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Euphoria is exclusively defined as a pathological heightening of mood associated with neurological disorders.
Answer: False
While euphoria can be a pathological sign in neurological or psychiatric disorders, it is also generally defined as a normal state of great happiness and well-being.
Thomas Laycock, in the 1860s, described euphoria as a feeling of bodily well-being and hopefulness, noting its potential as a pathological sign in terminal illnesses.
Answer: True
Thomas Laycock indeed described euphoria as bodily well-being and hopefulness, and recognized its pathological significance when misplaced in terminal illnesses.
Sigmund Freud's 1884 monograph *Über Coca* described cocaine consumption as producing a state of increased self-control and vigor, which he called the normal euphoria of a healthy person.
Answer: True
Freud's 1884 monograph *Über Coca* detailed his observations of cocaine-induced euphoria, noting increased self-control and vigor, which he termed 'the normal euphoria of a healthy person.'
Carl Wernicke lectured about the normal feelings of well-being experienced by patients with mania around 1890.
Answer: False
Carl Wernicke lectured about the *abnormal* euphoria observed in patients with mania, distinguishing it from normal feelings of well-being.
According to a 1920 Popular Science magazine article, euphoria normally makes life worth living and motivates drug use.
Answer: True
A 1920 *Popular Science* article stated that euphoria normally makes life worth living and motivates drug use, also noting its potential for being 'ill-formed' in mental illnesses.
Robert S. Woodworth's 1921 textbook described euphoria as an organic state similar to fatigue, where a person feels less ready for activity.
Answer: False
Robert S. Woodworth's 1921 textbook described euphoria as the *opposite* of fatigue, an organic state of feeling good and being more ready for activity.
Harris Isbell redefined euphoria in the 1950s to include objective signs of morphine administration, such as pupil constriction, because ordinary feelings of well-being were difficult to evaluate objectively.
Answer: True
Harris Isbell redefined euphoria in the 1950s to focus on objective signs of morphine administration, such as pupil constriction, due to the difficulty in objectively evaluating subjective feelings of well-being.
British pharmacologist D. A. Cahal regarded opioid euphoria as medically undesirable in 1957.
Answer: False
In 1957, D. A. Cahal viewed opioid euphoria as an effect that *enhances* the value of a major analgesic, not as medically undesirable.
In a psychiatric context, the 1977 *A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry* noted that euphoria always has a pathological connotation, often described as bland and out of context.
Answer: True
The 1977 *A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry* stated that in a psychiatric context, euphoria always carries a pathological connotation, often appearing bland and out of context as a sign of cerebral disease.
The etymological origin of 'euphoria' combines 'eu' meaning 'bad' and 'pherō' meaning 'to carry'.
Answer: False
The etymological origin of 'euphoria' is from Ancient Greek 'eu' meaning 'well' and 'pherō' meaning 'to bear,' signifying 'bearing well' or 'feeling good.'
What is the general definition of euphoria?
Answer: The experience or affect of pleasure or excitement, characterized by intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
Euphoria is generally defined as the experience or affect of pleasure or excitement, characterized by intense feelings of well-being and happiness, which can be a normal or pathological state.
What is the etymological origin of the word 'euphoria'?
Answer: Ancient Greek terms 'eu' meaning 'well' and 'pherō' meaning 'to bear'.
The word 'euphoria' originates from the Ancient Greek 'eu' (well) and 'pherō' (to bear), signifying a state of 'bearing well' or 'feeling good.'
How did a 1706 English dictionary define euphoria?
Answer: The well bearing of the operation of a medicine, meaning when the patient finds himself eased or relieved by it.
An early 1706 English dictionary defined euphoria as 'the well bearing of the operation of a medicine,' referring to a patient feeling eased or relieved by its effects.
Which physician, in the 1860s, described euphoria as bodily well-being and hopefulness, noting its misplaced presentation in terminal illnesses?
Answer: Thomas Laycock
Thomas Laycock, an English physician in the 1860s, described euphoria as bodily well-being and hopefulness, specifically noting its pathological presentation in the final stages of some terminal illnesses.
What did Sigmund Freud's 1884 monograph *Über Coca* describe regarding cocaine?
Answer: Cocaine producing a state he called the normal euphoria of a healthy person, with increased self-control and vigor.
