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Total Categories: 4
Historical records indicate that the Esegels, a dynastic tribe, were assimilated into the Khazar Khaganate during the Middle Ages.
Answer: False
The Esegels were assimilated into the Volga Bulgars, not the Khazars, according to historical accounts.
The considerable number of variations in the Esegels' appellations, including Izgil and Askel, underscores the inherent difficulties in reconstructing their historical trajectory across diverse cultural contexts.
Answer: True
The multiplicity of names used for the Esegels across various historical sources indeed presents a significant challenge for scholars attempting to trace their history and affiliations.
The designation of the Esegels as a 'dynastic tribe' implies that they lacked a structured political organization.
Answer: False
The term 'dynastic tribe' suggests the presence of a ruling lineage or clan structure, indicating a degree of political organization, rather than a lack thereof.
What is implied by the categorization of 'Esegel' within the 'Extinct Turkic groups' section of a navigation box?
Answer: That the Esegels, as a distinct ethnonym or political entity, no longer exist.
This categorization implies that the Esegels, as a distinct ethnonym or political entity, are no longer extant, consistent with their assimilation into other groups.
Which statement best encapsulates the principal challenge encountered in definitively identifying the Esegels with other historical groups?
Answer: The variations in their name across languages and differing scholarly interpretations of their origins and affiliations.
The primary challenge stems from the variations in their name across diverse sources and the differing scholarly interpretations of their origins and affiliations.
The Esegels are identified as belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.
Answer: False
Scholarly consensus identifies the Esegels as belonging to the Oghur branch, a distinct lineage within the broader Turkic language family, rather than the Oghuz branch.
Yury Zuev identified the ethnonym 'Izgil' with the Chinese transcription *a-siek-kiet*, associating it with the Axijie tribe of the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Answer: True
Yury Zuev's scholarship distinguished 'Izgil' from 'Igil'. He linked 'Izgil' to the Chinese term *a-siek-kiet*, identifying it with the Axijie tribe within the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Yury Zuev proposed a historical linkage between the Esegels and the Nushibi tribal confederation, a significant entity within the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Answer: True
Zuev's research connected the Esegels, identified with the *āxījī* people, to the Nushibi tribal confederation, placing them within the political structure of the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Scholars such as Cen Zhongmian and Gyula Harmatta identified the Izgils with the *Axijie* tribe, as recorded in Chinese sources pertaining to the Western Turks.
Answer: True
The consensus among scholars like Cen Zhongmian and Harmatta, as noted by Zuev, is that the Izgils correspond to the *Axijie* tribe mentioned in Chinese historical records concerning the Western Turkic period.
Scholars like Bahaeddin Ögel and Ahmet Tasağıl proposed a connection between the ethnonyms 'Izgil' and 'Sekel' and the 'Sijie' tribe of the Tiele confederation.
Answer: True
Ögel and Tasağıl's research established a link between the names 'Izgil' and 'Sekel' and the 'Sijie' tribe, a significant component of the Tiele confederation.
The 'New Book of Tang' characterizes the *āxījī* tribe as being relatively weak and insignificant in 651 CE.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, the 'New Book of Tang' describes the *āxījī* tribe (identified with the Esegels) as prosperous and strong, with a considerable military contingent.
In Chinese historical records, the Esegels were exclusively identified by the ethnonym 'Izgil'.
Answer: False
Chinese historical records mention various transcriptions, such as *a-siek-kiet* (linked to Izgil/Axijie) and *gjei-kiet* (linked to Igil/Xijie), indicating that 'Izgil' was not the sole designation.
To which linguistic group are the Esegels primarily attributed?
Answer: The Oghur branch, a distinct branch within the Turkic language family.
The Esegels are classified as belonging to the Oghur languages, a distinct branch within the broader Turkic language family.
What distinction did Yury Zuev establish between 'Izgil' and 'Igil' based on his interpretation of Chinese sources?
Answer: 'Izgil' was linked to *a-siek-kiet* (Western Turkic Axijie), and 'Igil' to *gjei-kiet* (Tiele Xijie).
Zuev differentiated 'Izgil' by linking it to the Chinese *a-siek-kiet* and the Axijie of the Western Turkic Khaganate, while identifying 'Igil' with the Chinese *gjei-kiet* and the Xijie of the Tiele confederation.
In 651 CE, the 'New Book of Tang' situates the *āxījī* tribe within which major political structure?
Answer: The Western Turkic Khaganate
The 'New Book of Tang' places the *āxījī* tribe, identified with the Esegels, within the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Who is identified as the leader of the *āxījī* tribe in the account from the 'New Book of Tang'?
Answer: Kül-Irkin
The 'New Book of Tang' names *Kül-Irkin* as the leader of the *āxījī* tribe.
Which scholars proposed a connection between the ethnonyms 'Izgil' and 'Sekel' and the 'Sijie' tribe of the Tiele confederation?
