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Ethical consumerism is exclusively referred to as 'ethical consumption' and does not encompass broader terminology such as 'moral purchasing' or 'ethical sourcing'.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that ethical consumerism is also known by several alternative names, including ethical consumption, ethical purchasing, moral purchasing, ethical sourcing, and ethical shopping.
In the context of ethical consumerism, 'dollar voting' describes the practice of consumers leveraging their purchasing power to either endorse or reject products based on ethical considerations.
Answer: True
The concept of 'dollar voting' is central to ethical consumerism, where consumers consciously choose to buy or boycott products to align their economic decisions with their ethical values.
Formal consumer movements in industrialized nations primarily emerged in the mid-20th century, subsequent to the conclusion of World War II.
Answer: False
Formal consumer movements in industrialized countries actually began much earlier, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, addressing issues like unfair labor practices and product labeling.
The Consumers Council was founded in the United States during World War I with the objective of addressing pertinent consumer issues.
Answer: False
The Consumers Council was established in Great Britain during World War I, not in the US.
In his 1998 publication, *Unequal Freedoms*, John McMurtry contends that all purchasing decisions are intrinsically devoid of moral implications.
Answer: False
John McMurtry's 1998 book, *Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market As An Ethical System*, asserts the opposite, arguing that all purchasing decisions inherently involve a moral choice.
Anabaptist traditions, such as those of the Mennonites and Amish, resonate with ethical consumerism through their emphasis on individual moral accountability for any adverse effects stemming from personal choices.
Answer: True
Anabaptist traditions reflect a view that individuals must accept full personal moral and spiritual responsibility for any harm caused by their choices, aligning with ethical consumerism.
Which of the following terms is NOT identified in the source as an alternative designation for ethical consumerism?
Answer: Sustainable investing
The source lists ethical consumption, ethical purchasing, moral purchasing, ethical sourcing, and ethical shopping as alternative names for ethical consumerism, but not 'sustainable investing'.
What is the primary method through which individuals engage in ethical consumerism?
Answer: By intentionally buying products made ethically and boycotting those associated with unethical practices.
Individuals practice ethical consumerism by consciously choosing to buy products made ethically and to boycott those associated with unethical practices, thereby using their purchasing power to express their values.
In industrialized nations, during which historical period did formal consumer movements commence?
Answer: Late 19th and early 20th centuries
Formal consumer movements began in industrialized countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aiming to ensure consumers received value for their money and to address issues like unfair labor practices.
In his 1998 work, *Unequal Freedoms*, what claim does John McMurtry make regarding the moral dimension of purchasing decisions?
Answer: All purchasing decisions inherently involve a moral choice.
In *Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market As An Ethical System*, John McMurtry asserts that all purchasing decisions inherently involve a moral choice, implying that no act of purchasing is devoid of moral implications.
From which perspective is the directive to practice good stewardship of the Earth typically derived for its adherents?
Answer: Judeo-Christian scriptures (interpretations of Genesis)
Some interpretations of the book of Genesis in Judeo-Christian scriptures suggest that followers are directed to practice good stewardship of the Earth, fulfilling an obligation to a God believed to have created the planet.
The UK-based *Ethical Consumer* magazine, launched in 1989, played a pivotal role in disseminating and establishing the term 'ethical consumer' within public discourse.
Answer: True
The source indicates that *Ethical Consumer* magazine, first published in 1989, was indeed responsible for popularizing the term 'ethical consumer' in the UK.
The seminal innovation introduced by *Ethical Consumer* magazine was a straightforward compilation of ethical companies, as opposed to a sophisticated criteria-based ratings framework.
Answer: False
The key innovation of *Ethical Consumer* magazine was the development of 'ratings tables' that assigned scores to companies based on various ethical and environmental criteria, a more complex system than a simple list.
The methodology of *Ethical Consumer*'s criteria-based ratings tables significantly impacted the development of business-to-business corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability ratings.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the criteria-based approach of *Ethical Consumer*'s ratings tables became common in business-to-business CSR and sustainability ratings provided by various organizations.
