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Erik of Pomerania and the Kalmar Union: A Historical Study

At a Glance

Title: Erik of Pomerania and the Kalmar Union: A Historical Study

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Early Life and Ascension: 5 flashcards, 5 questions
  • The Kalmar Union and Royal Rule: 5 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Governance, Diplomacy, and Conflict: 10 flashcards, 15 questions
  • Personal Life and Succession: 6 flashcards, 5 questions
  • Deposition and Later Years: 8 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Titles, Legacy, and Symbolism: 8 flashcards, 12 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 42
  • True/False Questions: 28
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 30
  • Total Questions: 58

Instructions

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Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

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Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

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⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

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  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

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Study Guide: Erik of Pomerania and the Kalmar Union: A Historical Study

Study Guide: Erik of Pomerania and the Kalmar Union: A Historical Study

Early Life and Ascension

Erik of Pomerania's birth name was Erik.

Answer: False

Erik of Pomerania's birth name was Bogusław, a Slavic name equivalent to Bogislaw, not Erik.

Related Concepts:

  • Specify the approximate birth date and location of Erik of Pomerania, and state his original birth name.: Erik of Pomerania was born in Darłowo Castle, Pomerania (modern-day Poland), between 1381 and 1382. His birth name was Bogusław.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.

Erik of Pomerania was chosen as heir to the Kalmar Union by his father, Wartislaw VII.

Answer: False

Erik was designated as heir to the Kalmar Union by his great-aunt, Queen Margaret I of Denmark, not by his father, Wartislaw VII.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.
  • Describe the process by which Erik of Pomerania became the designated heir to the Kalmar Union, and note when he was brought to Denmark.: Erik was chosen as heir by his great-aunt, Queen Margaret I, who sought to secure the Kalmar Union's unity. He was brought to Denmark in 1389 to be raised by Margaret and subsequently adopted the Nordic name Erik.

What was Erik of Pomerania's birth name?

Answer: Bogislaw

Erik of Pomerania's birth name was Bogusław, a Slavic name equivalent to Bogislaw.

Related Concepts:

  • Specify the approximate birth date and location of Erik of Pomerania, and state his original birth name.: Erik of Pomerania was born in Darłowo Castle, Pomerania (modern-day Poland), between 1381 and 1382. His birth name was Bogusław.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Who chose Erik of Pomerania as the heir to the Kalmar Union?

Answer: Margaret I of Denmark

Queen Margaret I of Denmark designated Erik as her heir to ensure the continuation of the Kalmar Union under a single monarch.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

Who was Erik of Pomerania's father?

Answer: Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania

Erik of Pomerania's father was Wartislaw VII, who held the title Duke of Pomerania.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's paternal grandparents.: Erik of Pomerania's paternal grandparents were Bogislaw V of Pomerania and Ingeborg of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's maternal grandparents.: Erik of Pomerania's maternal grandparents were Wartislaw VII of Pomerania and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

The Kalmar Union and Royal Rule

Erik of Pomerania ruled solely as the King of Denmark during his reign.

Answer: False

Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which encompassed Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His rule was not solely confined to Denmark, as he held the crowns of all three kingdoms.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Erik was crowned King of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in Oslo in 1397.

Answer: False

Erik was crowned King of the Kalmar Union in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397, not in Oslo.

Related Concepts:

  • Provide the dates and locations concerning Erik of Pomerania's proclamation and coronation as King of the Kalmar Union.: Erik was proclaimed King of Norway in Trondheim on September 8, 1389. He was proclaimed King in Denmark and Sweden in 1396. His coronation as King of all three Nordic realms occurred in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Queen Margaret I remained the de facto ruler of the Kalmar Union until her death in 1412.

Answer: True

Queen Margaret I retained effective control and governance over the Kalmar Union, acting as the de facto ruler, until her death in 1412, despite Erik's formal coronation.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the individual who exercised de facto rule over the Kalmar Union kingdoms until 1412.: Queen Margaret I served as the de facto ruler of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden until her death in 1412, maintaining effective governance despite Erik's formal status as king.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

Which of the following kingdoms were part of the Kalmar Union ruled by Erik of Pomerania?

Answer: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

The Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ruled by Erik of Pomerania, comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

In which city was Erik of Pomerania crowned King of the Kalmar Union?

Answer: Kalmar

Erik of Pomerania was crowned King of the Kalmar Union in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.
  • Provide the dates and locations concerning Erik of Pomerania's proclamation and coronation as King of the Kalmar Union.: Erik was proclaimed King of Norway in Trondheim on September 8, 1389. He was proclaimed King in Denmark and Sweden in 1396. His coronation as King of all three Nordic realms occurred in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.

Who served as the de facto ruler of the Kalmar Union kingdoms until 1412?

Answer: Margaret I

Queen Margaret I remained the de facto ruler of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden until her death in 1412, exercising the actual power of governance.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

What was the primary goal of the Kalmar Union treaty drafted in 1397?

