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The U.S. had officially entered World War II before Executive Order 8802 was issued.
Answer: False
Executive Order 8802 was issued on June 25, 1941. The U.S. did not officially enter World War II until December 7, 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Before Executive Order 8802, unemployment rates for Black Americans significantly decreased, mirroring those of White Americans.
Answer: False
Before Executive Order 8802, while unemployment for White Americans dropped significantly, the unemployment rate for Black Americans remained stagnant at 22%, indicating a persistent economic disparity.
A 1941 survey by the U.S. employment service (USES) revealed that all defense jobs were accessible to Black workers if they possessed the necessary skills.
Answer: False
A 1941 USES survey revealed that 51% of defense jobs were not accessible to Black workers, even when they possessed the necessary skills and despite acute labor shortages.
The president of North American Aviation explicitly stated that it was against company policy to employ Black individuals as aircraft workers or mechanics.
Answer: True
The president of North American Aviation explicitly stated that it was 'against company policy to employ them as aircraft workers or mechanics... regardless of their training,' demonstrating overt discrimination.
The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. to supply Allied Powers with war materials before officially entering World War II.
Answer: True
The Lend-Lease Act was a crucial mechanism that allowed the U.S. to provide war materials and aid to Allied Powers, thereby supporting the global conflict before its official entry into World War II.
Lester Granger of the National Urban League specifically noted that Black electricians were prevented from filling vacant positions despite labor shortages.
Answer: True
Lester Granger of the National Urban League indeed highlighted that skilled Black workers, including electricians, carpenters, and cement workers, were barred from vacant positions despite the pressing need for labor.
What was the economic context in the U.S. leading up to EO 8802's issuance?
Answer: The U.S. was involved in the war effort by supplying Allied Powers, helping lift the economy out of the Great Depression.
Leading up to Executive Order 8802, the U.S. was engaged in the war effort by supplying Allied Powers, which helped stimulate the economy and alleviate the Great Depression.
How did the economic benefits of the war effort disproportionately affect different racial groups before Executive Order 8802?
Answer: White Americans saw a significant drop in unemployment, while Black American unemployment remained stagnant.
Before Executive Order 8802, White Americans experienced a significant decrease in unemployment, whereas Black American unemployment rates remained stagnant, highlighting a racial disparity in economic benefits from the war effort.
What did a 1941 survey by the U.S. employment service (USES) reveal about job discrimination against Black workers in defense industries prior to EO 8802?
Answer: 51% of defense jobs were not accessible to Black workers, even with acute labor shortages.
A 1941 USES survey indicated that 51% of defense jobs were inaccessible to Black workers, even when they possessed the required skills and despite severe labor shortages.
What was the unemployment rate for Black Americans in late 1940, as compared to White Americans?
Answer: White Americans dropped to 13%, while Black Americans remained stagnant at 22%.
In late 1940, the unemployment rate for White Americans decreased to 13%, while for Black Americans, it remained stagnant at 22%, illustrating a significant economic disparity.
What legal context existed in the U.S. regarding segregation at the time Executive Order 8802 was issued?
Answer: Racial segregation was still legal in the United States.
At the time Executive Order 8802 was issued in 1941, racial segregation remained legally permissible throughout the United States.
What was the purpose of the Lend-Lease Act mentioned in the context of the U.S. war effort?
Answer: To allow the U.S. to supply Allied Powers with war materials before officially entering WWII.
The Lend-Lease Act served to enable the U.S. to supply war materials and aid to Allied Powers, thereby supporting the global conflict before its official entry into World War II.
Which organization did Lester Granger represent when he noted that Black electricians, carpenters, and cement workers were prevented from filling vacant positions?
Answer: The National Urban League
Lester Granger represented the National Urban League when he highlighted the discriminatory practices preventing skilled Black workers from filling vacant positions.
Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Harry S. Truman.
Answer: False
Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, not by President Harry S. Truman.
The primary purpose of Executive Order 8802 was to end segregation in the U.S. armed forces.
Answer: False
The primary purpose of Executive Order 8802 was to prohibit discrimination in the defense industry. Segregation in the U.S. armed forces was not ended until 1948 by Executive Order 9981, issued by President Harry S. Truman.
