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Erzincan is primarily located in western Turkey and is known for its significant port facilities.
Answer: False
Erzincan is located in eastern Turkey and is not noted for significant port facilities, as it is an inland city.
The population of Erzincan is predominantly composed of Turkish Sunni Muslims, with a notable minority of Kurdish Alevis.
Answer: True
The demographic data indicates that Erzincan's population is primarily Turkish Sunni Muslims, with a significant Kurdish Alevi minority.
Erzincan experienced a population decrease from 150,714 inhabitants in 2007 to 86,779 in 2022.
Answer: False
Erzincan's population actually increased from 86,779 in 2007 to 150,714 in 2022, indicating growth rather than a decrease.
Which of the following cities is NOT listed as being located near Erzincan?
Answer: Antalya
The provided information lists Erzurum, Sivas, and Tunceli as cities near Erzincan, but Antalya is not mentioned.
What was the population of Erzincan in 2007?
Answer: 86,779
According to population data, Erzincan had 86,779 inhabitants in 2007.
The ancient region corresponding to modern-day Erzincan was known as Acilisene, where the Peace of Acilisene was signed in AD 387.
Answer: True
Historical records confirm that the ancient region of Acilisene was indeed the site where the Peace of Acilisene was concluded in AD 387.
Erzincan was historically known as Justinianopolis after Emperor Justinian, and in Armenian, it was called Yerznka.
Answer: True
Erzincan was historically referred to as Justinianopolis, named after Emperor Justinian, and its Armenian designation was Yerznka.
After Armenia's conversion to Christianity, the Anahit temple in Erez was preserved and became a site for Christian worship.
Answer: False
Following Armenia's conversion to Christianity, the Anahit temple in Erez was destroyed, and its lands were given to Gregory the Illuminator, rather than being preserved for Christian worship.
Acilisene achieved its peak as a metropolitan see overseeing 21 suffragan bishops in the 11th century.
Answer: True
Historical accounts confirm that Acilisene reached its ecclesiastical zenith in the 11th century, functioning as a metropolitan see with oversight of 21 suffragan bishops.
What was the ancient name of the region where Erzincan is located, and what significant event occurred there in AD 387?
Answer: Acilisene; The signing of the Peace of Acilisene
The ancient region of Erzincan was known as Acilisene, and it was the site where the Peace of Acilisene was signed in AD 387.
Which historical name for Erzincan was derived from an emperor?
Answer: Justinianopolis
Justinianopolis was a historical name for Erzincan, derived from Emperor Justinian.
What happened to the Anahit temple in Erez after Armenia adopted Christianity?
Answer: It was destroyed, and its lands were given to Gregory the Illuminator.
After Armenia's conversion to Christianity, the Anahit temple in Erez was destroyed, and its property and lands were subsequently given to Gregory the Illuminator.
Which bishop of Acilisene/Justinianopolis attended the Second Council of Constantinople in 553?
Answer: Georgius or Gregorius
Georgius or Gregorius, a bishop of Acilisene/Justinianopolis, is recorded as having attended the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.
When did Acilisene achieve its peak as a metropolitan see overseeing 21 suffragan bishops?
Answer: 11th century
Acilisene reached its ecclesiastical peak in the 11th century, functioning as a metropolitan see with 21 suffragan bishops under its jurisdiction.
Erzincan was incorporated into the Mengüçoğlu principality in 1071 under the rule of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
Answer: False
Erzincan was incorporated into the Mengüçoğlu principality in 1071 under the rule of the Seljuk Sulëiman Kutalmish, not the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
Marco Polo described Erzincan as a city inhabited primarily by Turks and noted its role as a major trading hub.
Answer: False
Marco Polo's accounts describe Erzincan as primarily inhabited by Armenians and serving as the seat of an archbishop, not as a city primarily of Turks or a major trading hub.
Erzincan suffered two major devastations in the 13th century: one from conflicts between Seljuks and Mongols in 1243, and another from an earthquake in 1254.