Answer: To formally unite Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch.

The primary objective of the Kalmar Union treaty, drafted in 1397, was to formally unite the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a singular royal authority.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

Which of the following was NOT one of the primary kingdoms ruled by Erik of Pomerania?

Answer: Finland

While Erik ruled Denmark, Norway, and Sweden as part of the Kalmar Union, Finland was not one of the primary kingdoms under his direct royal rule.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.
  • What were Erik of Pomerania's specific regnal numbers as monarch in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?: Erik of Pomerania was known as Erik III in Norway (reigning 1389–1442), Erik VII in Denmark (reigning 1396–1439), and Erik XIII in Sweden (reigning 1396–1434, with a later period from 1436–1439).

Governance, Diplomacy, and Conflict

In 1417, Erik made Stockholm the official capital of Denmark.

Answer: False

In 1417, Erik established Copenhagen as a royal possession and the capital of Denmark, not Stockholm.

Related Concepts:

  • Detail the significant administrative action undertaken by King Erik concerning Copenhagen in 1417.: In 1417, King Erik of Pomerania established Copenhagen as a royal possession and designated it as the capital of Denmark. He also secured control of Copenhagen Castle from the Bishop of Roskilde.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

Erik's pilgrimage to Jerusalem took place between 1423 and 1425, during which Queen Philippa governed the realms.

Answer: True

Erik undertook his pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1423 and 1425. During his absence, Queen Philippa served as regent, governing the Kalmar Union kingdoms.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the purpose and the principal outcome of Erik of Pomerania's pilgrimage to Jerusalem.: Erik undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1423 and 1425. Upon arrival, he was knighted as a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos. During his absence, Queen Philippa governed the Kalmar Union kingdoms.
  • Identify Philippa of England and describe her fate and role during Erik's reign.: Philippa of England was the second daughter of King Henry IV of England. She married Erik of Pomerania in 1406 and later served as regent of the Kalmar Union kingdoms during Erik's pilgrimage. She died in 1430.
  • Characterize the nature of the conflict between Erik of Pomerania and the Hanseatic League between 1426 and 1435.: The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 was primarily centered on trade disputes and the imposition of tolls, such as the Sound Dues. This period saw strained relations and economic challenges for the Kalmar Union, with Queen Philippa notably defending Copenhagen in 1428 during Erik's absence.

The primary long-standing conflict during Erik's sole rule was with the Hanseatic League over trade routes.

Answer: False

While conflicts with the Hanseatic League occurred, Erik's primary and most persistent struggle was the territorial dispute over South Jutland (Schleswig) with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Describe the significant economic policy introduced by Erik in 1429 and its subsequent impact.: In 1429, Erik instituted the Sound Dues (Øresundstolden), a toll levied on all ships traversing the Øresund strait into or out of the Baltic Sea. This policy generated substantial and consistent revenue for the kingdom, fostering the growth of Elsinore and remaining in effect until 1857.

Erik's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein resulted in significant territorial gains for the Kalmar Union.

Answer: False

Erik's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein did not result in significant territorial gains; rather, they led to losses of previously held territories and failed to secure his claims over South Jutland.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • What was the principal significance of the Kalmar Union treaty formulated in 1397?: The Kalmar Union treaty, formalized during Erik's coronation in 1397, established the political union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under a single monarch, aiming to consolidate power and stability among the Nordic kingdoms.

Erik built Krogen fortress to defend against potential English invasions.

Answer: False

The Krogen fortress was constructed by Erik primarily to enforce the collection of the Sound Dues, a toll on maritime traffic, rather than for defense against English invasions.

Related Concepts:

  • Explain the methods Erik employed to enforce the Sound Dues and the reactions from other European powers.: Erik enforced the Sound Dues by constructing the formidable Krogen fortress at the narrowest point of the Sound. This policy, while generating revenue, provoked opposition from other Baltic powers, particularly the Hanseatic cities, leading to conflict.
  • State the primary purpose for the construction of the Krogen fortress by Erik of Pomerania.: The fortress Krogen, built by Erik of Pomerania in the early 1400s at the narrowest point of the Sound (Øresund), served the primary purpose of enforcing the collection of the Sound Dues.
  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.

The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 primarily concerned religious differences.

Answer: False

The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League during this period was fundamentally rooted in disputes over trade, tolls, and maritime rights, particularly concerning the Sound Dues, not religious differences.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Characterize the nature of the conflict between Erik of Pomerania and the Hanseatic League between 1426 and 1435.: The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 was primarily centered on trade disputes and the imposition of tolls, such as the Sound Dues. This period saw strained relations and economic challenges for the Kalmar Union, with Queen Philippa notably defending Copenhagen in 1428 during Erik's absence.
  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.

The Peace of Vordingborg in 1435 exempted Hanseatic cities from paying the Sound Dues.

