, language, or dialect.
Which Greek root word is fundamental to the terms 'endonym' and 'exonym'?
Answer: Onoma (ὄνομα) - name
Both 'endonym' and 'exonym' are derived from the Greek word 'onoma' (ὄνομα), which means 'name'.
How is an exonym defined?
Answer: A name used by outsiders for a group or place.
An exonym is a foreign or non-native name applied by outsiders to a group, place, language, or dialect.
Which term is synonymous with endonym?
Answer: Autonym
An 'autonym' is another term for an endonym, derived from the Greek 'autos' meaning 'self'.
Why are 'endonym' and 'exonym' generally preferred over 'autonym' and 'xenonym'?
Answer: 'Autonym' and 'xenonym' have different applications elsewhere, causing potential confusion.
The terms 'endonym' and 'exonym' are preferred because 'autonym' and 'xenonym' can have ambiguous meanings in other fields, potentially leading to confusion.
The term 'exonym' is generally preferred over 'xenonym' because:
Answer: 'Xenonym' has ambiguous meanings in other fields.
'Exonym' is preferred over 'xenonym' because 'xenonym' can have ambiguous meanings in other academic fields, making 'exonym' a clearer term for nomenclature.
Endonyms and exonyms are primarily categorized into types related to human names and language names only.
Answer: False
Endonyms and exonyms are categorized into three main types: place names (toponyms), human names (anthroponyms), and language names (glossonyms).
A translated exonym, or calque, is an exonym that is a direct translation of the meaning of the endonym.
Answer: True
A calque, or translated exonym, is indeed a direct semantic translation of the original endonym.
Exonyms often develop because a borrowing language lacks sounds present in the original endonym.
Answer: True
Phonological differences between languages can lead to the adaptation or creation of exonyms when sounds in the endonym are difficult to pronounce or transcribe in the borrowing language.
An exonym for a geographical feature is always a direct phonetic transcription of the endonym.
Answer: False
Exonyms can be derived from different roots, be translated versions (calques), or phonetic adaptations, not necessarily direct transcriptions.
Cognate exonyms share a common linguistic origin with the endonym, yet may exhibit significant orthographic divergence.
Answer: True
Cognate exonyms maintain a shared etymological root with the endonym but can display notable differences in spelling and pronunciation.
Endonyms and exonyms are only relevant for place names (toponyms).
Answer: False
Endonyms and exonyms are relevant not only for toponyms but also for anthroponyms (people/groups) and glossonyms (languages).
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main categories for endonyms and exonyms mentioned in the text?
Answer: Time periods (chrononyms)
The three main categories are toponyms, anthroponyms, and glossonyms. Time periods (chrononyms) are not listed as a primary category.
What is a 'calque' in the context of exonyms?
Answer: An exonym that is a direct translation of the meaning of the endonym.
A calque is a translated exonym, meaning it is a direct translation of the semantic content of the endonym.
Why might exonyms develop related to pronunciation difficulties?
Answer: The borrowing language may lack sounds present in the endonym.
Exonyms can arise when the phonological system of the borrowing language cannot easily accommodate sounds or structures present in the endonym.
The Australian geographer Marcel Aurousseau is credited with first using the term 'exonym' in geographical contexts in 1957.
Answer: True
Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, introduced the term 'exonym' in geographical studies in 1957.
The 'egocentric' tendency refers to outsiders imposing their own names on a group.
Answer: False
The 'egocentric' tendency refers to a group's belief that its own name represents 'mankind in general', influencing how they name themselves and potentially leading outsiders to create exonyms.
Pejorative exonyms can arise from negative perceptions between neighboring cultural groups.
Answer: True
Negative intergroup perceptions and perceived cultural differences can indeed lead to the formation of pejorative exonyms.
The Slavic term '*nemtsi' for Germans likely originated from a word meaning 'speaker'.
Answer: False
The Slavic term '*nemtsi' is believed to derive from a word meaning 'mute', reflecting the inability of early Slavs to understand Germanic languages.
The term 'Walha' was used by Germanic peoples to refer to speakers of Celtic and Romance languages.
Answer: True
'Walha' was indeed a term used by Germanic peoples to designate foreigners, particularly those speaking Celtic and Romance languages.
Many Native American tribal exonyms originate from terms meaning 'enemy' or 'stranger' used by other groups.