Currently, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings are exclusively provided by specialized ethical investment firms, with major financial data providers abstaining from offering such assessments.
Answer: False
Major financial data providers such as Bloomberg and Reuters now offer environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings directly to stock market traders.
The Ethical Consumer Research Association operates as a for-profit entity, primarily dedicated to publishing academic journals focused on consumer behavior.
Answer: False
The Ethical Consumer Research Association is a nonprofit organization that publishes *Ethical Consumer* magazine and maintains its associated website, offering free access to ethical rating tables for consumers.
The Green Stars Project advocates for ethical ratings to be maintained as a distinct and separate category from conventional product ratings on e-commerce and review platforms.
Answer: False
The Green Stars Project proposes integrating ethical ratings, using a one-to-five green star scale, alongside conventional product ratings on retail sites like Amazon or Yelp, rather than keeping them separate.
B corporation certification and 'Dolphin safe' labels exemplify voluntary ethical standards and labeling initiatives within the consumer market.
Answer: True
The source lists B corporation certification and Dolphin safe labels among various types of voluntary standards and labels introduced for ethical consumers.
Ethical labels predominantly function as marketing instruments, lacking any substantive underlying validation process.
Answer: False
Ethical labels act as reliable tokens of a validation process, representing a form of instructional capital and signaling social capital or trust within a community of auditors.
The Virginia-Highland neighborhood in Atlanta achieved the distinction of becoming the first Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States in 2009.
Answer: True
In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland neighborhood became the first Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States through the efforts of local merchants to reduce their carbon footprint and partner with a carbon sequestration project.
The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) discontinued trading carbon credits in 2010, a decision prompted by a significant increase in U.S. carbon market activity.
Answer: False
The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) ceased trading carbon credits at the end of 2010 due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets, not a surge in activity.
Which significant innovation was pioneered by the UK publication *Ethical Consumer*?
Answer: The creation of 'ratings tables' assigning scores to companies across ethical categories.
The key innovation of *Ethical Consumer* magazine was the development of 'ratings tables' that assigned negative marks and overall scores to companies across various ethical and environmental categories.
Which prominent financial data providers currently furnish environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings directly to stock market traders?
Answer: Bloomberg and Reuters
Bloomberg and Reuters are identified as major financial data providers that now offer environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings directly to stock market traders.
For both consumers and auditors, what fundamental purpose do ethical labels fulfill?
Answer: They act as reliable tokens of a validation process and signal social capital or trust.
Ethical labels serve as reliable tokens of a validation process, representing instructional capital and signaling social capital or trust within a community of auditors responsible for validating these labels.
In what year did Atlanta's Virginia-Highland neighborhood achieve recognition as the inaugural Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States?
Answer: 2009
Atlanta's Virginia-Highland neighborhood became the first Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States in 2009, through a partnership with the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project.
What was the rationale behind the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) discontinuing carbon credit trading at the close of 2010?
Answer: Due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets.
The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) ceased trading carbon credits at the end of 2010 primarily due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets.
What is the stated objective of the Ethiscore, a rating system developed by the Ethical Consumer Research Association?
Answer: To serve as a quick guide to the ethical status of companies or brands in specific areas.
The Ethiscore, designed by the Ethical Consumer Research Association, serves as a quick guide to the ethical status of companies or brands in specific areas, linked to a more detailed ethical assessment.
Paul Hawken's concept of 'culminative outcomes' pertains to a comprehensive evaluation of the entire production process, extending beyond merely the final product.
Answer: False
Paul Hawken distinguishes 'comprehensive outcomes' (entire production process) from 'culminative outcomes' (merely using the product), meaning the question reverses his definitions.
Andrew Wilson posits that voting constitutes a more fundamental civic role for individuals within an economic system compared to their consumer purchasing habits.
Answer: False
Andrew Wilson, Director of the UK's Ashridge Centre for Business and Society, argues that 'Shopping is more important than voting,' suggesting that spending habits are the most fundamental role in an economic system.
The theory of planned behavior posits that consumer choices are influenced by an individual's perceived control, prevailing social norms, and their assessment of potential consequences.