Answer: True

The Peace of Vordingborg, concluded in 1435, did indeed stipulate exemptions from the Sound Dues for Hanseatic cities, alongside the cession of the Duchy of Schleswig to the Count of Holstein.

Related Concepts:

  • Outline the principal terms stipulated in the Peace of Vordingborg agreement of 1435.: The Peace of Vordingborg (1435) stipulated that Hanseatic cities would be exempted from paying the Sound Dues. Additionally, the Duchy of Schleswig was ceded to the Count of Holstein.
  • Explain the methods Erik employed to enforce the Sound Dues and the reactions from other European powers.: Erik enforced the Sound Dues by constructing the formidable Krogen fortress at the narrowest point of the Sound. This policy, while generating revenue, provoked opposition from other Baltic powers, particularly the Hanseatic cities, leading to conflict.

Who acted as regent of the three kingdoms during Erik's pilgrimage to Jerusalem?

Answer: Philippa of England

Queen Philippa of England served as regent for Denmark, Norway, and Sweden during Erik of Pomerania's pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1423 and 1425.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the purpose and the principal outcome of Erik of Pomerania's pilgrimage to Jerusalem.: Erik undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1423 and 1425. Upon arrival, he was knighted as a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos. During his absence, Queen Philippa governed the Kalmar Union kingdoms.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Provide the dates and locations concerning Erik of Pomerania's proclamation and coronation as King of the Kalmar Union.: Erik was proclaimed King of Norway in Trondheim on September 8, 1389. He was proclaimed King in Denmark and Sweden in 1396. His coronation as King of all three Nordic realms occurred in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.

What significant administrative action did Erik take regarding Copenhagen in 1417?

Answer: He made it a royal possession and the capital of Denmark.

In 1417, Erik of Pomerania designated Copenhagen as a royal possession and established it as the capital of Denmark, consolidating royal authority over the city.

Related Concepts:

  • Detail the significant administrative action undertaken by King Erik concerning Copenhagen in 1417.: In 1417, King Erik of Pomerania established Copenhagen as a royal possession and designated it as the capital of Denmark. He also secured control of Copenhagen Castle from the Bishop of Roskilde.
  • Describe the significant economic policy introduced by Erik in 1429 and its subsequent impact.: In 1429, Erik instituted the Sound Dues (Øresundstolden), a toll levied on all ships traversing the Øresund strait into or out of the Baltic Sea. This policy generated substantial and consistent revenue for the kingdom, fostering the growth of Elsinore and remaining in effect until 1857.
  • Characterize the nature of the conflict between Erik of Pomerania and the Hanseatic League between 1426 and 1435.: The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 was primarily centered on trade disputes and the imposition of tolls, such as the Sound Dues. This period saw strained relations and economic challenges for the Kalmar Union, with Queen Philippa notably defending Copenhagen in 1428 during Erik's absence.

What was the main objective of Erik's conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein?

Answer: To regain control of South Jutland (Schleswig).

Erik's protracted conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein was primarily aimed at reasserting Danish control over South Jutland (Schleswig).

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • Detail the results of Erik of Pomerania's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein.: Despite demonstrating energy, Erik's military engagements against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein yielded no territorial gains and resulted in the loss of areas previously under Danish control. A 1424 verdict by Sigismund recognizing Erik's rights was disregarded by the Holsteiners.

What was the outcome of Erik's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein?

Answer: No territorial gains and loss of previously held areas.

Erik's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein proved unsuccessful, resulting in no territorial gains and the loss of areas previously under Danish control.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • Detail the results of Erik of Pomerania's military campaigns against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein.: Despite demonstrating energy, Erik's military engagements against the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein yielded no territorial gains and resulted in the loss of areas previously under Danish control. A 1424 verdict by Sigismund recognizing Erik's rights was disregarded by the Holsteiners.
  • Describe the process of Erik's deposition from his royal titles and identify his immediate successors.: Erik was deposed from the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1439 by their respective National Councils. He was formally deposed as King of Norway later, in 1440 or 1442. His nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, succeeded him in Denmark and Sweden.

The Sound Dues, introduced by Erik in 1429, were levied on ships passing through which body of water?

Answer: The Øresund (The Sound)

The Sound Dues, established by Erik in 1429, were a toll imposed on all maritime traffic passing through the Øresund strait, connecting the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the significant economic policy introduced by Erik in 1429 and its subsequent impact.: In 1429, Erik instituted the Sound Dues (Øresundstolden), a toll levied on all ships traversing the Øresund strait into or out of the Baltic Sea. This policy generated substantial and consistent revenue for the kingdom, fostering the growth of Elsinore and remaining in effect until 1857.
  • Explain the methods Erik employed to enforce the Sound Dues and the reactions from other European powers.: Erik enforced the Sound Dues by constructing the formidable Krogen fortress at the narrowest point of the Sound. This policy, while generating revenue, provoked opposition from other Baltic powers, particularly the Hanseatic cities, leading to conflict.
  • State the primary purpose for the construction of the Krogen fortress by Erik of Pomerania.: The fortress Krogen, built by Erik of Pomerania in the early 1400s at the narrowest point of the Sound (Øresund), served the primary purpose of enforcing the collection of the Sound Dues.