Answer: True
Numerous exonyms for Native American tribes derive from terms used by neighboring groups or settlers, often signifying 'enemy' or 'stranger'.
The Slavic term for 'German' is believed to derive from a word meaning 'mute' because they couldn't understand their language.
Answer: True
The Slavic term for Germans, such as '*nemtsi', is widely believed to originate from a word signifying 'mute', reflecting the perception of unintelligible speech.
The term 'Slav' likely originates from a root meaning 'foreigner' or 'enemy'.
Answer: False
The term 'Slav' is generally thought to derive from a root meaning 'word' or 'speech', implying 'the speaking ones'.
Medieval Europeans adopted the name 'Tatar' for the Mongol confederation, later confusing it with 'Tartarus' from mythology.
Answer: True
Medieval Europeans used 'Tatar' for the Mongols and subsequently conflated it with 'Tartarus', the mythological underworld.
The English exonym 'Hungarian' for the Magyar invaders arose because they were linguistically related to the Huns.
Answer: False
The exonym 'Hungarian' arose because the Magyar invaders were equated with the earlier Hunnish invaders, not due to linguistic relation.
The Slavic term for Germany, like 'Nemčija', originates from a Proto-Slavic word meaning 'foreigner'.
Answer: False
The Slavic term for Germany is believed to derive from a word meaning 'mute', reflecting the perception of unintelligible speech.
Who first used the term 'exonym' in the context of geographical names?
Answer: The Australian geographer Marcel Aurousseau
The Australian geographer Marcel Aurousseau is credited with first using the term 'exonym' in geographical contexts in 1957.
The 'egocentric' tendency of naming implies that a group:
Answer: Considers its own name to represent 'mankind in general'.
The 'egocentric' tendency suggests a group views its own name as universally applicable, potentially leading to distinct endonyms and exonyms.
Which of the following is cited as a potential pejorative exonym?
Answer: Apache
The name 'Apache' is cited as a potential pejorative exonym, possibly meaning 'enemy' in the Zuni language.
The Slavic term '*nemtsi' for Germans is thought to derive from a word meaning:
Answer: Mute
The Slavic term '*nemtsi' is believed to originate from a word meaning 'mute', reflecting the perceived unintelligibility of Germanic languages.
What does the term 'Walha' refer to in its historical context?
Answer: A term used by Germanic peoples for foreigners, especially speakers of Celtic/Romance languages.
'Walha' was a term used by Germanic peoples to refer to foreigners, particularly those speaking Celtic and Romance languages.
Many exonyms for Native American tribes originated from terms used by others meaning:
Answer: Enemy or stranger
Many exonyms applied to Native American tribes originated from terms used by other groups, often signifying 'enemy' or 'stranger'.
Why were the Magyar invaders historically called 'Hungarians' in many languages?
Answer: They were equated with the earlier Hunnish invaders.
The Magyar invaders were historically equated with the earlier Hunnish invaders, leading to the widespread adoption of the name 'Hungarians'.
The English exonym 'Germany' corresponds to the German endonym 'Deutschland'.
Answer: True
The English exonym 'Germany' is indeed derived from a different root than the German endonym 'Deutschland'.
The English exonym 'Chinese' for a language is stated to correspond to the endonym 'Deutsch'.
Answer: False
The English exonym 'Chinese' corresponds to the endonym 'Zhongwén', not 'Deutsch', which is the endonym for German.
The English exonym 'Germany' shares the same linguistic root as the German endonym 'Deutschland'.
Answer: False
The English exonym 'Germany' originates from the Latin 'Germani', while the German endonym 'Deutschland' means 'country of the people', indicating different linguistic roots.
The name 'Apache' is cited as an example of an endonym used by outsiders.
Answer: False
The name 'Apache' is cited as an example of an exonym, likely derived from a Zuni word meaning 'enemy'.
Turkey officially requested the use of its former exonym 'Constantinople' instead of its endonym 'Istanbul'.
Answer: False
Turkey requested the use of its endonym 'Türkiye' (formerly 'Turkey' in English) and did not request the use of 'Constantinople'.
Shaanxi province uses Hanyu Pinyin exclusively, making it indistinguishable from Shanxi in English contexts.
