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Ernst Mach's full birth name was simply Ernst Mach.
Answer: False
The source identifies Ernst Mach's complete birth name as Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach, not simply Ernst Mach.
Ernst Mach was born in Chrlice, a city now located in Germany.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach was born in Chrlice, which was then part of the Austrian Empire. This location is now within Brno, Czech Republic, not Germany.
Ernst Mach passed away in Vaterstetten, Germany, at the age of 78.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach died on February 19, 1916, at the age of 78, in Vaterstetten, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire.
Ludwig Mach was Ernst Mach's father.
Answer: False
Ludwig Mach is identified as Ernst Mach's son, not his father.
Ernst Mach was educated at home until he was 20 years old.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach received his initial education at home until the age of 14, after which he attended a gymnasium.
What was Ernst Mach's full birth name?
Answer: Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
Ernst Mach's complete birth name was Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach.
In which city was Ernst Mach born, and what empire was it part of at the time?
Answer: Chrlice, Austrian Empire
Ernst Mach was born in Chrlice, then part of the Austrian Empire.
Where and when did Ernst Mach die?
Answer: Vaterstetten, German Empire on February 19, 1916
Ernst Mach died on February 19, 1916, at the age of 78, in Vaterstetten, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire.
Who is identified in the text as Ernst Mach's child?
Answer: Ludwig Mach
Ludwig Mach is identified as Ernst Mach's son.
Describe Ernst Mach's early education according to the source.
Answer: He was homeschooled until age 14, then attended a gymnasium.
Born in Moravia, Ernst Mach received his initial education at home until the age of 14. He subsequently attended a gymnasium before matriculating at the University of Vienna.
Ernst Mach obtained his doctorate and habilitation degrees from the University of Vienna.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach received his doctorate in physics in 1860 and completed his habilitation in 1861 at the University of Vienna.
Ernst Mach held professorships at universities in Graz, Prague, and Vienna.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach held professorial appointments at the University of Graz, the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, and the University of Vienna.
Ernst Mach's doctoral thesis focused on the principles of thermodynamics.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach's doctoral dissertation was titled "Über elektrische Ladungen und Induktion" ('On Electric Charges and Induction'), not thermodynamics.
Andreas von Ettingshausen was a student of Ernst Mach.
Answer: False
Andreas von Ettingshausen served as Ernst Mach's doctoral advisor, not his student.
Heinrich Gomperz and Ottokar Tumlirz were doctoral students under Ernst Mach.
Answer: True
The text mentions Heinrich Gomperz and Ottokar Tumlirz as doctoral students under Ernst Mach.
Mach was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Graz in 1864 and physics professor in 1866.
Answer: True
In 1864, Ernst Mach was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Graz, followed by a professorship in physics in 1866.
From 1895 to 1901, Mach held a chair at the University of Vienna focused on experimental physics.
Answer: False
From 1895 to 1901, Ernst Mach occupied a newly established chair at the University of Vienna focused on the history and philosophy of the inductive sciences, not experimental physics.
The English title of Mach's influential work on mechanics is 'The Science of Mechanics', with the fourth edition published in 1919.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach's seminal work on mechanics, 'Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt,' saw its fourth edition published in English in 1919 as 'The Science of Mechanics'.
Mach's work 'Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen' was translated into English as 'Analysis of Sensations'.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach's work 'Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen' was translated into English as 'Contributions to the Analysis of Sensation', not 'Analysis of Sensations'.
From which university did Ernst Mach receive his doctorate in physics and his habilitation?
Answer: University of Vienna
Ernst Mach received his doctorate in physics in 1860 and completed his habilitation in 1861 at the University of Vienna.
Which of these universities did NOT employ Ernst Mach as a professor, according to the text?
Answer: University of Berlin
Ernst Mach held professorships at the University of Graz, the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, and the University of Vienna. The University of Berlin is not mentioned as an employer.