Answer: True
Psychologists widely explain ethical consumerism using the theory of planned behavior, which attributes a consumer's choices to their perceived sense of control, the influence of social norms, and their evaluation of the potential consequences of their actions.
Paul Hawken differentiates 'comprehensive outcomes' from 'culminative outcomes' in the context of production services. How are these terms defined?
Answer: Comprehensive outcomes consider the entire production process, while culminative outcomes refer to merely using the product.
Paul Hawken distinguishes 'comprehensive outcomes' as a broader consideration of the entire production process, in contrast to 'culminative outcomes,' which refer to merely using the product of such services.
Andrew Wilson, Director of the UK's Ashridge Centre for Business and Society, contends that which activity holds greater significance than voting?
Answer: Shopping
Andrew Wilson argues that 'Shopping is more important than voting,' suggesting that how individuals spend their money is the most fundamental role they play within any economic system.
Among psychological frameworks, which theory is extensively employed to elucidate the phenomenon of ethical consumerism?
Answer: Theory of planned behavior
Psychologists widely explain ethical consumerism using the theory of planned behavior, which attributes consumer choices to perceived control, social norms, and evaluation of consequences.
Define 'conscientious consumption' within the context of consumer behavior.
Answer: A habit of intentionally buying goods from ethical companies and avoiding impulsive purchases from unethical ones.
Conscientious consumption is defined as a habit where individuals intentionally purchase goods from ethical companies and refrain from impulsive purchases from unethical ones, aiming to contribute positively to political, social, and environmental spheres.
Under what premise do conscientious consumers occasionally justify superfluous purchases?
Answer: By believing that 'it's for a good cause'.
Conscientious consumers sometimes rationalize unnecessary and even unwanted consumption by believing that 'it's for a good cause,' such as buying items related to breast cancer awareness or environmental support.
User-generated ethical reviews are proposed as a sustainable alternative to single-source ethical consumerism guides, primarily owing to their capacity for more extensive and democratic coverage.
Answer: True
The source suggests that user-generated ethical reviews can overcome the incomplete coverage of single-source guides by providing more democratic and in-depth information across a wider range of products and businesses.
A significant critique of political consumerism is that its broad adoption is impeded by the intricate demands of daily life and the necessity of navigating conflicting moral and ethical considerations.
Answer: True
The source identifies that the widespread development of political consumerism is indeed hindered by the prevalence of mundane consumption, which doesn't allow for reflective choice, and the complexities of daily life that require balancing conflicting moral and ethical considerations.
Public Choice Theory aligns with the anti-globalization movement's perspective on the inherent amorality of markets.
Answer: False
Public Choice Theory offers counter-arguments to the anti-globalization movement's view of amoral markets, providing an economic demonstration of 'amoral markets' versus 'moral governments'.
'Greenwashing' is a marketing strategy that authentically promotes environmentally benign products, thereby fostering increased consumer confidence.
Answer: False
Greenwashing is defined as a deceptive marketing tactic where companies create a false impression that their product or organization is environmentally friendly, which negatively impacts consumer trust.
A central critique of ethical consumerism is its constrained capacity to instigate structural societal change, as its emphasis remains primarily on individual consumer actions.
Answer: True
A primary criticism of ethical consumerism is its limited ability to effect structural change, as it tends to focus on individual consumer behavior rather than addressing systemic issues.
Berkey (2021) contended that ethical consumerism may engender a spurious sense of efficacy, thereby diverting attention from more impactful collective actions.
Answer: True
Berkey (2021) argued that ethical consumerism can create a false sense of efficacy and distract from more effective methods of creating change, such as collective action and policy reform, by overly emphasizing individual consumer choices.
The 2009 paper by Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong concluded that the acquisition of green products consistently correlates with an increase in altruistic behavior.
Answer: False
Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong's 2009 paper suggested that buying green products can serve as a license for subsequent unethical behavior, finding that people exhibited less altruism and were more likely to cheat and steal after actually purchasing them.