Answer: True
Erzincan indeed experienced significant devastations in the 13th century, including conflicts between Seljuks and Mongols in 1243 and a major earthquake in 1254.
Erzincan served as the gathering point for Qizilbash forces in 1500, which was crucial for the establishment of the Safavid dynasty.
Answer: True
Historical accounts confirm Erzincan's critical role as the assembly point for Qizilbash forces in 1500, a key event in the formation of the Safavid dynasty.
After its capture by Ottoman forces in 1514, Erzincan's population declined significantly, and its urban structure remained unchanged.
Answer: False
Following the Ottoman capture in 1514, Erzincan experienced significant demographic and urban development, with its population increasing, contrary to a decline or unchanged structure.
Evliya Çelebi reported in 1647 that Erzincan's castle contained 1800 houses, while only 200 houses were outside its walls.
Answer: False
Evliya Çelebi's 1647 account indicates that Erzincan's castle contained 200 houses, with a much larger number of 1800 houses located outside its walls.
Under whose rule was Erzincan incorporated into the Mengüçoğlu principality in 1071?
Answer: Sulëiman Kutalmish
Erzincan was incorporated into the Mengüçoğlu principality in 1071 under the rule of the Seljuk Sulëiman Kutalmish.
What did Marco Polo observe about the inhabitants of Erzincan during his travels?
Answer: They were Armenians, and the city was the seat of an archbishop.
Marco Polo's observations indicated that Erzincan was inhabited by Armenians and served as the seat of an archbishop.
In which year did Erzincan suffer a major earthquake that caused over 10,000 deaths, following its devastation by conflicts in 1243?
Answer: 1254
Following conflicts in 1243, Erzincan was struck by a major earthquake in 1254, which resulted in over 10,000 deaths.
What was Erzincan's role in the establishment of the Safavid dynasty in 1500?
Answer: It served as the gathering point for Qizilbash forces.
Erzincan was instrumental in the establishment of the Safavid dynasty in 1500 by serving as the crucial gathering point for Qizilbash forces.
According to Evliya Çelebi's visit in 1647, how many houses were located outside Erzincan's castle walls?
Answer: 1800
Evliya Çelebi's 1647 account specifies that 1800 houses were situated outside Erzincan's castle walls.
The 1881/82 General Census reported that the sanjak of Erzincan had a Muslim population of 19,026 and an Armenian population of 85,943.
Answer: False
The 1881/82 General Census reported 85,943 Muslims and 19,026 Armenians in the sanjak of Erzincan, indicating the question's figures are reversed.
Vital Cuinet's 1893 research indicated that the center of Erzincan had 15,000 Muslims and 7,500 Armenians.
Answer: True
Vital Cuinet's 1893 research provides these specific figures for the Muslim and Armenian populations in the center of Erzincan.
The 1914 Ottoman census is widely acknowledged for its accurate and comprehensive count of religious minority groups like Armenians.
Answer: False
The 1914 Ottoman census is widely acknowledged to have undercounted religious minority groups, including Armenians, rather than providing an accurate and comprehensive count.
Research by Miller and Kévorkian suggests that the actual number of Armenians in central Erzincan before World War I was significantly higher than the 1914 Ottoman census figures.
Answer: True
Miller and Kévorkian's research indicates that the actual Armenian population in central Erzincan before World War I was more than double the figures reported in the undercounted 1914 Ottoman census.
The majority of Armenians in Erzincan and its surrounding areas survived the Armenian genocide by relocating to safer regions.
Answer: False
The historical record indicates that the majority of Armenians in Erzincan and its environs were killed during the Armenian genocide, rather than successfully relocating to safer regions.
Erzincan served as a transit hub for the forced deportation of at least 150,000 Armenians towards the Kemah gorge killing site between 1915 and 1916.
Answer: True
Between 1915 and 1916, Erzincan functioned as a critical transit hub for the forced deportation of at least 150,000 Armenians towards the Kemah gorge, a known killing site.