In *Über Coca* (1884), Sigmund Freud described cocaine as inducing a state he termed 'the normal euphoria of a healthy person,' characterized by increased self-control, vigor, and work capability.
Carl Wernicke, around 1890, lectured about what specific aspect of euphoria?
Answer: The abnormal euphoria observed in patients with mania.
Around 1890, Carl Wernicke focused his lectures on the *abnormal* euphoria seen in patients with mania, distinguishing it from typical feelings of well-being.
According to Robert S. Woodworth's 1921 textbook, *Psychology: A study of mental life*, how did he characterize euphoria?
Answer: As an organic state that is the opposite of fatigue, meaning about the same as feeling good.
Robert S. Woodworth's 1921 textbook characterized euphoria as an organic state opposite to fatigue, signifying a feeling of well-being and readiness for activity.
Why did American addiction researcher Harris Isbell redefine euphoria in the 1950s to include objective signs of morphine administration?
Answer: Because he found ordinary feelings of well-being difficult to evaluate objectively.
Harris Isbell redefined euphoria in the 1950s to include objective signs of morphine administration because he found subjective feelings of well-being challenging to evaluate objectively in research.
In 1957, British pharmacologist D. A. Cahal viewed opioid euphoria as:
Answer: An effect that enhances the value of a major analgesic.
D. A. Cahal, in 1957, considered opioid euphoria to be an effect that enhances the value of a major analgesic, rather than an undesirable side effect.
According to *A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry* (1977), what is the connotation of euphoria in a psychiatric context?
Answer: Always a pathological connotation, often described as bland and out of context.
The 1977 *A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry* states that in a psychiatric context, euphoria always has a pathological connotation, often described as bland and out of context, indicating cerebral disease.
The sensation of intense euphoria is generated by the isolated activation of a single hedonic hotspot in the brain's reward system.
Answer: False
Intense euphoria is believed to be generated by the simultaneous activation of multiple functionally interrelated hedonic hotspots within the brain's reward system, not by isolated activation.
Hedonic hotspots are functionally independent neural structures in the brain that generate pleasure.
Answer: False
Hedonic hotspots are functionally *interrelated* neural structures within the brain's reward system, meaning their activation is interconnected, not independent.
Musical anhedonia affects approximately 15% of the population, causing them to experience intense pleasure from emotionally arousing music.
Answer: False
Musical anhedonia affects approximately 5% of the population and is characterized by the *inability* to experience pleasure from emotionally arousing music, despite perceiving the emotion.
A 2019 clinical study found that decreasing dopamine neurotransmission enhances the hedonic impact of music in humans.
Answer: False
A 2019 clinical study concluded that *increased* dopamine neurotransmission is a necessary condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans, implying that decreasing it would not enhance pleasure.
How is the sensation of intense euphoria believed to be generated in the brain?
Answer: By the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the brain's reward system.
Intense euphoria is believed to result from the simultaneous activation of all hedonic hotspots within the brain's reward system, which are functionally interrelated pleasure centers.
What are hedonic hotspots in the context of neuropsychology?
Answer: Functionally interrelated neural structures in the brain that intrinsically or extrinsically generate feelings of pleasure.
Hedonic hotspots are functionally interrelated neural structures in the brain that serve as pleasure centers, generating feelings of pleasure intrinsically or extrinsically.
What is the role of hedonic hotspots in generating intense euphoria?
Answer: The simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the reward system is probably necessary for intense euphoria.
The simultaneous activation of all hedonic hotspots within the brain's reward system is likely necessary for generating intense euphoria, as these centers are functionally interconnected.
According to neuroimaging studies, how does music induce euphoria?
Answer: By strongly increasing dopamine neurotransmission in the dopaminergic pathways that project to the striatum.
Neuroimaging studies indicate that music induces euphoria by strongly increasing dopamine neurotransmission in the brain's dopaminergic pathways projecting to the striatum, a key part of the reward system.
What is musical anhedonia?
Answer: The ability to perceive emotion in music but not experience pleasure from it.
Musical anhedonia is a condition where individuals can perceive emotion in music but do not experience pleasure from it, affecting approximately 5% of the population.
A January 2019 clinical study on music-induced pleasure concluded that:
Answer: Increased dopamine neurotransmission is a necessary condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans.