Answer: Ögel and Tasağıl
Bahaeddin Ögel and Ahmet Tasağıl are credited with proposing the link between 'Izgil', 'Sekel', and the 'Sijie' tribe.
What does Cen Zhongmian's identification of 'Izgil' with the Chinese term *Xiezhilue* imply regarding the Izgils' affiliations?
Answer: That 'Izgil' referred to a ruler of the Bayïrqu people.
Cen Zhongmian's identification suggests that 'Izgil' may refer to a ruler of the Bayïrqu people, indicating a potential link between the Izgils and this Turkic group.
According to M. Räsänen's etymological hypothesis, the name 'Esegel' is interpreted to mean 'New settlement'.
Answer: False
M. Räsänen's etymological analysis suggests that the name 'Esegel' derives from terms meaning 'Old city', not 'New settlement'.
Lev Gumilyov's initial identification posited that the Izgils were part of the 'Sijie' group within the Tiele confederation.
Answer: False
Lev Gumilyov initially associated the Izgils with the 'Sijie' group of the Toquz Oghuz. He later revised this, suggesting they were the 'Xijie' tribe of the Tiele confederation, thus the initial statement is inaccurate.
András Róna-Tas posited that the Esegels originated from a Turkic-speaking population indigenous to Central Asia.
Answer: False
András Róna-Tas proposed an Iranian origin for the Esegels, suggesting their name derived from a Proto-Iranian phrase, rather than originating from a Turkic-speaking group.
Tatár (2012) concurred with András Róna-Tas's etymological hypothesis linking the Ossetian word *æcægælon* to the Esegels' name.
Answer: False
Tatár (2012) explicitly disagreed with Róna-Tas's proposed etymology, finding the linguistic evidence for a link between the Ossetian word and the Esegels' name unconvincing.
Tatár reconstructed the Esegels' endonym as *Äskil*, positing that it comprised an Iranian tribal designation ('As') and a Turkic plural or generalizational suffix.
Answer: True
Tatár's reconstruction of the endonym *Äskil* suggests a composite origin, integrating the Iranian tribal name 'As' with a Turkic suffix, indicating a complex ethnic formation.
Tatár's hypothesis posits that the 'As' tribal component within *Äskil* derived from the Turkic-speaking Göktürks.
Answer: False
Tatár's theory suggests that the 'As' tribal name originated from the Iranian-speaking Massagetae, not from the Turkic-speaking Göktürks.
The primary focus of etymological discussions concerning the Esegels' name is their relationship with the Byzantine Empire.
Answer: False
Etymological debates regarding the Esegels' name predominantly center on their connections to Turkic and Iranian linguistic groups and their presence in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, rather than primarily focusing on the Byzantine Empire.
Based on M. Räsänen's etymological hypothesis, what is the proposed meaning of the name 'Esegel'?
Answer: Old city
M. Räsänen's etymological analysis suggests that 'Esegel' may derive from terms signifying 'Old city'.
Describe the evolution of Lev Gumilyov's identification of the Izgils.
Answer: He initially linked them to the Toquz Oghuz 'Sijie' and later proposed they were the Tiele 'Xijie'.
Gumilyov initially associated the Izgils with the 'Sijie' of the Toquz Oghuz, but subsequently revised his hypothesis to identify them with the 'Xijie' tribe of the Tiele confederation.
What controversial ethno-linguistic connection did Yury Zuev suggest for the Igils, whom he identified with the *Xijie*?
Answer: A connection to the Bulgarian Uokil clan and the Indo-European Augaloi.
Zuev controversially proposed a connection between the Igils (*Xijie*) and the Bulgarian Uokil clan, as well as the Indo-European-speaking Augaloi of Transoxania.
What proposed Iranian origin for the Esegels did András Róna-Tas put forth?
Answer: An Iranian origin, derived from the phrase *aθayaka arya*.
Róna-Tas proposed an Iranian origin for the Esegels, deriving their name from a hypothetical Proto-Iranian phrase.
According to Tatár's reconstruction, what constituent elements comprise the endonym *Äskil*?
Answer: An Iranian tribal name ('As') combined with a Turkic plural/generalizational suffix ('-GIl').
Tatár's reconstruction posits that *Äskil* consists of the Iranian tribal name 'As' combined with a Turkic plural or generalizational suffix ('-GIl').
What historical group did Tatár theorize as the source of the 'As' tribal designation within the reconstructed endonym *Äskil*?
Answer: The Iranian-speaking Massagetae
Tatár theorized that the 'As' component originated from the Iranian-speaking Massagetae people.
The *Chronography* attributed to Theophanes the Confessor records 'Askil/Askel' as a king of the Huns in 563 CE.
Answer: False
Theophanes the Confessor's *Chronography* mentions 'Askil/Askel' as the king of the Hermihions, not as a king of the Huns.
The Arab ambassador Ibn Fadlan documented the presence of the 'Askel' tribe during his expedition to the Volga region circa 921-922 CE.
