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Total Categories: 6
The environmental movement's primary objective is exclusively the preservation of natural landscapes, irrespective of human welfare.
Answer: False
The movement's fundamental aim extends beyond mere preservation to encompass sustainable living and the recognition of interconnectedness with ecosystems, including human health and rights.
The environmental movement is characterized as a monolithic entity with universally agreed-upon goals and organizational structures.
Answer: False
The environmental movement is international and highly diverse, comprising numerous individuals and organizations with varying goals and structures, which can sometimes lead to a lack of unified objectives.
Early environmentalism was characterized by a unified focus on preserving resources without debate on methodology.
Answer: False
The early environmental movement experienced a significant philosophical tension between conservation (resource preservation) and broader environmental protection, indicating a lack of unified methodology.
What is the fundamental aim of the environmental movement according to the source?
Answer: To protect the natural world and foster sustainable living, recognizing human interconnectedness.
The movement's core objective is the protection of the natural world and the cultivation of sustainable living, underpinned by an understanding of the intrinsic link between ecological systems, human health, and human rights.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a core aspect the environmental movement focuses on alongside protecting nature?
Answer: International trade agreements
Beyond protecting nature, the environmental movement emphasizes human health and human rights, recognizing their intrinsic link to ecological well-being and sustainable living.
What potential challenge arises from the diverse nature of the environmental movement?
Answer: It can result in a lack of unified goals.
The international and diverse composition of the environmental movement, encompassing various individuals and organizations, can sometimes lead to a lack of unified goals or strategies.
What philosophical tension characterized the early environmental movement?
Answer: Between conservation (preserving resources) and broader environmental protection.
The early environmental movement was marked by a significant philosophical tension between the philosophy of conservation, focused on resource preservation, and the broader concept of environmental protection, which addressed a wider array of ecological concerns.
Rachel Carson and Gaylord Nelson are identified as pivotal figures in advocating for environmental protection during the 20th century.
Answer: True
Rachel Carson, author of 'Silent Spring,' and former Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson are recognized as key 20th-century advocates for environmental protection.
Issues such as acid rain and ozone depletion emerged as prominent environmental concerns prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: False
The Industrial Revolution's significant increase in industrial activity and pollution led to the emergence of concerns like acid rain and ozone depletion, which became prominent much later than the pre-industrial era.
The Industrial Revolution led to decreased pollution levels, strengthening early environmental concerns.
Answer: False
The Industrial Revolution significantly increased factories, coal consumption, and chemical discharges, resulting in unprecedented air and water pollution, which in turn spurred the development of early environmental awareness and regulations.
The United Kingdom enacted the world's first nature protection law in 1869 with the Sea Birds Preservation Act.
Answer: True
The Sea Birds Preservation Act, passed in the United Kingdom in 1869, is recognized as the world's first piece of legislation dedicated to nature protection.
The 'Great Smog' of 1952 in London led to the implementation of stricter regulations on industrial emissions.
Answer: True
The severe air pollution event known as the 'Great Smog' of 1952 in London, which caused thousands of deaths, was a direct catalyst for the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1956, introducing stricter regulations.
Henry David Thoreau advocated for the inherent rights of nature and was key in establishing Yosemite National Park.
Answer: False
While Henry David Thoreau emphasized the importance of close connection with nature through works like 'Walden,' it was John Muir who advocated for nature's inherent rights and was instrumental in establishing Yosemite National Park.
The amenity movement in Britain focused on preserving urban industrial landscapes from rural encroachment.
Answer: False
The amenity movement in Britain during the 1870s reacted against industrialization by focusing on the preservation of rural landscapes against industrial encroachment and urban expansion.
The National Trust in the UK was established to coordinate environmental conservation efforts across the country.
Answer: True
Established in 1894 through the efforts of figures like Robert Hunter, Octavia Hill, and John Ruskin, the National Trust was created as a national body to coordinate environmental conservation efforts throughout the United Kingdom.
