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Total Categories: 7
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy primarily concerned with the study of ethics and moral values.
Answer: False
The core concerns of epistemology include the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.
Answer: True
Beliefs in epistemology are exclusively viewed as mental states that perfectly represent reality.
Answer: False
Some philosophers question the existence of beliefs as distinct entities, viewing them as simplifications of complex cognitive processes.
Answer: True
The main goal of epistemology is to understand the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
Answer: True
Epistemology aims to distinguish knowledge from mere opinion by analyzing concepts like belief, truth, and justification.
Answer: True
What is the primary focus of epistemology?
Answer: The nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.
How are beliefs sometimes viewed in epistemology, according to the source?
Answer: As mental states or dispositions, with some questioning their distinct existence.
What is the main goal of epistemology?
Answer: To understand the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
Epistemology primarily studies practical knowledge, which is also referred to as 'knowledge-that'.
Answer: False
Propositional knowledge is defined in epistemology as the possession of skills or abilities.
Answer: False
Knowledge derived from sensory experience and empirical facts is classified as *a priori* knowledge.
Answer: False
Mathematical truths, such as 2+2=4, are typically considered examples of *a posteriori* knowledge.
Answer: False
Knowing the current weather by looking outside is an example of *a posteriori* knowledge.
Answer: True
Analytic truths, such as 'all bachelors are unmarried', are generally considered *a posteriori*.
Answer: False
Synthetic truths depend on empirical facts and are usually classified as *a posteriori*.
Answer: True
Understanding is defined as knowing specific facts, similar to propositional knowledge.
Answer: False
*A posteriori* knowledge is fundamental to understanding the world and the basis of scientific inquiry due to its empirical nature.
Answer: True
Which type of knowledge is characterized as 'knowledge-how' or possessing skills?
Answer: Practical knowledge
'Knowledge-that' is synonymous with which type of knowledge?
Answer: Propositional knowledge
Knowledge derived from sensory experience and empirical facts is known as:
Answer: *A posteriori* knowledge
Which of the following is the best example of *a priori* knowledge according to the source?
Answer: Knowing that 2+2=4.
How does 'understanding' differ from 'propositional knowledge' according to the source?
Answer: Understanding involves a broader grasp of connections, while propositional knowledge focuses on specific facts.
The significance of *a posteriori* knowledge lies in its role in:
Answer: Understanding the world and forming the basis of scientific inquiry.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary type of knowledge studied in epistemology?
Answer: Theoretical knowledge
'All bachelors are unmarried' is given as an example of a truth that is:
Answer: Analytic and *a priori*.
The traditional analysis of knowledge defines it as justified true belief.
Answer: True
Gettier problems demonstrated that justified true belief is always sufficient for knowledge.
Answer: False
Gettier problems highlighted scenarios where knowledge might be considered accidental or lucky, despite being a justified true belief.
Answer: True
Foundationalism structures knowledge with basic beliefs supporting non-basic beliefs in a hierarchical manner.
Answer: True
Coherentism suggests beliefs are justified by their mutual support within a web of beliefs, rather than a hierarchy.
Answer: True
Foundationalism rejects the idea of basic beliefs having independent justification.
Answer: False
The Gettier problem's main significance was demonstrating that justified true belief is sufficient for knowledge.
Answer: False
What is the traditional analysis of knowledge?
Answer: Justified true belief.
What philosophical problem challenged the traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief?
Answer: Gettier problems.
Foundationalism structures knowledge by positing:
Answer: Basic beliefs supporting non-basic beliefs hierarchically.
Coherentism justifies beliefs based on:
Answer: Their coherence and mutual support within a system.
What was the primary significance of the Gettier problem in epistemology?
Answer: It showed that the traditional justified true belief analysis was insufficient for knowledge.
The main difference between foundationalism and coherentism lies in:
Answer: The structure of justification (hierarchy vs. web).
The Gettier problem prompted epistemologists to:
Answer: Search for additional conditions or alternative analyses of knowledge beyond JTB.
The coherence theory of truth posits that truth matches reality.
Answer: False
Key theories of truth discussed in epistemology include correspondence, coherence, and pragmatist theories.
Answer: True
Which of the following is NOT listed as a key theory of truth in the source?
Answer: Existentialist theory
Knowledge is considered to have only intrinsic value and no instrumental value in achieving goals.
Answer: False
Epistemologists debate whether knowledge is more valuable than mere true opinion, considering factors like stability and trust.
Answer: True
Justification in epistemology guarantees that a belief is true.
Answer: False
Justification serves to distinguish well-founded beliefs from mere guesses or superstitions.