The Central Hospital of Erzincan was used for medical experiments on Armenian civilians using infectious agents during World War I.
Answer: True
Historical accounts confirm that the Central Hospital of Erzincan was utilized for medical experiments on Armenian civilians with infectious agents during World War I.
As of 2019, Erzincan retains numerous well-preserved Armenian churches and monasteries.
Answer: False
As of 2019, very few traces of Armenian cultural heritage, such as churches and monasteries, remain in Erzincan.
The Battle of Erzincan took place in 1918 during the Russian Civil War.
Answer: False
The Battle of Erzincan occurred in 1916 as part of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I, not in 1918 during the Russian Civil War.
During the Battle of Erzincan, the Russian Caucasus Army was led by General Nikolai Yudenich.
Answer: True
General Nikolai Yudenich was indeed the commander of the Russian Caucasus Army during the Battle of Erzincan.
The Russian forces captured Erzincan in July 1916 but suffered heavy losses and were unable to seize any significant supplies.
Answer: False
Russian forces captured Erzincan in July 1916, seizing significant quantities of supplies and capturing the city relatively intact, contrary to suffering heavy losses and failing to acquire supplies.
The Erzincan Soviet, which governed the city between 1916 and 1918, was exclusively administered by Bolshevik soldiers.
Answer: False
The Erzincan Soviet, while initially controlled by Bolshevik soldiers, also included Kurdish, Turkish, and Armenian representatives in its administration.
Ottoman forces under Kâzım Karabekir recaptured Erzincan on February 13, 1918.
Answer: True
Kâzım Karabekir, leading Ottoman forces, successfully recaptured Erzincan on February 13, 1918.
The Armenian evacuation from Erzincan in February 1918 was an orderly retreat, well-supported by Ottoman forces.
Answer: False
The Armenian evacuation from Erzincan in February 1918 was characterized by 'indescribable panic,' attacks by Kurdish tribes, and severe snowstorms, rather than being an orderly and well-supported retreat.
The Ottoman army benefited from the Armenian evacuation of Erzincan in 1918 by acquiring abandoned Russian arsenals and reserves.
Answer: True
The Ottoman army, facing supply shortages, indeed benefited from the Armenian evacuation by seizing abandoned Russian arsenals and reserves in Erzincan.
What was the total population of the Erzincan sanjak according to the 1881/82 General Census?
Answer: 107,090
The 1881/82 General Census reported a total population of 107,090 for the Erzincan sanjak.
Vital Cuinet's 1893 research reported how many Armenians (including Catholic and Protestant) in the entire Erzincan sanjak?
Answer: 34,588
Vital Cuinet's 1893 research indicated a total of 34,588 Armenians (including Catholic and Protestant) in the entire Erzincan sanjak.
What was a known limitation of the 1914 Ottoman census regarding religious minority groups?
Answer: It is acknowledged to have undercounted them.
A significant limitation of the 1914 Ottoman census was its acknowledged tendency to undercount religious minority groups, including Armenians.
According to Miller and Kévorkian, how did the actual Armenian population in central Erzincan before World War I compare to the 1914 Ottoman census figures?
Answer: It was more than double.
Research by Miller and Kévorkian indicates that the actual Armenian population in central Erzincan before World War I was more than double the figures reported in the 1914 Ottoman census.
What was the fate of the majority of the approximately 37,000 Armenians living in Erzincan before World War I?
Answer: They were killed during the Armenian genocide.
The majority of the Armenian population in Erzincan and its surrounding areas, estimated at 37,000 before World War I, perished during the Armenian genocide.
Between 1915 and 1916, Erzincan served as a hub for transit camps directing Armenian victims towards which concentration camp and killing site?
Answer: Kemah gorge
Erzincan functioned as a transit hub for Armenian deportees between 1915 and 1916, directing them towards the Kemah gorge, a known concentration camp and killing site.
What disturbing medical practices were reported at the Central Hospital of Erzincan during World War I?