Who are identified as two influential 20th-century figures in the environmental movement?
Answer: Rachel Carson and Gaylord Nelson
Rachel Carson, author of 'Silent Spring,' and former Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson are highlighted as two key influential figures in 20th-century environmental advocacy.
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of the environmental movement?
Answer: By increasing factories and consumption, leading to unprecedented pollution.
The Industrial Revolution's expansion of factories, increased coal consumption, and widespread chemical discharges resulted in unprecedented levels of air and water pollution, which consequently spurred the development of early environmental concerns and movements.
The 'Great Smog' of 1952 in London was a significant event that directly led to what legislative action?
Answer: The passage of the Clean Air Act 1956
The severe air pollution event known as the 'Great Smog' of 1952 in London directly prompted the enactment of the Clean Air Act in 1956, which introduced stricter regulations on industrial emissions and domestic coal burning.
The amenity movement in Britain during the 1870s reacted against industrialization by focusing on:
Answer: Preserving rural landscapes against industrial encroachment.
The amenity movement in Britain, emerging in the 1870s, responded to industrialization and urban growth by advocating for the preservation of rural landscapes against encroachment and the degradation of air and water quality.
Who were key figures in the establishment of the National Trust in the UK?
Answer: Robert Hunter, Octavia Hill, and John Ruskin
The establishment of the National Trust in the UK in 1894 was significantly driven by the efforts of Robert Hunter, Octavia Hill, and John Ruskin.
Environmental conservation exclusively involves reforestation efforts.
Answer: False
Environmental conservation encompasses a broader range of practices than just reforestation, including methods such as recycling and pollution control.
All environmentalists agree that genetically modified (GM) organisms offer significant environmental benefits.
Answer: False
Perspectives on genetically modified organisms within the environmental movement vary; some view them as unnatural, while others acknowledge potential benefits such as reduced pesticide use or enhanced water conservation.
Genetically modified livestock are primarily valued for their increased resistance to diseases.
Answer: False
The text suggests that genetically modified livestock are primarily noted for potentially accelerated growth, leading to shorter production cycles and greater feed efficiency, rather than disease resistance.
According to the text, which environmental issues gained prominence particularly *after* the 1970s due to scientific advancements?
Answer: Ozone depletion and climate change
Advancements in environmental science and ecology since the 1970s have brought issues such as ozone depletion and climate change to the forefront of the movement's concerns, alongside acid rain and concerns about genetically modified organisms.
Environmental conservation employs methods such as reforestation and recycling. What else is mentioned as a method?
Answer: Pollution control
Environmental conservation is practiced through various methods, including reforestation, recycling, and pollution control, aimed at preserving the natural environment and maintaining quality of life.
Regarding genetically modified (GM) organisms, what differing perspective exists within the environmental movement?
Answer: Some view them as unnatural, while others see potential benefits like water conservation.
Within the environmental movement, perspectives on GM organisms diverge; some consider them unnatural and problematic, while others acknowledge potential advantages such as reduced pesticide application or improved water conservation.
What potential benefit of genetically modified livestock is mentioned in the text?
Answer: Accelerated growth leading to shorter production cycles.
Genetically modified livestock are noted for the potential benefit of accelerated growth, which can lead to shorter production cycles and more efficient feed utilization.
The climate movement operates entirely independently of the broader environmental movement.
Answer: False
The climate movement is considered a sub-type or a specific branch within the larger environmental movement, focusing on climate change issues.
The rise of environmental justice and indigenous rights movements has contributed to new environmentalist identities.
Answer: True
The emergence of environmental justice and indigenous rights movements, alongside the urgency of climate crises, has indeed fostered the development of diverse and evolving environmentalist identities.
The environmental health movement, focusing on urban standards like clean water, originated in the late 20th century.
Answer: False
The environmental health movement, which concentrates on urban environmental standards such as clean water and sewage management, gained prominence during the Progressive Era, not the late 20th century.