What was the purpose of building the fortress Krogen?

Answer: To enforce the collection of the Sound Dues.

The fortress Krogen was strategically constructed by Erik of Pomerania to ensure the effective collection of the Sound Dues, thereby securing revenue from maritime trade.

Related Concepts:

  • State the primary purpose for the construction of the Krogen fortress by Erik of Pomerania.: The fortress Krogen, built by Erik of Pomerania in the early 1400s at the narrowest point of the Sound (Øresund), served the primary purpose of enforcing the collection of the Sound Dues.
  • Explain the methods Erik employed to enforce the Sound Dues and the reactions from other European powers.: Erik enforced the Sound Dues by constructing the formidable Krogen fortress at the narrowest point of the Sound. This policy, while generating revenue, provoked opposition from other Baltic powers, particularly the Hanseatic cities, leading to conflict.

The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 primarily involved disputes over:

Answer: Trade and tolls like the Sound Dues

The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League during the period 1426-1435 centered on issues of trade regulation and the imposition of tolls, most notably the Sound Dues.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • Outline the principal terms stipulated in the Peace of Vordingborg agreement of 1435.: The Peace of Vordingborg (1435) stipulated that Hanseatic cities would be exempted from paying the Sound Dues. Additionally, the Duchy of Schleswig was ceded to the Count of Holstein.
  • Describe the significant economic policy introduced by Erik in 1429 and its subsequent impact.: In 1429, Erik instituted the Sound Dues (Øresundstolden), a toll levied on all ships traversing the Øresund strait into or out of the Baltic Sea. This policy generated substantial and consistent revenue for the kingdom, fostering the growth of Elsinore and remaining in effect until 1857.

Which of the following was a key term of the Peace of Vordingborg signed in 1435?

Answer: Hanseatic cities were exempted from the Sound Dues.

A principal term of the Peace of Vordingborg (1435) was the exemption granted to Hanseatic cities from paying the Sound Dues, alongside the cession of the Duchy of Schleswig.

Related Concepts:

  • Outline the principal terms stipulated in the Peace of Vordingborg agreement of 1435.: The Peace of Vordingborg (1435) stipulated that Hanseatic cities would be exempted from paying the Sound Dues. Additionally, the Duchy of Schleswig was ceded to the Count of Holstein.

Personal Life and Succession

Erik of Pomerania married Philippa of England in 1402, initiating a military alliance.

Answer: False

Erik married Philippa of England on October 26, 1406, not in 1402. The alliance formed through this marriage was defensive in nature, not explicitly military.

Related Concepts:

  • State the date and details of Erik of Pomerania's marriage to Philippa of England, and characterize the alliance that resulted.: Erik married Philippa of England, aged twelve, on October 26, 1406. This union was accompanied by a defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Describe the initial diplomatic overtures between Erik of Pomerania (or his representatives) and King Henry IV of England.: In 1402, Queen Margaret initiated discussions with King Henry IV of England concerning a potential alliance. This involved a proposed double wedding: Erik would marry Henry's daughter Philippa, and Erik's sister Catherine would marry Henry's heir, the Prince of Wales.

Philippa of England, Erik's wife, died in 1406 shortly after their marriage.

Answer: False

Philippa of England, wife of Erik of Pomerania, did not die shortly after their marriage in 1406. She lived until 1430.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify Philippa of England and describe her fate and role during Erik's reign.: Philippa of England was the second daughter of King Henry IV of England. She married Erik of Pomerania in 1406 and later served as regent of the Kalmar Union kingdoms during Erik's pilgrimage. She died in 1430.
  • State the date and details of Erik of Pomerania's marriage to Philippa of England, and characterize the alliance that resulted.: Erik married Philippa of England, aged twelve, on October 26, 1406. This union was accompanied by a defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

After Queen Philippa's death, Erik took Cecilia, his former queen's lady-in-waiting, as his morganatic spouse.

Answer: True

Following the death of Queen Philippa in 1430, Erik entered into a relationship with Cecilia, who had been Philippa's lady-in-waiting, and later took her as his morganatic spouse.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the individual who became Erik's royal mistress and subsequently his morganatic spouse following Queen Philippa's demise.: After Queen Philippa's death in 1430, Cecilia, who had previously served as Philippa's lady-in-waiting, became Erik's royal mistress and later his morganatic spouse, a relationship that generated controversy.
  • State the date and details of Erik of Pomerania's marriage to Philippa of England, and characterize the alliance that resulted.: Erik married Philippa of England, aged twelve, on October 26, 1406. This union was accompanied by a defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.