Answer: Medical experiments on Armenian civilians using infectious agents.
Reports indicate that during World War I, the Central Hospital of Erzincan was used for medical experiments on Armenian civilians involving infectious agents.
As of 2019, what is the status of Armenian cultural heritage in Erzincan?
Answer: Very few traces of Armenian presence remain.
As of 2019, historical and cultural assessments indicate that very few traces of Armenian cultural heritage, such as churches and monasteries, persist in Erzincan.
In what year did the Battle of Erzincan take place as part of the Caucasus Campaign?
Answer: 1916
The Battle of Erzincan occurred in 1916, forming a part of the broader Caucasus Campaign during World War I.
Who commanded the Turkish Third Army during the Battle of Erzincan?
Answer: Abdul Kerim Pasha
During the Battle of Erzincan, Abdul Kerim Pasha was the commanding general of the Turkish Third Army.
What was the outcome for the Russian forces in July 1916 during the Battle of Erzincan?
Answer: They captured Erzincan and seized significant supplies.
In July 1916, Russian forces successfully captured Erzincan and secured significant quantities of supplies during the Battle of Erzincan.
Who invited Kurdish, Turkish, and Armenian representatives to manage the administration of the Erzincan Soviet?
Answer: Arshak Djamalian
Arshak Djamalian, a Bolshevik soldier, extended invitations to Kurdish, Turkish, and Armenian representatives to participate in the administration of the Erzincan Soviet.
When did Ottoman forces, under Kâzım Karabekir, regain control of Erzincan?
Answer: February 13, 1918
Ottoman forces, commanded by Kâzım Karabekir, successfully regained control of Erzincan on February 13, 1918.
What characterized the Armenian evacuation from Erzincan in February 1918?
Answer: Indescribable panic, attacks by Kurdish tribes, and severe snowstorms.
The Armenian evacuation from Erzincan in February 1918 was marked by extreme chaos, including 'indescribable panic,' assaults by Kurdish tribes, and harsh snowstorms.
Erzincan was completely destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake on December 27, 1939.
Answer: True
Erzincan was indeed completely devastated by a catastrophic earthquake that struck on December 27, 1939.
The 1939 Erzincan earthquake was a single, powerful shock measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale, causing approximately 8,000 deaths.
Answer: False
The 1939 Erzincan earthquake involved a series of seven powerful shocks, not a single one, and its ultimate death toll reached 32,962, significantly higher than 8,000.
After the 1939 earthquake, Erzincan city was rebuilt on its original site, incorporating modern seismic-resistant architecture.
Answer: False
Following the 1939 earthquake, the original site of Erzincan was abandoned, and a new city was established nearby, rather than rebuilding on the same location.
Sericulture, supported by mulberry tree plantations, was a significant economic activity in Erzincan during the early 20th century.
Answer: True
Sericulture, facilitated by extensive mulberry tree plantations, constituted a significant economic activity in Erzincan during the early 20th century.
Bekir Aksun, representing the AK Party, became the mayor of Erzincan in the 2019 Turkish local elections.
Answer: False
Bekir Aksun became the mayor of Erzincan in 2019 representing the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), not the AK Party.
What major natural disaster completely destroyed Erzincan on December 27, 1939?
Answer: A catastrophic earthquake
Erzincan was entirely destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake that occurred on December 27, 1939.
What was the ultimate death toll from the 1939 Erzincan earthquake and subsequent events?
Answer: 32,962
The 1939 Erzincan earthquake and its subsequent events ultimately resulted in a death toll of 32,962.
What was the long-term consequence for Erzincan city after the 1939 earthquake?
Answer: Its original site was entirely abandoned, and a new town was established nearby.
Due to the complete destruction caused by the 1939 earthquake, Erzincan's original site was abandoned, and a new town was established a short distance to the north.
What significant economic activity, involving mulberry tree plantations, was prevalent in Erzincan during the early 20th century?
Answer: Sericulture
Sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms using mulberry tree plantations, was a significant economic activity in Erzincan during the early 20th century.