Environmental justice primarily addresses concerns where marginalized communities disproportionately bear environmental burdens without reaping benefits.
Answer: True
Environmental justice is defined as a social movement confronting injustices where marginalized communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harms and hazardous waste without commensurate benefits.
The anti-nuclear movement's main objective has always been opposing nuclear power generation.
Answer: False
The anti-nuclear movement initially focused on nuclear disarmament and subsequently shifted its primary objective to opposing the use of nuclear power.
How is the climate movement described in relation to the broader environmental movement?
Answer: As a sub-type or specific branch focusing on climate change issues.
The climate movement is understood as a specific branch or sub-type within the larger environmental movement, concentrating its efforts on issues pertaining to climate change.
Which factors have recently contributed to the emergence of new environmentalist identities?
Answer: Environmental justice, indigenous rights, and climate urgency.
The increasing urgency of climate crises, coupled with the rise of environmental justice and indigenous rights movements, has significantly contributed to the development of diverse and evolving environmentalist identities in recent decades.
The environmental health movement, which gained prominence during the Progressive Era, focuses on:
Answer: Urban environmental standards like clean water and sewage management.
The environmental health movement, originating during the Progressive Era, concentrates on improving urban environmental standards, including clean water access and sewage management, and serves as an indicator of overall environmental health.
What is the core definition of environmental justice?
Answer: A social movement addressing injustices where marginalized communities suffer environmental harm without benefit.
Environmental justice is fundamentally a social movement that confronts injustices arising from situations where marginalized communities disproportionately experience harm from environmental hazards and resource extraction without receiving commensurate benefits.
The anti-nuclear movement initially focused on nuclear disarmament. What was its later primary objective?
Answer: Opposing the use of nuclear power.
While initially focused on nuclear disarmament, the anti-nuclear movement subsequently shifted its primary objective to opposing the generation and use of nuclear power.
Save Nature & Wildlife (SNW) in Bangladesh supported the construction of the Tipaimukh Dam by India.
Answer: False
Save Nature & Wildlife (SNW) in Bangladesh, through its president Mithun Roy Chowdhury, argued that the Tipaimukh Dam would be an environmental disaster for Bangladesh, warning of potential desertification and impacts on the Meghna River basin.
Bangladesh's high pollution levels are primarily caused by agricultural runoff and deforestation.
Answer: False
The primary attributed causes for Bangladesh's high pollution levels are defective automobiles, particularly diesel vehicles, and hazardous industrial gases.
Environmental activism in China has remained largely state-controlled, with limited NGO involvement.
Answer: False
Environmental activism in China has evolved to include growing NGO involvement, grassroots mobilization, and increased calls for public participation in addressing localized environmental issues.
Key environmental issues in China include desertification and water scarcity, but not soil pollution.
Answer: False
Key environmental issues in China, as identified, include water pollution, water scarcity, soil pollution, soil degradation, and desertification.
The dropping groundwater table in China's North China Plain is a minor concern due to its limited impact on agriculture.
Answer: False
The rapid annual drop in the groundwater table in the North China Plain is a significant concern because this region is responsible for a substantial portion (40%) of China's grain production.
The Bhopal gas leakage in 1984 had minimal impact on the environmental movement in India.
Answer: False
The 1984 Bhopal gas leakage was a severe industrial disaster that significantly underscored and amplified the environmental movement's concerns regarding industrial hazards and public health impacts.
Indian environmental campaigns have focused solely on opposing multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Pepsi.
Answer: False
While campaigns against multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Pepsi regarding water issues exist in India, the movement also addresses other concerns such as anti-dam initiatives and promoting alternatives to plastic bags.
The primary challenges facing the Indian environmental movement in the early 21st century include retreating glaciers and rising sea levels.
Answer: True
Activists in India identify global warming, rising sea levels, and the impact of retreating glaciers on water flow as the most significant challenges confronting the environmental movement in the early 21st century.