Answer: True
Perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony are considered minor sources of justification.
Answer: False
Reason serves as a source of justification for empirical facts learned through observation.
Answer: False
Testimony is a crucial source of justification where knowledge is acquired through communication from others.
Answer: True
Rationality in epistemology is solely concerned with the practical aspects of actions.
Answer: False
A belief is considered rational if it is based on or responsive to good reasons or coherence.
Answer: True
Evidence is information that supports a belief, often understood in terms of probability.
Answer: True
A defeater is evidence that strengthens the support for a belief.
Answer: False
Doubt in epistemology involves a strong conviction in a belief's truth.
Answer: False
Certainty is a strong conviction in the truth of a belief and is central to skepticism.
Answer: True
In epistemology, knowledge is considered to hold:
Answer: Instrumental value for achieving goals and guiding actions.
What is the primary role of justification in epistemology, as described in the source?
Answer: To distinguish well-founded beliefs from mere guesses.
According to the source, justification does NOT guarantee:
Answer: That a belief is true.
Which of the following is identified as a primary source of justification in epistemology?
Answer: Testimony
Reason serves as a source of justification primarily for:
Answer: Non-empirical facts like mathematical and logical truths.
Rationality in epistemology is closely linked to:
Answer: Justification
In epistemology, what is a 'defeater'?
Answer: Evidence that undermines the support for a belief.
Which term describes a strong conviction in a belief's truth, central to the search for foundational knowledge?
Answer: Certainty
What property does justification confer upon a belief, according to the source?
Answer: It means the belief is supported by sufficient reasons or evidence.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a common source of justification in epistemology?
Answer: Imagination
A belief is considered rational if it is based on or responsive to:
Answer: Good reasons, coherence, or achievement of cognitive goals.
Epistemic norms are character traits, like open-mindedness, that help individuals form true beliefs.
Answer: False
Epistemic virtues are character traits that aid in acquiring knowledge and forming true beliefs.
Answer: True
Skepticism questions the possibility of attaining any knowledge at all.
Answer: True
Fallibilism asserts that knowledge is absolutely certain and can only be acquired through infallible means.
Answer: False
Empiricism holds that reason alone is the primary source of knowledge.
Answer: False
Rationalism argues that sense experience is the primary source of knowledge.
Answer: False
Internalism requires justification to be accessible to the believer's mind.
Answer: True
Externalism allows justification to depend on factors outside the believer's awareness, such as reliable cognitive processes.
Answer: True
Internalism holds that justification can depend on factors entirely outside the believer's awareness.
Answer: False
Reliabilism is an internalist theory suggesting justification comes from reliable belief-forming processes.
Answer: False
Virtue epistemology focuses on intellectual virtues like open-mindedness as the basis for knowledge.
Answer: True
For rationalists, *a priori* knowledge is essential because it provides certainty and truths accessible through reason alone.
Answer: True
What are epistemic virtues, as defined in the source?
Answer: Character traits that help individuals form true beliefs.
What is the main stance of skepticism regarding knowledge?
Answer: Skepticism questions the possibility of knowledge.
Fallibilism suggests that knowledge:
Answer: Is attainable but never absolutely certain.
The philosophical stance that holds sense experience as the primary source of knowledge is called:
Answer: Empiricism
Rationalism, in contrast to empiricism, argues that:
Answer: Reason alone can provide knowledge of certain truths independent of experience.
Which epistemological view requires justification to be accessible to the believer's mind?
Answer: Internalism
Externalism in epistemology allows justification to depend on:
Answer: Factors outside the believer's awareness, like reliable processes.
Reliabilism is an epistemological theory that suggests justification comes from:
Answer: Reliable belief-forming processes.
Virtue epistemology centers its analysis on:
Answer: Intellectual virtues like open-mindedness and carefulness.
For rationalists, *a priori* knowledge is significant because it provides:
Answer: Certainty and truths accessible through reason alone.
Fallibilism emphasizes which aspect of knowledge acquisition?
Answer: The use of fallible means to attain knowledge.
Which epistemological position argues that justification depends on factors outside the believer's awareness?
Answer: Externalism
Formal epistemology utilizes logic and mathematics in its research methods.
Answer: True
Experimental epistemology empirically studies philosophical intuitions.
Answer: True
Metaepistemology focuses on applying epistemological principles to real-world problems.
Answer: False
Which branch of epistemology uses logic and mathematics in its research methods?
Answer: Formal epistemology
The branch of epistemology that empirically studies intuitions is called:
Answer: Experimental epistemology
What is the focus of metaepistemology?
Answer: The study of epistemology itself.