James G. Carrier utilizes Karl Marx's concept of commodity fetishism to assert that ethical consumption invariably culminates in a more morally upright existence for the consumer.
Answer: False
James G. Carrier applies Karl Marx's concept of commodity fetishism to argue that ethical consumption does not necessarily lead consumers to a more moral life or influence businesses as intended.
Given the inherent limitations of incomplete coverage in single-source ethical consumerism guides, what alternative is proposed for long-term viability?
Answer: User-generated ethical reviews.
User-generated ethical reviews are suggested as a long-term alternative to single-source ethical consumerism guides to provide more democratic and in-depth coverage, addressing the issue of incomplete information.
Provide a definition for the term 'greenwashing' in the context of marketing and consumer ethics.
Answer: A deceptive marketing tactic where companies create a false impression that their product is environmentally friendly.
Greenwashing is a deceptive marketing tactic employed by companies to create a false impression that their product or organization is environmentally friendly, often leading to a negative impact on consumer trust.
Concerning its capacity to induce change, what constitutes a principal criticism leveled against ethical consumerism?
Answer: It has a limited ability to effect structural change, focusing on individual behavior.
A primary criticism is that ethical consumerism has a limited ability to effect structural change, as it tends to focus on individual consumer behavior rather than addressing systemic issues.
As per Berkey (2021), in what ways might ethical consumerism prove to be counterproductive?
Answer: It creates a false sense of efficacy and distracts from more effective methods like collective action.
Berkey (2021) argued that ethical consumerism can create a false sense of efficacy and distract from more effective methods of creating change, such as collective action and policy reform, by overly emphasizing individual consumer choices.
What significant impediment do consumers encounter when attempting to make ethically informed purchasing decisions?
Answer: Difficulty in obtaining sufficient information about the comprehensive outcomes of a purchase.
Consumers face the challenge of obtaining sufficient information about the comprehensive outcomes of a given purchase, which often prevents them from making fully informed ethical choices.
The 2009 research paper by Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong posited what effect regarding the purchase of green products?
Answer: It can serve as a license for subsequent unethical behavior.
Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong's 2009 paper suggested that buying green products can serve as a license for subsequent unethical behavior, as people exhibited less altruism and were more likely to cheat and steal after actually purchasing them.
George Monbiot argues that green consumers who fail to articulate their underlying values commit what critical error?
Answer: They strengthen extrinsic values, making future environmental campaigns less likely to succeed.
George Monbiot argued that green consumers who do not articulate their values make a catastrophic mistake, as such consumerism strengthens extrinsic values, thereby making future environmental campaigns less likely to succeed.
In his analysis of ethical consumption, how does James G. Carrier employ Karl Marx's concept of commodity fetishism?
Answer: He argues it does not necessarily lead consumers to a more moral life or influence businesses as intended.
James G. Carrier uses Karl Marx's concept of commodity fetishism to argue that ethical consumption does not necessarily lead consumers to a more moral life or influence businesses as intended, as capitalism obscures the labor and processes involved in production.
Within Carrier's critique of ethical consumption, how are 'fictitious commodities' defined?
Answer: Things, material or not, that are not produced in the conventional sense but can be appropriated for commercial gain.
In Carrier's critique, 'fictitious commodities' are defined as things, whether material or not, that are not produced in the conventional sense but can be appropriated for commercial gain, highlighting the commodification of intangible aspects.
According to Carrier, what are the primary reasons why consumers find it nearly impossible to make fully informed ethical decisions?
Answer: Sellers use imagery that fetishizes products and oversimplifies complex ethical considerations, and consumers lack awareness of many aspects of commodities.
Carrier argues that fully informed ethical decisions are almost impossible because consumers lack awareness of many aspects of commodities, and sellers use imagery that, while appearing to signal virtue, can fetishize products and oversimplify complex ethical considerations.
In the discourse surrounding ethical consumerism, what aspect does Carrier contend receives undue emphasis?
Answer: The moment of consumer choice.
Carrier suggests that the moment of consumer choice is overemphasized in ethical consumerism, arguing that more attention should be paid to the broader context that leads people to seek ethicality in their consumption habits.