Answer: False
Shaanxi province uses a mixed Gwoyeu Romatzyh-Pinyin spelling specifically to distinguish it from Shanxi, as their Pinyin spellings alone would be identical.
The 'Speak Mandarin Campaign' in Singapore resulted in the universal adoption of Hanyu Pinyin for all place names.
Answer: False
While the campaign encouraged Hanyu Pinyin, its adoption for place names in Singapore was not universal, and older spellings persist.
The English name 'German' is a direct cognate of the German endonym 'Deutsch'.
Answer: False
While related, 'German' and 'Deutsch' are not direct cognates; 'German' derives from Latin 'Germani', whereas 'Deutsch' stems from an older Germanic term for 'people'.
'Madrasi' is an endonym used by the people of Chennai to refer to themselves.
Answer: False
'Madrasi' was a term used for inhabitants of Madras (now Chennai), but it has sometimes been employed derogatorily and is not the preferred endonym.
'Istanbul' is the Turkish endonym for the city, believed to derive from a Greek phrase meaning 'to the city'.
Answer: True
'Istanbul' is the Turkish endonym, and its etymology is widely accepted to stem from a Greek phrase meaning 'to the city'.
The English exonym 'Leghorn' for Livorno developed due to the city's historical significance as a port for English merchants.
Answer: True
The English exonym 'Leghorn' for Livorno arose from Livorno's importance as a port for English merchants and the British Navy.
The name 'Anasazi' is preferred by contemporary Puebloans as a respectful term for their ancestors.
Answer: False
Contemporary Puebloans discourage the use of 'Anasazi', a Navajo term meaning 'ancient enemies', preferring 'Ancestral Puebloan'.
The exonym 'Amoy' for Xiamen is based on the Mandarin pronunciation.
Answer: False
The exonym 'Amoy' for Xiamen is based on the Hokkien dialect's pronunciation, not Mandarin.
The English name 'Paris' is a direct cognate exonym derived from the French endonym.
Answer: True
The English name 'Paris' shares a common origin with the French name and is considered a cognate exonym.
The term 'Sioux' is an endonym adopted by the tribe itself.
Answer: False
'Sioux' is an exonym, derived from a term likely meaning 'foreign-speaking', not an endonym used by the tribe.
The exonym 'Belgrade' for the capital of Serbia is likely borrowed from French.
Answer: True
Many English exonyms for continental European places were borrowed from French, including 'Belgrade' for the Serbian capital.
The name 'Canton' is the current Hanyu Pinyin-based endonym for the Chinese city now known as Guangzhou.
Answer: False
'Canton' is an older English exonym; the current Hanyu Pinyin-based endonym is 'Guangzhou'.
The name 'Sioux' is believed to originate from a term meaning 'enemy' in the Proto-Algonquian language.
Answer: False
The term 'Sioux' is thought to originate from a Proto-Algonquian term meaning 'foreign-speaking', not 'enemy'.
The French exonyms 'Pays-Bas' and 'Países Bajos' are translated versions of the Dutch endonym 'Nederland'.
Answer: True
'Pays-Bas' (French) and 'Países Bajos' (Spanish) are indeed translated exonyms (calques) of the Dutch endonym 'Nederland', meaning 'Low Countries'.
Which pair correctly lists an English exonym and its corresponding country endonym?
Answer: Exonym: Germany, Endonym: Deutschland
The English exonym 'Germany' corresponds to the German endonym 'Deutschland'.
Which example illustrates an exonym derived from a different root than the endonym?
Answer: Germany (English) and Deutschland (German)
The English exonym 'Germany' originates from the Latin 'Germani', while the German endonym 'Deutschland' has a different etymological root.
The widespread adoption of Hanyu Pinyin has led to the replacement of older exonyms for Chinese place names like:
Answer: Both B and C
Hanyu Pinyin has led to the replacement of older exonyms such as 'Peking' (now Beijing) and 'Canton' (now Guangzhou) for many Chinese places.
What is the primary reason the spelling of Shaanxi province uses a mixed system?
Answer: To distinguish it from the neighboring Shanxi province.
Shaanxi province employs a mixed spelling system (Gwoyeu Romatzyh-Pinyin) specifically to differentiate it from Shanxi province, whose Pinyin spelling is identical.
The exonym 'Amoy' for the city of Xiamen is based on which dialect's pronunciation?