What was the primary purpose of Erik's marriage to Philippa of England?

Answer: To forge a purely defensive alliance between England and the Nordic union.

The marriage of Erik of Pomerania to Philippa of England was intended to establish a purely defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.

Related Concepts:

  • State the date and details of Erik of Pomerania's marriage to Philippa of England, and characterize the alliance that resulted.: Erik married Philippa of England, aged twelve, on October 26, 1406. This union was accompanied by a defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.
  • Identify Philippa of England and describe her fate and role during Erik's reign.: Philippa of England was the second daughter of King Henry IV of England. She married Erik of Pomerania in 1406 and later served as regent of the Kalmar Union kingdoms during Erik's pilgrimage. She died in 1430.
  • Describe the initial diplomatic overtures between Erik of Pomerania (or his representatives) and King Henry IV of England.: In 1402, Queen Margaret initiated discussions with King Henry IV of England concerning a potential alliance. This involved a proposed double wedding: Erik would marry Henry's daughter Philippa, and Erik's sister Catherine would marry Henry's heir, the Prince of Wales.

After Queen Philippa's death, who became Erik's royal mistress and later morganatic spouse?

Answer: Cecilia

Following Queen Philippa's death in 1430, Cecilia, who had previously served as Philippa's lady-in-waiting, became Erik's royal mistress and later his morganatic spouse, a relationship that generated controversy.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the individual who became Erik's royal mistress and subsequently his morganatic spouse following Queen Philippa's demise.: After Queen Philippa's death in 1430, Cecilia, who had previously served as Philippa's lady-in-waiting, became Erik's royal mistress and later his morganatic spouse, a relationship that generated controversy.
  • State the date and details of Erik of Pomerania's marriage to Philippa of England, and characterize the alliance that resulted.: Erik married Philippa of England, aged twelve, on October 26, 1406. This union was accompanied by a defensive alliance between the Kalmar Union and the Kingdom of England.
  • Identify Philippa of England and describe her fate and role during Erik's reign.: Philippa of England was the second daughter of King Henry IV of England. She married Erik of Pomerania in 1406 and later served as regent of the Kalmar Union kingdoms during Erik's pilgrimage. She died in 1430.

Deposition and Later Years

The Engelbrekt rebellion was a Danish uprising against Erik's rule.

Answer: False

The Engelbrekt rebellion, commencing in 1434, was a significant Swedish uprising, fueled by economic grievances and opposition to royal authority, not a Danish revolt.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the Engelbrekt rebellion and analyze its impact on the Kalmar Union.: The Engelbrekt rebellion, initiated in 1434, was a significant Swedish uprising involving farmers and nobility, motivated by economic hardship and a desire to reduce royal power. It severely weakened the unity of the Kalmar Union and contributed to Erik's eventual deposition.
  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.
  • Characterize the nature of the conflict between Erik of Pomerania and the Hanseatic League between 1426 and 1435.: The conflict between Erik and the Hanseatic League from 1426 to 1435 was primarily centered on trade disputes and the imposition of tolls, such as the Sound Dues. This period saw strained relations and economic challenges for the Kalmar Union, with Queen Philippa notably defending Copenhagen in 1428 during Erik's absence.

Erik left Denmark and resided in Gotland because the Danish nobility supported his choice of successor.

Answer: False

Erik relocated to Gotland due to opposition from the Danish nobility regarding his proposed successor, not because they supported his choice.

Related Concepts:

  • Explain the reasons behind Erik of Pomerania's departure from Denmark and his subsequent establishment of residence in Gotland.: Erik left Denmark and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland because the Danish nobility opposed his nomination of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, as his successor, leading to his deposition.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Describe the process of Erik's deposition from his royal titles and identify his immediate successors.: Erik was deposed from the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1439 by their respective National Councils. He was formally deposed as King of Norway later, in 1440 or 1442. His nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, succeeded him in Denmark and Sweden.

Erik was formally deposed as King of Norway in 1439, the same year he was deposed from Denmark and Sweden.

Answer: False

Erik was deposed from his thrones in Denmark and Sweden in 1439. His formal deposition as King of Norway occurred later, in 1440 or 1442.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the process of Erik's deposition from his royal titles and identify his immediate successors.: Erik was deposed from the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1439 by their respective National Councils. He was formally deposed as King of Norway later, in 1440 or 1442. His nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, succeeded him in Denmark and Sweden.
  • Provide the dates and locations concerning Erik of Pomerania's proclamation and coronation as King of the Kalmar Union.: Erik was proclaimed King of Norway in Trondheim on September 8, 1389. He was proclaimed King in Denmark and Sweden in 1396. His coronation as King of all three Nordic realms occurred in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Christopher of Bavaria succeeded Erik as King of Norway immediately after Erik's deposition in 1439.