The nomenclature 'political consumerism' was initially employed in a 2003 research study conducted by Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the term 'political consumerism' was first introduced in a 2003 study by Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti.
The 2003 study by Stolle and Micheletti concluded that political consumerism was already a widely acknowledged and integrated form of social participation.
Answer: False
Stolle and Micheletti's 2003 study actually found that political consumerism, as a form of social participation, was often overlooked at the time of writing and needed to be included in future studies.
Nick Clarke posits that political consumerism has the potential to empower marginalized communities by providing accessible, non-bureaucratic avenues for political advocacy.
Answer: True
Nick Clarke argues that political consumerism enables marginalized groups, such as women, to engage in political advocacy through non-bureaucratic methods, which can draw attention to governmental weaknesses.
Religious institutions have engaged with the Fair Trade movement as a means to advance moral and ethical consumerism.
Answer: True
Many churches have become involved in the Fair Trade movement in an effort to advocate for moral and ethical consumerism, partnering with or establishing organizations that promote fair labor practices and sustainable production.
In developed nations, mandatory labeling regulations are predominantly concerned with the disclosure of ethically sourced raw materials.
Answer: False
In developed nations, mandatory labeling is required for the disclosure of ingredients and the origins of clothing or food, rather than primarily focusing on the ethical sourcing of raw materials.
The GfK NOP five-country study indicated that a majority of participants in Germany and the United States perceived a significant decline in corporate practice standards.
Answer: True
The GfK NOP five-country study found that more than half of respondents in Germany and the US believed there was a serious deterioration in standards of corporate practice.
The *Ethical Consumerism Report*, published by The Co-operative Bank in the UK, quantifies the market size of ethical products and services.
Answer: True
The *Ethical Consumerism Report*, produced by The Co-operative Bank in the UK since 2001, measures the market size and growth of ethical products and services.
'Alternative giving' entails presenting a tangible gift to a recipient, where a segment of the purchase price is subsequently contributed to a charitable organization.
Answer: False
Alternative giving involves making a charitable contribution in the recipient's name, with the actual gift (e.g., agricultural supplies) sent to a family in a poor community, rather than providing a physical gift to the recipient.
Which researchers initially coined the term 'political consumerism' in their 2003 study?
Answer: Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti
The term 'political consumerism' was first used in a 2003 study titled 'The Gender Gap Reversed: Political Consumerism as a Women-Friendly Form of Civic and Political Engagement' by Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti.
As articulated by Nick Clarke, in what manner does political consumerism confer advantages upon marginalized populations?
Answer: It allows them to engage in political advocacy through non-bureaucratic methods.
Nick Clarke argues that political consumerism enables marginalized groups to engage in political advocacy through non-bureaucratic methods, which can draw attention to governmental weaknesses.
From the provided text, which of the following is NOT identified as a Fair Trade organization with affiliations to religious groups?
Answer: Oxfam International
The source lists Ten Thousand Villages, SERRV International, Village Markets of Africa, and Catholic Relief Services as Fair Trade organizations affiliated with religious groups, but does not mention Oxfam International in this context.
In certain developing nations, what mandatory labeling requirement extends beyond the fundamental disclosure of ingredients?
Answer: Requiring every item to carry the name, phone number, and fax number of the factory where it was made.
In some developing nations, mandatory labeling has been extended to require that every item carries the name, phone number, and fax number of the factory where it was made, allowing buyers to inspect conditions and verify ethical production.
What key insight did the GfK NOP five-country study provide concerning consumer perceptions of corporate ethical standards?
Answer: More than half of respondents in Germany and the US believed corporate practice standards had seriously deteriorated.
The GfK NOP five-country study revealed that more than half of respondents in Germany and the US, and almost half in Britain, France, and Spain, believed there was a serious deterioration in standards of corporate practice.
In the GfK NOP study, what proportion of respondents expressed a readiness to incur higher costs for ethically produced brands?
Answer: Approximately a third
Approximately a third of the respondents in the GfK NOP study indicated they would be willing to pay higher prices for ethical brands.