Executive Order 8802 was the first federal law to prohibit employment discrimination in the United States.
Answer: False
Executive Order 8802 was the first federal *action* to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination, but it was an executive directive, not a federal law. Later legislation, such as Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, became federal law.
President Roosevelt justified Executive Order 8802 by emphasizing the need for national unity in the war effort.
Answer: True
President Roosevelt's statement accompanying Executive Order 8802 explicitly cited the war effort, emphasizing that 'the democratic way of life within the nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups.'
The preamble of Executive Order 8802 reaffirmed a policy of discrimination based on national origin in defense industries.
Answer: False
The preamble of Executive Order 8802 explicitly reaffirmed a policy of *non-discrimination*, encouraging full participation in the national defense program by all citizens, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin.
Executive Order 8802 placed a duty upon employers and labor organizations to ensure the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries without discrimination.
Answer: True
Executive Order 8802 explicitly declared it the duty of employers and labor organizations to ensure the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, without discrimination based on race, creed, color, or national origin.
Executive Order 8802 was drafted by Joseph Rauh.
Answer: True
Joseph Rauh was responsible for drafting Executive Order 8802 following negotiations between civil rights leaders and the Roosevelt administration.
The immediate consequence of Executive Order 8802 being issued on June 25, 1941, was the expansion of the FEPC's budget.
Answer: False
The immediate consequence of Executive Order 8802's issuance was the suspension of the planned March on Washington. The FEPC initially had a very limited budget and staff.
Executive Order 8802 prohibited discrimination based on religion, but not national origin.
Answer: False
Executive Order 8802 prohibited discrimination based on race, creed (religion), color, *and* national origin.
Executive Order 8802 was the first executive civil rights directive since the Civil War.
Answer: False
Executive Order 8802 was the first executive civil rights directive since the Reconstruction era, a period immediately following the Civil War, rather than since the Civil War itself.
When was Executive Order 8802 signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt?
Answer: June 25, 1941
Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941.
What was the primary purpose of Executive Order 8802?
Answer: To prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination within the nation's defense industry.
The primary purpose of Executive Order 8802 was to prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination within the nation's defense industry.
What historical significance does Executive Order 8802 hold regarding civil rights in the United States?
Answer: It was the first executive civil rights directive since the Reconstruction era.
Executive Order 8802 was the first executive civil rights directive since the Reconstruction era, marking a significant federal action against discrimination.
According to President Roosevelt's accompanying statement, what was a key justification for issuing Executive Order 8802?
Answer: To ensure national unity and defend the democratic way of life with the help of all groups.
President Roosevelt justified Executive Order 8802 by emphasizing the critical need for national unity and the participation of all groups to defend the democratic way of life during the war effort.
What core policy was reaffirmed in the preamble of Executive Order 8802?
Answer: The policy of encouraging full participation in the national defense program by all citizens, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin.
The preamble of Executive Order 8802 reaffirmed the policy of encouraging full participation in the national defense program by all citizens, without discrimination based on race, creed, color, or national origin.
What duty did Executive Order 8802 place upon employers and labor organizations?
Answer: To provide for the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries without discrimination.
Executive Order 8802 mandated that employers and labor organizations ensure the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, free from discrimination.
Who drafted Executive Order 8802 after a series of meetings between MOWM leaders and administration officials?
Answer: Joseph Rauh
Joseph Rauh was the individual responsible for drafting Executive Order 8802 following the negotiations between the March on Washington Movement leaders and Roosevelt administration officials.
What was the immediate consequence of Executive Order 8802 being issued on June 25, 1941?
Answer: The planned March on Washington was suspended.
The immediate consequence of Executive Order 8802's issuance on June 25, 1941, was the suspension of the planned March on Washington.
What specific types of discrimination were prohibited by Executive Order 8802?
Answer: Discrimination based on race, creed, color, or national origin.
Executive Order 8802 specifically prohibited discrimination based on race, creed, color, or national origin in employment within defense industries and government.
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was established by Executive Order 8802.
Answer: True
Executive Order 8802 established the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) to investigate and address discrimination in the defense industry.
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was tasked with investigating alleged violations of anti-discrimination requirements.