Which political party does the current mayor of Erzincan, Bekir Aksun, represent?
Answer: Nationalist Movement Party (MHP)
Bekir Aksun, the current mayor of Erzincan, represents the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).
Erzincan experiences a Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
Answer: False
Erzincan is characterized by a humid continental climate, which features cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers, distinct from a Mediterranean climate.
In Erzincan's climate, spring is typically the wettest season, while summer is the driest period of the year.
Answer: True
The climate data for Erzincan confirms that spring generally experiences the highest precipitation, while summer is the driest season.
Erzincan's record low temperature was -24.2 °F, and its record high was 105.1 °F.
Answer: True
Erzincan's recorded extreme temperatures include a low of -24.2 °F (-31.2 °C) and a high of 105.1 °F (40.6 °C).
The highest snow thickness ever recorded in Erzincan was 74 cm, occurring in March 1950.
Answer: False
While the highest snow thickness recorded in Erzincan was 74 cm, this event occurred in February 1950, not March.
The average annual precipitation in Erzincan is 380.1 mm, with May typically being the wettest month.
Answer: True
Climate data indicates an average annual precipitation of 380.1 mm in Erzincan, with May consistently recording the highest average precipitation.
August typically has the highest average precipitation in Erzincan, with 57.2 mm.
Answer: False
August typically experiences the lowest average precipitation in Erzincan (6.6 mm), while May records the highest average (57.2 mm).
Erzincan experiences an average of 104.2 days with precipitation annually.
Answer: True
Based on climate data, Erzincan experiences an average of 104.2 days with measurable precipitation each year.
Erzincan typically has the most snowy days in December, followed by January.
Answer: False
Erzincan typically experiences the most snowy days in January, followed by February, not December.
The average annual relative humidity in Erzincan is 72.5%, with December recording the highest average.
Answer: False
The average annual relative humidity in Erzincan is 59.2%, although December does record the highest average at 72.5%.
Erzincan receives an average of 2,196.8 mean monthly sunshine hours annually, with July having the most daily hours.
Answer: True
Erzincan receives an average of 2,196.8 mean monthly sunshine hours annually, with July typically experiencing the highest number of daily sunshine hours.
What type of climate is characteristic of Erzincan?
Answer: Humid continental climate
Erzincan is characterized by a humid continental climate, specifically classified as Dsa under Köppen or Dca under Trewartha.
Which season is typically the wettest in Erzincan?
Answer: Spring
In Erzincan's climate, spring is consistently identified as the season with the highest average precipitation.
What is Erzincan's record high temperature?
Answer: 40.6 °C (105.1 °F)
Erzincan's record high temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F), recorded on July 30, 2000.
When was the highest snow thickness of 74 cm recorded in Erzincan?
Answer: February 1950
The maximum snow thickness of 74 cm in Erzincan was recorded in February 1950.
What is the average annual precipitation in Erzincan, based on climate data from 1991 to 2020?
Answer: 380.1 mm
Based on climate data from 1991 to 2020, Erzincan receives an average annual precipitation of 380.1 mm.
Which month typically experiences the lowest average precipitation in Erzincan?
Answer: August
Climate data indicates that August typically experiences the lowest average precipitation in Erzincan, with only 6.6 mm.
What is the average number of days with precipitation annually in Erzincan?
Answer: 104.2 days
Erzincan experiences an average of 104.2 days with precipitation annually, based on climate data from 1991 to 2020.
Which month in Erzincan typically records the highest average relative humidity?
Answer: December
December typically records the highest average relative humidity in Erzincan, at 72.5%.
What is the total average annual sunshine duration in Erzincan?
Answer: 2,196.8 hours
Erzincan receives an average of 2,196.8 mean monthly sunshine hours annually.
Which month in Erzincan typically has the most mean daily sunshine hours?
Answer: July
July typically records the most mean daily sunshine hours in Erzincan, averaging 9.5 hours per day.