During the Spanish Revolution of 1936, anarchist territories focused on industrial expansion rather than environmental reforms.
Answer: False
During the Spanish Revolution, anarchist territories implemented environmental reforms, including crop diversification, irrigation expansion, reforestation, and the establishment of tree nurseries, alongside other social and economic changes.
Australia was the first country to establish a political movement focused on environmental issues, leading to the world's first green party.
Answer: True
The environmental movement in Australia is notable for initiating the world's first political movement focused on environmental issues, culminating in the formation of the United Tasmania Group, the precursor to the world's first green party.
In colonial India and Burma, environmentalism was primarily driven by indigenous spiritual beliefs rather than scientific principles.
Answer: False
Environmentalism in colonial India and Burma was rooted in the practical application of scientific conservation principles, driven by concerns over deforestation and ecological impact, rather than primarily indigenous spiritual beliefs.
Alexander Gibson's work in Madras involved establishing state management of forests based on scientific principles.
Answer: True
Alexander Gibson, a botanist, implemented a systematic forest conservation program in Madras in 1842, based on scientific principles, marking the first instance of global state management of forests.
Dietrich Brandis introduced the 'taungya' system in Burma to encourage independent farming communities.
Answer: False
Dietrich Brandis introduced the 'taungya' system in Burma's teak forests as a method where local villagers assisted in labor for teak plantations, not primarily to encourage independent farming communities.
Environmental activism in the Arab world and MENA region primarily focuses on international climate negotiations.
Answer: False
Environmental activism in the Arab world and the MENA region primarily mobilizes around issues of industrial pollution and governmental provision of irrigation, rather than international climate negotiations.
South Korea and Taiwan experienced minimal pollution during their rapid industrialization periods due to strict environmental controls.
Answer: False
During their rapid industrialization periods (1965-1990), South Korea and Taiwan experienced significant pollution due to limited environmental controls, affecting rivers, air quality, and agricultural land.
Environmental movements in South Korea and Taiwan successfully pressured industries, leading to improved environmental practices domestically and industry migration abroad.
Answer: True
Environmental movements in South Korea and Taiwan exerted pressure on polluting industries, prompting improvements or relocation, which subsequently led to the migration of these industries to countries with less stringent environmental regulations.
The conservation ethic in colonial India was based on the idea that human activity has no significant impact on the environment.
Answer: False
The conservation ethic that developed in colonial India was based on the principle that human activity significantly impacts the environment and that there is a civic duty to preserve it using scientific methods.
The Nazi government in Germany enacted environmental laws that included stringent animal-protection measures and nature protection acts.
Answer: True
During the 1930s, the Nazi government in Germany implemented stringent animal-protection laws, the Reich Hunting Law, and the Reich Nature Protection Act, alongside efforts to curb air pollution.
According to the source, what environmental disaster did SNW president Mithun Roy Chowdhury warn could happen in Bangladesh due to the Tipaimukh Dam?
Answer: Desertification and impact on the Meghna River basin
Mithun Roy Chowdhury, president of Save Nature & Wildlife (SNW) in Bangladesh, warned that the Tipaimukh Dam could cause desertification and severely impact the Meghna River basin, potentially affecting millions.
What are the primary attributed causes of pollution in Bangladesh mentioned in the text?
Answer: Defective automobiles (especially diesel) and industrial gases
The text attributes Bangladesh's high pollution levels primarily to defective automobiles, particularly those running on diesel, and hazardous industrial gases.
How has environmental activism evolved in China?
Answer: It involves growing NGOs, grassroots mobilization, and calls for public participation.
Environmental activism in China has seen growth, characterized by the establishment of NGOs advocating for policy changes, increased grassroots mobilization, and more frequent calls for public participation in addressing environmental issues.
Which of the following is listed as a significant environmental issue in China?
Answer: Soil pollution and desertification
Significant environmental issues currently facing China include water pollution, water scarcity, soil pollution, soil degradation, and desertification.