Answer: False

Christopher of Bavaria succeeded Erik as King of Denmark and Sweden in 1439, but his succession to the Norwegian throne occurred later, following Erik's deposition from Norway.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the succession crisis and subsequent events following the death of King Christopher of Bavaria in 1448.: Following Christopher's death in 1448, a contest for the Norwegian throne emerged between Christian of Oldenburg and Karl Knutsson Bonde. Christian eventually secured the Norwegian crown in 1450 after Karl relinquished his claim.
  • Describe the process of Erik's deposition from his royal titles and identify his immediate successors.: Erik was deposed from the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1439 by their respective National Councils. He was formally deposed as King of Norway later, in 1440 or 1442. His nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, succeeded him in Denmark and Sweden.
  • Clarify Erik of Pomerania's position and role in Norway subsequent to his deposition from Denmark and Sweden.: Initially, the Norwegian council remained loyal to Erik, appointing Sigurd Jonsson as regent in his name. However, due to Erik's isolation in Gotland, the Norwegian nobility eventually deposed him, leading to Christopher of Bavaria's election as king in 1442.

After Christopher of Bavaria's death, Karl Knutsson Bonde became the undisputed King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Answer: False

Following Christopher of Bavaria's death, Karl Knutsson Bonde became King of Sweden, but a contest for the thrones of Denmark and Norway ensued, preventing him from becoming the undisputed ruler of all three kingdoms.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the succession crisis and subsequent events following the death of King Christopher of Bavaria in 1448.: Following Christopher's death in 1448, a contest for the Norwegian throne emerged between Christian of Oldenburg and Karl Knutsson Bonde. Christian eventually secured the Norwegian crown in 1450 after Karl relinquished his claim.

During his ten years on Gotland after deposition, Erik lived a quiet life managing his estates.

Answer: False

For the ten years following his deposition, Erik resided on Gotland, where he engaged in piracy against merchant shipping in the Baltic Sea, rather than living a quiet life managing estates.

Related Concepts:

  • Specify the location where Erik of Pomerania resided for ten years post-deposition and describe his primary activities during this period.: For ten years after his deposition, Erik lived on the island of Gotland, where he actively engaged in piracy against merchant trade in the Baltic Sea.
  • Explain the reasons behind Erik of Pomerania's departure from Denmark and his subsequent establishment of residence in Gotland.: Erik left Denmark and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland because the Danish nobility opposed his nomination of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, as his successor, leading to his deposition.
  • Identify the principal and enduring conflict that characterized Erik of Pomerania's period of sole rule.: The most significant and persistent conflict during Erik's reign was his struggle with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein to reclaim South Jutland (Schleswig), territory previously secured by Queen Margaret I.

Erik of Pomerania died in Denmark and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.

Answer: False

Erik of Pomerania died in Pomerania at Darłowo Castle and was buried in the Church of St. Mary's in Darłowo, not in Denmark or Roskilde Cathedral.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • State the date and location of Erik of Pomerania's death, and specify his place of burial.: Erik of Pomerania died on September 24, 1459, at Darłowo Castle (Schloss Rügenwalde) in Pomerania. He was interred in the Church of St. Mary's in Darłowo.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

What was the primary cause of the Engelbrekt rebellion that began in 1434?

Answer: A Swedish uprising fueled by economic hardship and desire to weaken royal power.

The Engelbrekt rebellion was primarily a Swedish uprising, driven by economic distress and a desire to curtail royal authority, which significantly destabilized the Kalmar Union.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the Engelbrekt rebellion and analyze its impact on the Kalmar Union.: The Engelbrekt rebellion, initiated in 1434, was a significant Swedish uprising involving farmers and nobility, motivated by economic hardship and a desire to reduce royal power. It severely weakened the unity of the Kalmar Union and contributed to Erik's eventual deposition.

Why did Erik of Pomerania leave Denmark and take up permanent residence in Gotland?

Answer: The Danish nobility opposed his chosen successor.

Erik departed Denmark for Gotland due to the Danish nobility's opposition to his designated successor, which ultimately led to his deposition.

Related Concepts:

  • Explain the reasons behind Erik of Pomerania's departure from Denmark and his subsequent establishment of residence in Gotland.: Erik left Denmark and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland because the Danish nobility opposed his nomination of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, as his successor, leading to his deposition.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

In what year was Erik deposed from his thrones in Denmark and Sweden?

Answer: 1439

Erik of Pomerania was deposed from his thrones in Denmark and Sweden in the year 1439.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the process of Erik's deposition from his royal titles and identify his immediate successors.: Erik was deposed from the thrones of Denmark and Sweden in 1439 by their respective National Councils. He was formally deposed as King of Norway later, in 1440 or 1442. His nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, succeeded him in Denmark and Sweden.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Provide the dates and locations concerning Erik of Pomerania's proclamation and coronation as King of the Kalmar Union.: Erik was proclaimed King of Norway in Trondheim on September 8, 1389. He was proclaimed King in Denmark and Sweden in 1396. His coronation as King of all three Nordic realms occurred in Kalmar, Sweden, on June 17, 1397.