What was the subject of Ernst Mach's doctoral thesis?
Answer: On Electric Charges and Induction
Ernst Mach's doctoral dissertation was titled "Über elektrische Ladungen und Induktion," which translates to 'On Electric Charges and Induction'.
Who served as Ernst Mach's doctoral advisor?
Answer: Andreas von Ettingshausen
Andreas von Ettingshausen served as Ernst Mach's doctoral advisor.
What academic positions did Ernst Mach hold in Graz?
Answer: Professor of mathematics and experimental physics
In 1864, Ernst Mach was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Graz, followed by a professorship in physics (often interpreted as experimental physics in this context) in 1866.
What was the focus of the chair Ernst Mach held at the University of Vienna from 1895 to 1901?
Answer: History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences
From 1895 to 1901, Ernst Mach occupied a newly established chair at the University of Vienna focused on the history and philosophy of the inductive sciences.
Which of the following works by Ernst Mach is mentioned by its English title?
Answer: The Science of Mechanics
Ernst Mach's seminal work on mechanics, 'Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt,' saw its fourth edition published in English in 1919 as 'The Science of Mechanics'.
The Mach number quantifies the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of light.
Answer: False
The Mach number represents the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound, not the speed of light.
Mach's primary research focus during his professorships was on electromagnetism and quantum mechanics.
Answer: False
Mach's research focused on optics (interference, diffraction, polarization, refraction) and later supersonic fluid mechanics, not electromagnetism or quantum mechanics.
Ernst Mach and his son Ludwig photographed shock waves using a modified Jamin interferometer.
Answer: True
Employing a modified Jamin interferometer, developed by his son Ludwig, Ernst Mach and Ludwig photographed the shadows of invisible shock waves.
Mach and Peter Salcher experimentally confirmed the existence of a conical shock wave.
Answer: True
In 1887, Mach and Peter Salcher published their findings concerning phenomena generated by supersonic projectiles. They deduced and experimentally verified the existence of a conical shock wave, with the projectile situated at its apex.
The Mach number is named after Ernst Mach and relates to fluid dynamics.
Answer: True
The Mach number, a critical parameter in fluid dynamics, is named after Ernst Mach and quantifies the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound.
Which of the following is NOT among the scientific phenomena Ernst Mach is known for?
Answer: The Doppler effect
Ernst Mach is known for Mach bands, the Mach number, and Mach diamonds, but not the Doppler effect.
What does the Mach number represent?
Answer: The ratio of the speed of a flow or object to the speed of sound
The Mach number, named in honor of Ernst Mach, quantifies the ratio of the speed of a flow or object to the speed of sound.
How did Mach contribute to the study of shock waves?
Answer: He photographed spark and ballistic shock-waves using schlieren photography.
Ernst Mach documented and photographed spark and ballistic shock waves using schlieren photography, providing visual evidence of these phenomena.
Which area of physics was a major focus for Mach during his professorships, besides optics?
Answer: Supersonic fluid mechanics
During his professorial tenure, Mach's research extended to supersonic fluid mechanics, in addition to his work on optics.
What instrument was modified by Mach and his son Ludwig to photograph shock waves?
Answer: A Jamin interferometer
Employing a modified Jamin interferometer, developed by his son Ludwig, Ernst Mach and Ludwig photographed the shadows of invisible shock waves.
What did Mach and Peter Salcher experimentally confirm in 1887 regarding supersonic projectiles?
Answer: The existence of a conical shock wave.
In 1887, Mach and Peter Salcher published their findings concerning phenomena generated by supersonic projectiles. They deduced and experimentally verified the existence of a conical shock wave.
The Mach number is a concept related to optical illusions.
Answer: False
The Mach number is a concept in fluid dynamics, representing the ratio of speed to the speed of sound. Mach bands are related to optical illusions.
Ernst Mach used schlieren photography to capture images of shock waves.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach and his son Ludwig successfully used schlieren photography to capture images of invisible shock waves.