Answer: Hokkien
The exonym 'Amoy' for Xiamen is derived from the pronunciation in the Hokkien dialect, not Mandarin.
Which of the following is an example of a translated exonym (calque)?
Answer: Pays-Bas (French) for Nederland (Dutch)
'Pays-Bas' (French) translates to 'Low Countries', which is a direct translation of the Dutch endonym 'Nederland'.
The term 'Madrasi' related to Chennai has sometimes been used:
Answer: Derogatorily.
While referring to a native of Madras (Chennai), the term 'Madrasi' has sometimes been used in a derogatory manner.
The English exonym 'Leghorn' for the Italian city Livorno is linked to:
Answer: The city's historical importance as a port for English merchants.
The exonym 'Leghorn' for Livorno arose due to the city's significance as a major port for English merchants and the British Navy.
The name 'Anasazi' is discouraged by contemporary Puebloans because it means:
Answer: Ancient enemies
'Anasazi' is a Navajo term meaning 'ancient enemies', which is why contemporary Puebloans prefer the more neutral 'Ancestral Puebloan'.
Which of the following pairs represents an English exonym for a language and its corresponding endonym?
Answer: Exonym: Chinese, Endonym: Zhongwén
The English exonym for the language is 'Chinese', while the endonym used by its speakers is 'Zhongwén'.
The UNGEGN defines an endonym for a geographical feature as a name used in a language not spoken in the area where the feature is located.
Answer: False
The UNGEGN defines an endonym as a name used in an official or well-established language of the area where the feature is located.
The adoption of Hanyu Pinyin led to the replacement of older English exonyms for many mainland Chinese places.
Answer: True
Hanyu Pinyin's adoption has indeed led to the replacement of many older English exonyms for mainland Chinese locations with their endonyms.
Gwoyeu Romatzyh is a romanization system where spelling changes indicate tones.
Answer: True
Gwoyeu Romatzyh is a system that uses orthographic changes within the spelling itself to represent Chinese tones.
Endonyms are always preferred by international bodies like the UNGEGN.
Answer: False
While UNGEGN promotes endonyms, it acknowledges the existence and usage of exonyms, and the preference is not absolute in all situations.
The UNGEGN definition of an exonym requires the name to differ in form from the official name of the area where the feature is located.
Answer: True
A key criterion in the UNGEGN definition of an exonym is that it must differ in form from the official or well-established local name.
According to the UNGEGN, what defines an endonym for a geographical feature?
Answer: It must be an official or well-established name in a local language.
The UNGEGN defines an endonym for a geographical feature as a name used in an official or well-established language of the area where the feature is located.
What is the UNGEGN's criterion for a name to be considered an exonym for a geographical feature?
Answer: It must be used in a language outside the feature's area and differ from the local name.
The UNGEGN defines an exonym for a geographical feature as a name used in a language outside the feature's area that differs from the local name.
The use of exonyms is generally uncontroversial in modern contexts.
Answer: False
The use of exonyms can be controversial due to pejorative connotations or historical sensitivities, leading to preferences for endonyms.
Geographers advocate for the increased use of exonyms to standardize place names globally.
Answer: False
Geographers generally advocate for reducing the use of exonyms and promoting local endonyms to avoid cultural insensitivity and promote standardization.
In multilingual cities like Brussels, exonyms can sometimes be preferred for neutrality.
Answer: True
In multilingual contexts with potential linguistic tensions, neutral exonyms (like English names) can sometimes be preferred over local endonyms.
'Gypsy' is the preferred endonym for the Romani people.
Answer: False
The term 'Gypsy' is an exonym and is often considered pejorative; the preferred endonym for the people is 'Romani'.
The preference for 'Türkiye' over 'Turkey' exemplifies a nation's formal request for the adoption of its endonym.
Answer: True
Turkey's official request for the use of 'Türkiye' in international contexts is a prominent example of a country advocating for its endonym.
Why has the use of exonyms like 'Gypsy' become controversial?
Answer: They are often pejorative or based on historical sensitivities.
Exonyms like 'Gypsy' are controversial because they can be pejorative or linked to historical sensitivities, leading groups to prefer their endonyms.
In which situation might an exonym be preferred over local endonyms?
Answer: In multilingual cities where a neutral term is needed.
In multilingual cities, a neutral exonym may be preferred to avoid favoring one local endonym over another.