Who succeeded Erik of Pomerania in Denmark and Sweden after his deposition?

Answer: Christopher of Bavaria

Christopher of Bavaria succeeded Erik of Pomerania as King of Denmark and Sweden following Erik's deposition in 1439.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What were Erik of Pomerania's specific regnal numbers as monarch in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?: Erik of Pomerania was known as Erik III in Norway (reigning 1389–1442), Erik VII in Denmark (reigning 1396–1439), and Erik XIII in Sweden (reigning 1396–1434, with a later period from 1436–1439).
  • Explain the reasons behind Erik of Pomerania's departure from Denmark and his subsequent establishment of residence in Gotland.: Erik left Denmark and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland because the Danish nobility opposed his nomination of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, as his successor, leading to his deposition.

What activity did Erik engage in during his ten years living on Gotland after his deposition?

Answer: Piracy against merchant trade

During his decade of residence on Gotland after his deposition, Erik actively engaged in piracy, targeting merchant vessels in the Baltic Sea.

Related Concepts:

  • Specify the location where Erik of Pomerania resided for ten years post-deposition and describe his primary activities during this period.: For ten years after his deposition, Erik lived on the island of Gotland, where he actively engaged in piracy against merchant trade in the Baltic Sea.
  • Explain the reasons behind Erik of Pomerania's departure from Denmark and his subsequent establishment of residence in Gotland.: Erik left Denmark and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland because the Danish nobility opposed his nomination of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, as his successor, leading to his deposition.

Where was Erik of Pomerania buried?

Answer: Church of St. Mary's in Darłowo

Erik of Pomerania was buried in the Church of St. Mary's in Darłowo, Pomerania, where he also died.

Related Concepts:

  • State the date and location of Erik of Pomerania's death, and specify his place of burial.: Erik of Pomerania died on September 24, 1459, at Darłowo Castle (Schloss Rügenwalde) in Pomerania. He was interred in the Church of St. Mary's in Darłowo.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Specify the approximate birth date and location of Erik of Pomerania, and state his original birth name.: Erik of Pomerania was born in Darłowo Castle, Pomerania (modern-day Poland), between 1381 and 1382. His birth name was Bogusław.

Titles, Legacy, and Symbolism

The epithet 'of Pomerania' applied to Erik was intended as a term of honor, signifying his strong connection to the region.

Answer: False

The epithet 'of Pomerania' was applied to Erik not as a term of honor, but rather as a pejorative or disparaging identifier, suggesting his foreign origin relative to the Scandinavian kingdoms he ruled.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical origin and intended meaning of the epithet 'of Pomerania' as applied to Erik?: The epithet 'of Pomerania' was applied to Erik not as a designation of honor, but rather as a pejorative term, intended to signify his foreign origin and perceived lack of true belonging within Scandinavia.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

Contemporary sources described Erik as lacking energy and being overly diplomatic.

Answer: False

While contemporary accounts noted Erik's potential for obstinacy and a lack of diplomatic finesse, they also frequently described him as energetic and visionary, contradicting the assertion that he lacked energy or was overly diplomatic.

Related Concepts:

  • Summarize the descriptions of Erik of Pomerania's personality and physical appearance as recorded by contemporary sources.: Contemporary sources characterized Erik as intelligent, visionary, and energetic, possessing charm and eloquence. Negatively, he was noted for a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic acumen, and obstinacy. Physically, he was described as having reddish-yellow hair, a ruddy complexion, and a long, narrow neck.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Erik's final ducal title was Duke of Pomerania-Stolp, which he ruled jointly with Bogislaw IX.

Answer: False

Erik's final ducal title was Duke of Pomerania-Rügenwalde, a partition of Pomerania-Stolp, which he ruled from 1449 to 1459. He was known as Erik I in this capacity.

Related Concepts:

  • Specify the approximate birth date and location of Erik of Pomerania, and state his original birth name.: Erik of Pomerania was born in Darłowo Castle, Pomerania (modern-day Poland), between 1381 and 1382. His birth name was Bogusław.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's final ducal title and the territory associated with it.: From 1449 to 1459, Erik held the title Duke of Pomerania-Rügenwalde, ruling a partition of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp. He was known as Erik I in this ducal capacity.

Erik is credited with encouraging an expedition led by Hans Pothorst to find a Northwest Passage.

Answer: True

Erik of Pomerania is credited with encouraging an expedition, led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, which aimed to explore the possibility of a Northwest Passage.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the expedition Erik of Pomerania is credited with encouraging, and name its leaders.: Erik is credited with encouraging a joint expedition led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, which aimed to investigate the Northwest Passage.