Answer: True
Ibn Fadlan's detailed account of his journey includes a mention of the 'Askel' tribe among the peoples encountered in the Volga region during the early 10th century.
According to Ahmad ibn Rustah, the Volga Bulgars comprised solely two principal branches: the Bersula and the Oghuz.
Answer: False
Ahmad ibn Rustah's classification of the Volga Bulgars identified three main branches: the Bersula, the Esegel, and the Oghuz, not merely two.
Archaeological evidence suggests that ancient settlements attributed to the 'Askel' tribe are situated in a location designated as Aşlı.
Answer: True
The presence of ancient ruins linked to the Askel tribe in Aşlı is noted in the source material.
The 982 CE Persian 'Geography' characterized the Ishkils as a singular, unified entity among the Bulgarian tribes.
Answer: False
The Persian 'Geography' of 982 CE identified the Ishkils as one of three distinct Bulgarian tribes engaged in conflict, rather than a single, unified group.
Gardizi's historical account states that the Magyars, situated between the territories of the Bulgars and the Eskels, were a Slavic people.
Answer: False
Gardizi identified the Magyars residing between the Bulgars and Eskels as a Turkic tribe, not a Slavic one.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus documented that the endoethnonym for the 'Magyar Turks' was 'Savartoiaskaloi', a term understood to signify 'Savart and Eskel'.
Answer: True
The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus recorded 'Savartoiaskaloi' as the native name for the Magyars, which is widely understood to represent a composite term including 'Savart' and 'Eskel'.
Yury Zuev hypothesized that the Széklers are descendants of the Esegels, positing a historical merger between Eskels and the Hungarian population.
Answer: True
Zuev's scholarly work suggested a lineage connection between the Esegels and the Székely people, implying their integration into the Hungarian ethnogenesis.
András Róna-Tas concurred with Yury Zuev's hypothesis regarding the Széklers being descendants of the Esegels.
Answer: False
András Róna-Tas rejected Zuev's hypothesis concerning the Székler lineage from the Esegels, citing linguistic and historical grounds for his dissent.
The reference to 'Ishkils' in the 982 CE Persian 'Geography' suggests their isolation from other Bulgarian tribal groups.
Answer: False
The Persian 'Geography' of 982 CE describes the Ishkils as being in conflict with other Bulgarian tribes, not isolated from them.
The assimilation of the Esegels into the Volga Bulgars resulted in the complete eradication of their cultural identity, leaving no discernible trace.
Answer: False
Assimilation into the Volga Bulgars represented a process of cultural and political integration, which typically involves the gradual loss of distinct identity but does not necessarily imply a complete absence of any trace.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus's mention of 'Savartoiaskaloi' as the endoethnonym for the 'Magyar Turks' implies a potential historical connection between the Esegels and the Magyars.
Answer: True
The term 'Savartoiaskaloi', as recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, is interpreted to include 'Eskel', suggesting a historical association between the Esegels and the Magyars.
Which Arab ambassador documented the 'Askel' tribe within the context of the Volga Bulgars?
Answer: Ibn Fadlan
Ibn Fadlan, the Arab ambassador, provided an account of the 'Askel' tribe during his travels in the Volga region.
In addition to the 'Askel' (Esegel) tribe, which other group did Ahmad ibn Rustah identify as a principal branch of the Volga Bulgars?
Answer: The Oghuz
Ahmad ibn Rustah listed the Bersula and the Oghuz as the other two main branches of the Volga Bulgars alongside the Esegel.
What relationship between the Ishkils and other Bulgarian tribes is described in the 982 CE Persian 'Geography'?
Answer: They were in constant conflict with each other.
The Persian 'Geography' of 982 CE states that the Ishkils, along with two other distinct Bulgarian tribes, were engaged in constant conflict with one another.
According to Gardizi's mid-11th century account, what was the ethnic classification of the Magyars situated between the Bulgar and Eskel territories?
Answer: A Turkic tribe
Gardizi identified the Magyars residing between the Bulgars and Eskels as a Turkic tribe.
What hypothesis did Yury Zuev put forth regarding the descendants of the Esegels?
Answer: They are believed to have merged with Hungarians, specifically the Széklers.
Zuev proposed that the Esegels merged with Hungarians, specifically suggesting that the Székely people are their descendants.
Which scholar explicitly rejected Yury Zuev's hypothesis that the Széklers are descendants of the Esegels?
Answer: András Róna-Tas
András Róna-Tas rejected Zuev's hypothesis concerning the Székler lineage from the Esegels.
From which historical source does the mention of 'Askil/Askel' as a king in 563 CE originate?
Answer: The *Chronography* by Theophanes the Confessor
The reference to 'Askil/Askel' as a king in 563 CE originates from the *Chronography* attributed to Theophanes the Confessor.
What does the assimilation of the Esegels into the Volga Bulgars primarily signify?
Answer: A process of cultural and political integration into Bulgar society.
The assimilation signifies a process of cultural and political integration into the Volga Bulgar society.