A 2019 clinical study concluded that increased dopamine neurotransmission is a necessary condition for humans to experience pleasurable hedonic reactions to music.
A euphoriant is a type of psychoactive drug that specifically induces feelings of anxiety and distress.
Answer: False
A euphoriant is a psychoactive drug that induces euphoria, characterized by intense feelings of happiness and excitement, not anxiety and distress.
Most euphoriants are considered addictive drugs due to their reinforcing properties and activation of the brain's reward system.
Answer: True
Euphoriants are largely considered addictive because they activate the brain's reward system, leading to reinforcing properties and a strong desire for repeated use.
Nicotine is a strong euphoriant, comparable in intensity to methamphetamine.
Answer: False
Nicotine is considered a mild euphoriant in some individuals, with effects generally less intense than stronger dopaminergic stimulants like methamphetamine.
The major psychoactive ingredients in areca nut chewing that cause euphoria are caffeine and theobromine.
Answer: False
The primary psychoactive ingredients in areca nut chewing responsible for euphoria are arecoline and arecaidine, not caffeine and theobromine.
Depressants like alcohol, GHB, and ketamine are incapable of producing euphoria.
Answer: False
Certain depressants, including alcohol in moderate doses, GHB, and ketamine, are capable of producing euphoria despite their general calming effects.
The euphoriant effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are primarily determined by the user's personality, not the drug's properties.
Answer: False
The euphoriant effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are determined by the drug's speed of onset, increasing dose, and method of administration, rather than primarily by the user's personality.
Benzodiazepines are known to diminish opioid-induced euphoria.
Answer: False
Benzodiazepines tend to *enhance* opioid-induced euphoria, a combination that also carries significant risks.
Pregabalin induces euphoria that is independent of the dose administered.
Answer: False
Pregabalin induces *dose-dependent* euphoria, meaning its intensity increases with higher doses, particularly at supratherapeutic levels.
Gabapentin-induced euphoria is typically more intense than opioid-induced euphoria.
Answer: False
Gabapentin-induced euphoria is characterized as opioid-like but *less intense* than opioid-induced euphoria.
Ethosuximide and perampanel are antiepileptic drugs that can produce euphoria at therapeutic doses.
Answer: True
Ethosuximide and perampanel, both antiepileptic drugs, are known to produce euphoria even at their therapeutic doses.
μ-Opioid receptor agonists, such as dynorphin, are known to cause dysphoria.
Answer: False
μ-Opioid receptor agonists cause euphoria, while κ-opioid receptor agonists, like dynorphin, are known to cause dysphoria.
Traditional psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin are capable of inducing euphoria and are highly addictive.
Answer: False
Traditional psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin can induce euphoria but are notable for *lacking addictive qualities*, distinguishing them from many other euphoriants.
The Global Drug Survey found that MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin mushrooms were ranked most positively on the Net Pleasure Index among recreational drugs studied.
Answer: True
The Global Drug Survey indeed reported that MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin mushrooms received the highest positive rankings on the Net Pleasure Index among recreational drugs surveyed.
Long-term exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids is known to produce sustained euphoria.
Answer: False
While acute exogenous glucocorticoid administration can produce euphoria, this effect is *not* observed with long-term exposure, suggesting a transient nature.
Which of the following is NOT considered a euphoriant?
Answer: Naloxone
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose and does not induce euphoria; amphetamine, cocaine, and fentanyl are all known euphoriants.
What are the major psychoactive ingredients in areca nut chewing responsible for its euphoric effect?
Answer: Arecoline and arecaidine.
The euphoric effect of areca nut chewing is primarily attributed to arecoline, a muscarinic receptor partial agonist, and arecaidine, a GABA reuptake inhibitor.
Which of these depressants can produce euphoria?
Answer: Alcohol in moderate doses, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and ketamine.
Alcohol in moderate doses, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and ketamine are depressants known to produce euphoric effects.
What factors determine the euphoriant effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines?
Answer: The drug's speed of onset, increasing dose, and method of administration.
The euphoriant effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are influenced by the drug's speed of onset, the dose administered, and the method of administration.
How does pregabalin induce euphoria?
Answer: It induces dose-dependent euphoria, becoming more frequent at supratherapeutic doses.
Pregabalin induces dose-dependent euphoria, meaning the euphoric effect becomes more pronounced and frequent at higher, particularly supratherapeutic, doses.