Erik of Pomerania's full royal title included Duke of Pomerania but not the titles related to the Wends and Goths.

Answer: False

Erik of Pomerania's full royal title encompassed King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and also included the titles 'King of the Wends and the Goths,' in addition to Duke of Pomerania.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • Identify Erik of Pomerania's parents and their respective ducal titles.: Erik of Pomerania's parents were Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Mecklenburg.

The numbering Erik XIII of Sweden is historically accurate and was used during his lifetime.

Answer: False

The regnal number Erik XIII for Sweden is not historically accurate for his lifetime; it originated from an 18th-century monument based on a later, fictitious numbering system.

Related Concepts:

  • What were Erik of Pomerania's specific regnal numbers as monarch in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?: Erik of Pomerania was known as Erik III in Norway (reigning 1389–1442), Erik VII in Denmark (reigning 1396–1439), and Erik XIII in Sweden (reigning 1396–1434, with a later period from 1436–1439).
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

Why was the epithet 'of Pomerania' applied to Erik?

Answer: As a pejorative term suggesting he was an outsider to Scandinavia.

The epithet 'of Pomerania' was applied to Erik primarily as a pejorative, intended to emphasize his foreign origin and perceived lack of true belonging within the Scandinavian context.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical origin and intended meaning of the epithet 'of Pomerania' as applied to Erik?: The epithet 'of Pomerania' was applied to Erik not as a designation of honor, but rather as a pejorative term, intended to signify his foreign origin and perceived lack of true belonging within Scandinavia.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

Which of the following was a negative personality trait attributed to Erik of Pomerania?

Answer: Obstinacy

Among the negative traits attributed to Erik of Pomerania by contemporary sources were his hot temper and obstinacy, alongside a perceived lack of diplomatic skill.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical origin and intended meaning of the epithet 'of Pomerania' as applied to Erik?: The epithet 'of Pomerania' was applied to Erik not as a designation of honor, but rather as a pejorative term, intended to signify his foreign origin and perceived lack of true belonging within Scandinavia.
  • Summarize the descriptions of Erik of Pomerania's personality and physical appearance as recorded by contemporary sources.: Contemporary sources characterized Erik as intelligent, visionary, and energetic, possessing charm and eloquence. Negatively, he was noted for a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic acumen, and obstinacy. Physically, he was described as having reddish-yellow hair, a ruddy complexion, and a long, narrow neck.
  • What was the comprehensive royal title held by Erik of Pomerania?: Erik of Pomerania's full royal title was King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, King of the Wends and the Goths, and Duke of Pomerania.

The expedition encouraged by Erik, led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, aimed to investigate what?

Answer: The Northwest Passage

The expedition encouraged by Erik of Pomerania, led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, was intended to investigate the existence and feasibility of a Northwest Passage.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the expedition Erik of Pomerania is credited with encouraging, and name its leaders.: Erik is credited with encouraging a joint expedition led by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, which aimed to investigate the Northwest Passage.

What did the lion with an axe symbol on Erik of Pomerania's 1398 royal seal represent?

Answer: Norway

The royal seal of Erik of Pomerania from 1398 featured a lion with an axe, which specifically represented the Kingdom of Norway.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the significance of the symbols depicted on Erik of Pomerania's 1398 royal seal?: The 1398 royal seal of Erik of Pomerania incorporated symbols representing his dominion: a lion with an axe for Norway, three lions for Denmark, three crowns for Sweden or the Kalmar Union, and a griffin for Pomerania, visually affirming his rule over these territories.
  • What were the primary kingdoms comprising the Kalmar Union under Erik of Pomerania's rule, and what was the general timeframe of his reign over these realms?: Erik of Pomerania reigned over the Kalmar Union, which comprised the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His reign extended from 1396 until his deposition in 1439, though he initially ruled jointly with Margaret I until her death in 1412.

The numbering Erik XIII of Sweden is considered historically inaccurate because:

Answer: The numbering originated from an 18th-century monument based on fictitious history.

The numbering Erik XIII for Sweden is considered historically inaccurate as it was established in the 18th century, based on a retrospective and fictitious numbering system, rather than contemporary usage.

Related Concepts:

What was the significance of Erik's meeting with Emperors John VIII Palaiologos and Sigismund in Buda in 1424?

Answer: It indicated his significant political standing as a ruler comparable to emperors.

Erik's meeting with Emperors John VIII Palaiologos and Sigismund in Buda in 1424, as depicted in contemporary illustrations, signified his considerable political stature, placing him on par with imperial rulers of the era.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the purpose and the principal outcome of Erik of Pomerania's pilgrimage to Jerusalem.: Erik undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem between 1423 and 1425. Upon arrival, he was knighted as a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos. During his absence, Queen Philippa governed the Kalmar Union kingdoms.

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