The rapid drop in the groundwater table in the North China Plain is significant because:
Answer: The region produces a substantial portion of China's grain.
The annual decline of the groundwater table in the North China Plain is critically significant because this region is responsible for producing 40% of China's total grain output.
What was the impact of the 1984 Bhopal gas leakage on the environmental movement?
Answer: It underscored the movement's concerns about industrial hazards and health effects.
The Bhopal gas leakage in 1984, a catastrophic industrial incident, significantly amplified the environmental movement's focus on and concerns regarding industrial hazards and their profound health effects.
Which of these is an example of an environmental campaign active in India mentioned in the text?
Answer: Protests against Coca-Cola and Pepsi plants due to water issues.
Environmental campaigns in India include protests against Coca-Cola and Pepsi plants concerning groundwater depletion and pollution, alongside movements advocating for cloth bags over plastic and opposing large dam projects.
What distinguished the environmental movement in Australia?
Answer: It led to the formation of the world's first green political party.
The environmental movement in Australia holds the distinction of being the first globally to evolve into a political movement, leading to the establishment of the United Tasmania Group, which became the world's first green political party.
What scientific approach formed the basis of environmentalism in colonial India and Burma, according to the text?
Answer: Practical application of scientific conservation principles
Environmentalism in colonial India and Burma was primarily grounded in the practical application of scientific conservation principles, addressing concerns related to deforestation and ecological impact.
Alexander Gibson's systematic forest conservation program in Madras in 1842 is significant because it marked:
Answer: The first instance of state management of forests globally.
Alexander Gibson's implementation of a systematic forest conservation program in Madras in 1842, based on scientific principles, is recognized as the first instance of global state management of forests.
Environmental movements in South Korea and Taiwan during the late 20th century influenced industrial practices by:
Answer: Pressuring industries to improve conditions or relocate, leading to migration to other countries.
Environmental movements in South Korea and Taiwan successfully pressured polluting industries to enhance conditions or relocate, which subsequently led to the migration of these industries to countries with less stringent environmental regulations.
Conservative critics argue that environmental regulations often hinder economic growth and infringe upon property rights.
Answer: True
Conservative critiques frequently characterize environmental regulations as impediments to economic growth and as infringements upon private property rights.
The 'polluter pays principle' was a concept developed *after* its incorporation into European Union policy.
Answer: False
The 'polluter pays principle' was well-established in environmental economics prior to its incorporation into European Union policy, notably via the Single European Act.
The US environmental legislation of the 1970s included acts like the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act.
Answer: True
The 1970s were a pivotal decade for US environmental policy, marked by the passage of foundational legislation including the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.
The 'Wise Use' movement in the US championed stricter environmental regulations and conservation efforts.
Answer: False
The 'Wise Use' movement, which emerged in the United States during the 1990s, functioned as an anti-environmental counter-movement, opposing stricter regulations and conservation efforts.
Conservative critics often argue that environmental regulations do which of the following?
Answer: Conflict with private property rights and economic growth.
Conservative critics frequently contend that environmental regulations impede economic growth and infringe upon private property rights, often challenging the scientific basis for environmental concerns.
What principle, well-established in environmental economics before EU policy adoption, holds polluters responsible for costs?
Answer: The polluter pays principle
The 'polluter pays principle' is an economic concept asserting that those responsible for pollution should bear the costs associated with managing it. This principle was well-established in environmental economics before its formal incorporation into European Union policy.
Which foundational US environmental legislation was passed in the 1970s?
Answer: The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
The 1970s witnessed the passage of seminal US environmental legislation, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), alongside the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Endangered Species Act.
What was the 'Wise Use' movement in the United States?
Answer: An anti-environmental counter-movement.
The 'Wise Use' movement, which emerged in the United States during the 1990s, was characterized as an anti-environmental counter-movement opposing stricter environmental regulations.