Mach's contributions to psychology include early theories on classical conditioning.
Answer: False
Mach's psychological contributions include anticipating Gestalt phenomena and discovering the oblique effect and Mach bands, not theories on classical conditioning.
Mach and Josef Breuer independently discovered the function of the semicircular canals in maintaining balance.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach, collaborating with Josef Breuer, elucidated the role of the semicircular canals in the inner ear in maintaining the sense of balance.
The Mach bands optical illusion involves exaggerated contrast at edges between different gray shades.
Answer: True
The Mach band illusion manifests at edges between areas of subtly differing gray shades, exaggerating contrast upon contact.
Mach bands and Mach diamonds are named after Ernst Mach.
Answer: True
Mach bands, an optical illusion in visual perception, and Mach diamonds, patterns observed in supersonic jet exhausts, are both named in honor of Ernst Mach.
Mach's contribution to the vestibular system involved the discovery of the cochlea's function.
Answer: False
Mach's contribution to the vestibular system involved the discovery of the function of the semicircular canals in maintaining balance, not the cochlea's function.
The 'oblique effect' refers to enhanced sensitivity to orientations that are not horizontal or vertical.
Answer: True
The oblique effect, discovered by Ernst Mach, refers to a phenomenon in visual perception where sensitivity to orientations at specific angles (like horizontal or vertical) is greater than sensitivity to oblique orientations.
In which field did Mach anticipate Gestalt phenomena and discover the 'oblique effect'?
Answer: Psychology and Physiology
In the domains of psychology and physiology, Mach is credited with anticipating Gestalt phenomena and identifying the oblique effect.
What did Mach and Josef Breuer discover about the sense of balance?
Answer: It is regulated by the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
Ernst Mach, collaborating with Josef Breuer, elucidated the role of the semicircular canals in the inner ear in maintaining the sense of balance.
What is the Mach band illusion?
Answer: An optical illusion exaggerating contrast at edges between different gray shades.
The Mach band illusion manifests at edges between areas of subtly differing gray shades, exaggerating contrast upon contact.
Mach's principle suggests that inertia arises from the distribution of matter in the universe.
Answer: True
Mach's principle posits that inertia is a result of the interaction with all other matter in the universe, not an intrinsic property of mass independent of external factors.
Mach's principle posits that centrifugal force is an absolute property of rotating bodies.
Answer: False
Mach's principle suggests inertia and related forces arise from the distribution of matter in the universe, challenging the notion of absolute properties like centrifugal force being inherent to rotating bodies.
Mach's principle is primarily related to the theory of electromagnetism.
Answer: False
Mach's principle is primarily related to cosmology and the origin of inertia, not electromagnetism.
Empirio-criticism, associated with Mach, asserts that knowledge is derived solely from empirical observation.
Answer: True
Empirio-criticism, a philosophy associated with Mach, posits that all knowledge originates exclusively from sensory experience.
Mach initially believed scientific laws were absolute truths about reality.
Answer: False
Mach's perspective evolved; he later emphasized mathematical functions as superior means for describing sensory appearances, suggesting laws pertain to sensations rather than an independent reality.
Ernst Mach fully endorsed the atomic theory prevalent in his time.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach voiced skepticism regarding the existence of atoms, partly due to his phenomenalist philosophy and belief that atomic theories lacked sufficient 'economy' and direct verifiability.
A core principle of 'Machian physics' is the acceptance of absolute space and time.
Answer: False
A key principle of 'Machian physics' is the prioritization of relative motion over absolute space and time.
Mach's swivel chair experiment was designed to demonstrate the existence of absolute motion.
Answer: False
Mach devised a swivel chair experiment to investigate his theories on the sense of motion, which may have informed his critique of the concept of absolute space and motion, rather than demonstrating absolute motion itself.
Mach distinguished between geometrical space and the concept of absolute space.