Which type of opioid receptor agonists are known to cause dysphoria, the opposite effect of euphoria?
Answer: κ-Opioid receptor agonists
κ-Opioid receptor agonists, such as dynorphin, are known to cause dysphoria, a mood state characterized by profound discontent, which is the opposite of euphoria.
Which of the following is a cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist known to be a euphoriant?
Answer: THC
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is a cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist and a well-known euphoriant derived from the cannabis plant.
Which inhalant is specifically mentioned as being known to induce euphoria?
Answer: Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Nitrous oxide (N₂O), commonly known as laughing gas, is an inhalant specifically mentioned for its ability to induce euphoria.
What distinguishes traditional psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin from many other euphoriants?
Answer: They are capable of inducing euphoria despite lacking addictive qualities.
Traditional psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin are unique among many euphoriants because they can induce euphoria without possessing addictive qualities.
According to the Global Drug Survey, which recreational drugs were ranked most positively on the Net Pleasure Index?
Answer: MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin mushrooms.
The Global Drug Survey identified MDMA, LSD, and psilocybin mushrooms as the recreational drugs ranked most positively on the Net Pleasure Index by participants.
What is the effect of acute exogenous glucocorticoid administration on mood?
Answer: It produces euphoria, but this effect is not observed with long-term exposure.
Acute administration of exogenous glucocorticoids can induce euphoria, but this mood elevation is not sustained with long-term exposure.
Which of the following is an example of a GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) or agonist that is a euphoriant?
Answer: Muscimol
Muscimol is an example of a GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator or agonist that functions as a euphoriant, alongside substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines.
Which drugs are classified as classical dopamine reuptake inhibitors or dopamine releasing agents and are considered psychostimulants?
Answer: Cocaine and amphetamine.
Cocaine and amphetamine are classified as psychostimulants, acting as classical dopamine reuptake inhibitors or dopamine releasing agents, respectively.
What are gabapentinoids, and which of the following is an example listed as a euphoriant?
Answer: α2δ ligands; Pregabalin.
Gabapentinoids are α2δ ligands, and pregabalin is an example listed as a euphoriant within this class of medications.
Fasting has been associated with improved mood and a sense of well-being, and sometimes euphoria.
Answer: True
Fasting has been linked to improved mood, a sense of well-being, and in some cases, euphoria, with potential applications in treating depression.
Which of the following natural activities is NOT mentioned as being able to induce euphoria?
Answer: Reading a complex philosophical text
The provided source mentions aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music, and dancing as natural activities that can induce euphoria, but not reading complex philosophical texts.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a main category of stimuli that can induce euphoria?
Answer: Extreme physical pain
The main categories of stimuli listed as inducing euphoria are psychoactive drugs, natural rewards, and social activities; extreme physical pain is not included.
What is 'runner's high' or 'rower's high' a colloquial term for?
Answer: Exercise-induced euphoria.
'Runner's high' and 'rower's high' are colloquial terms for exercise-induced euphoria, a transient emotional state of pleasure and well-being experienced during or after intense physical activity.
Euphoria is strongly associated with hypomania and mania, which are characterized by a pathological heightening of mood.
Answer: True
Euphoria is indeed strongly associated with hypomania and mania, which are neuropsychiatric states defined by a pathological heightening of mood.
Euphoria sclerotica is a syndrome that occurs in persons with multiple sclerosis and typically includes euphoria along with cognitive and behavioral dysfunction.
Answer: True
Euphoria sclerotica is a recognized syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients, characterized by euphoria alongside other cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions.
Gender euphoria is the distress felt by a person due to inconsistency between their gender identity and gendered features.
Answer: False
Gender euphoria is the *satisfaction or enjoyment* felt due to consistency between gender identity and gendered features, serving as the positive counterpart to gender dysphoria.
Experiences of intersex variation and their diagnoses, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, have been associated with euphoria.
Answer: True
Studies have recorded euphoria associated with experiences of intersex variation and their diagnoses, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, when these align with identity and social recognition.
What is gender euphoria?
Answer: The satisfaction or enjoyment felt due to consistency between gender identity and gendered features.
Gender euphoria is defined as the satisfaction or enjoyment experienced when there is consistency between a person's gender identity and their gendered features, contrasting with gender dysphoria.