Answer: False
Mach distinguished between physiological space (specifically visual space) and geometrical space, and critiqued the concept of absolute space.
Ernst Mach believed the primary goal of physical science was to provide the simplest and most economical expression of facts.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach posited that the primary objective of physical science is to attain the 'simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts'.
Mach's critique of Newton's bucket argument focused on the bucket's material composition.
Answer: False
Mach critiqued Newton's bucket argument by contending that the observed rotation stemmed not from absolute space but from the relative motion of the bucket with respect to distant celestial bodies.
Heinrich Gomperz referred to Ernst Mach metaphorically as the 'Buddha of Science' due to his views on which concept?
Answer: The nature of the 'Ego'
Ernst Mach's phenomenological examination of the 'Ego' in 'Analysis of Sensations' prompted Heinrich Gomperz to refer to him metaphorically as the 'Buddha of Science'.
What did Mach's principle suggest about the origin of inertia?
Answer: Inertia arises from the interaction with the distribution of matter in the universe.
Mach's principle posits that inertia is a result of the interaction with all other matter in the universe.
What is 'empirio-criticism', as associated with Mach?
Answer: A philosophy asserting knowledge comes solely from sensations.
Empirio-criticism, a philosophy associated with Mach, asserts that all knowledge originates exclusively from sensory experience.
What was Ernst Mach's stance on the existence of atoms?
Answer: He expressed skepticism about their existence.
Ernst Mach voiced skepticism regarding the existence of atoms, famously stating, 'I don't believe that atoms exist!'.
Which of the following is NOT a core principle attributed to 'Machian physics' in the source?
Answer: Embracing absolute space and time.
Key principles of 'Machian physics' include grounding theories in observable phenomena, prioritizing relative motion, and attributing phenomena to mass distribution, explicitly eschewing absolute space and time.
Mach's swivel chair experiment is suggested to have contributed to his critique of what concept?
Answer: Absolute space
Mach devised a swivel chair experiment to investigate his theories on the sense of motion, which may have informed his critique of the concept of absolute space and motion.
What did Ernst Mach consider the primary goal of physical science?
Answer: To provide the simplest and most economical expression of facts.
Ernst Mach posited that the primary objective of physical science is to attain the 'simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts'.
What was Mach's critique of Newton's bucket argument based on?
Answer: The relative motion with respect to distant stars, not absolute space.
Mach critiqued Newton's bucket argument by contending that the observed rotation stemmed not from absolute space but from the relative motion of the bucket with respect to distant celestial bodies.
Ernst Mach's philosophical ideas were influential in the development of existentialism.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach's philosophical ideas were influential in logical positivism and American pragmatism, not existentialism.
Mach's critique of Newtonian physics directly supported Einstein's theory of general relativity.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach's critique of Isaac Newton's concepts of absolute space and time anticipated theoretical developments that became central to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Vladimir Lenin criticized Machism for promoting solipsism and denying the pre-human existence of nature.
Answer: True
In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin critiqued Machism for fostering solipsism and the assertion that nature predated human existence.
Albert Einstein viewed Mach's work as a precursor to his theory of relativity.
Answer: True
Albert Einstein regarded Ernst Mach as a precursor to the general theory of relativity, noting that the theory's conceptual trajectory aligned with Mach's ideas.
Einstein cited Mach's principle as a foundational concept for his theory of special relativity.
Answer: False
Einstein cited Mach's principle as a foundational concept for his general theory of relativity, not the special theory.
Alexander Riegler identified Mach's work as a precursor to behaviorism.
Answer: False
Alexander Riegler identified Ernst Mach's work as a precursor to constructivism, not behaviorism.
The Vienna Circle organized the 'Ernst Mach Society' to discuss their ideas.
Answer: True
Mach's work was a significant influence on the Vienna Circle and logical positivism, with members organizing the 'Ernst Mach Society' to discuss their ideas.
B.F. Skinner's psychological approach was influenced by Mach's views on mediating structures.
Answer: True
Mach's conceptualization of mediating structures influenced B.F. Skinner's inductive methodology in psychology.
The asteroid 3949 Mach and the lunar crater Mach are named in honor of Ernst Mach.
Answer: True
The celestial bodies asteroid 3949 Mach and the lunar crater Mach are named in honor of Ernst Mach.
Friedrich Hayek noted that Mach's ideas dominated discussions at the University of Vienna between 1918 and 1921.
Answer: True
Friedrich Hayek observed that discussions at the University of Vienna between 1918 and 1921 were largely dominated by Mach's ideas, signifying his substantial influence on the era's intellectual milieu.
Which philosophical movements were significantly influenced by Ernst Mach's work?
Answer: Logical Positivism and American Pragmatism
Ernst Mach's philosophical contributions profoundly influenced logical positivism and American pragmatism.
Ernst Mach's critique of Newtonian concepts is considered a precursor to which major scientific theory?
Answer: The General Theory of Relativity
Ernst Mach's critique of Isaac Newton's concepts of absolute space and time anticipated theoretical developments that became central to Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Vladimir Lenin primarily criticized Machism for leading to which philosophical problems?
Answer: Solipsism and the denial of pre-human nature
In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin critiqued Machism for fostering solipsism and the assertion that nature predated human existence.
How did Albert Einstein describe Mach's influence on his general theory of relativity?
Answer: Mach was a precursor whose ideas conformed with the theory's direction.
Albert Einstein regarded Ernst Mach as a precursor to the general theory of relativity, noting that the theory's conceptual trajectory aligned with Mach's ideas.
Alexander Riegler identified Mach's work as a precursor to which epistemological perspective?
Answer: Constructivism
Alexander Riegler identified Ernst Mach's work as a precursor to constructivism, an epistemological perspective emphasizing the active construction of knowledge by the learner.
How did Mach's ideas influence the intellectual climate in Vienna after World War I, according to Friedrich Hayek?
Answer: They dominated discussions at the University of Vienna.
Friedrich Hayek observed that discussions at the University of Vienna between 1918 and 1921 were largely dominated by Mach's ideas, signifying his substantial influence on the era's intellectual milieu.
Ernst Mach identified as a socialist and an atheist later in his life.
Answer: True
Ernst Mach later espoused socialist and atheist views.
Ernst Mach supported the reactionary policies following the 1848 revolutions in Austria.
Answer: False
Mach, born into a liberal family, expressed dismay regarding the "very reactionary-clerical" political climate that ensued in the Austrian Empire after the 1848 revolutions.
Ernst Mach accepted a nobility title when appointed to the Austrian House of Lords.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach declined a proffered nobility title upon his appointment to the Austrian House of Lords in 1901, deeming it inappropriate for a scientist to accept such an honor.
Mach viewed European colonial expansion positively as a civilizing mission.
Answer: False
Ernst Mach expressed criticism regarding European colonial expansion, characterizing such endeavors as destined to 'constitute...the most distasteful chapter of history for coming generations'.
How did Ernst Mach react to the political climate after the 1848 revolutions?
Answer: He lamented the reactionary period and considered emigrating.
Mach expressed dismay regarding the "very reactionary-clerical" political climate that ensued in the Austrian Empire after the 1848 revolutions, a sentiment that prompted consideration of emigration.
Why did Ernst Mach refuse a nobility title offered in 1901?
Answer: He felt it was inappropriate for a scientist to accept such an honor.
Ernst Mach declined a proffered nobility title upon his appointment to the Austrian House of Lords in 1901, deeming it inappropriate for a scientist to accept such an honor.
What was Mach's view on European colonial conquests?
Answer: He was critical, viewing them as a negative historical event.
Ernst Mach expressed criticism regarding European colonial expansion, characterizing such endeavors as destined to 'constitute...the most distasteful chapter of history for coming generations'.