Answer: True
Among its responsibilities, the FEPC was indeed tasked with investigating alleged violations of anti-discrimination requirements within the defense industry.
The FEPC started with a staff of 50 people and a budget of $500,000.
Answer: False
The FEPC began with a significantly smaller capacity, comprising an initial staff of only 11 individuals and a budget of $80,000.
After the U.S. entered World War II, the FEPC was placed under the Department of Labor.
Answer: False
After the U.S. entered World War II, the FEPC was placed under the War Production Board, not the Department of Labor.
Executive Order 9346 expanded the FEPC's coverage to include federal agencies and restored its independent status.
Answer: True
Executive Order 9346, issued in May 1943, indeed expanded the FEPC's coverage to federal agencies and restored its independent operational status.
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was terminated in 1948 by President Truman.
Answer: False
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was terminated by statute on July 17, 1945, following the end of World War II, not in 1948 by President Truman.
The Office of Production Management was established after the FEPC to oversee wartime production.
Answer: False
The FEPC was initially established *within* the Office of Production Management, which was already in place to centralize government contracting during the defense buildup.
Which significant committee was established by Executive Order 8802?
Answer: The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)
Executive Order 8802 established the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) to address and investigate instances of discrimination in the defense industry.
What were the initial limitations of the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)?
Answer: It was limited by its small size and restricted funding, starting with 11 people and $80,000.
The FEPC was initially constrained by its modest operational capacity, beginning with a staff of only 11 individuals and a budget of $80,000.
Which executive order expanded the FEPC's coverage and restored its independent status?
Answer: Executive Order 9346
Executive Order 9346, issued in May 1943, expanded the FEPC's coverage to federal agencies and reinstated its independent status.
When was the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) terminated?
Answer: July 17, 1945
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was terminated by statute on July 17, 1945, following the conclusion of World War II.
What was the initial budget and staff size of the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)?
Answer: $80,000 budget and 11 staff members.
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) began with a limited initial budget of $80,000 and a staff of only 11 individuals.
What was the role of the Office of Production Management in relation to the FEPC?
Answer: The FEPC was initially established within the Office of Production Management.
The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was initially established as a component within the Office of Production Management.
Segregation in the armed forces ended immediately after Executive Order 8802 was issued.
Answer: False
Segregation in the armed forces did not end immediately after Executive Order 8802. It was abolished seven years later, in 1948, by President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9981.
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act further prohibited employment discrimination years after Executive Order 8802.
Answer: True
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was indeed a landmark legislative action that further prohibited employment discrimination, building upon the precedent set by Executive Order 8802.
Some government officials considered discrimination against Italian and German Americans to be more pressing than that against Black Americans during World War II.
Answer: True
Some government officials during World War II indeed considered discrimination against Italian and German Americans to be a more pressing concern, fearing it could hinder the war effort by lowering morale.
Executive Order 8802 effectively eliminated all discrimination against Mexican Americans in the defense industry.
Answer: False
Despite its intent, Executive Order 8802 often failed to provide the same protections to Mexican Americans as other groups, largely due to foreign policy considerations like the Good Neighbor Policy.
The FEPC often canceled public hearings involving accusations of discrimination by Mexican Americans to avoid compromising the Good Neighbor Policy.
Answer: True
The FEPC frequently canceled public hearings concerning discrimination against Mexican Americans, fearing that publicizing such issues would undermine the Good Neighbor Policy and diplomatic relations with Latin American countries.
Workplace discrimination that occurred in the Bracero Program was thoroughly investigated and addressed by the FEPC.
Answer: False
Workplace discrimination within the Bracero Program was largely ignored by the FEPC, primarily to avoid jeopardizing the Good Neighbor Policy and relations with Latin American nations.
Second-generation Mexican Americans were known for being less vocal about workplace grievances and less open to unionization.
Answer: False
Second-generation Mexican Americans were, in fact, known for being more vocal in addressing workplace grievances and more receptive to unionization as a means to combat discrimination.
How long after Executive Order 8802 did the government end segregation in the armed forces?
Answer: Seven years later, in 1948.
Segregation in the armed forces was ended seven years after Executive Order 8802, in 1948, by President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9981.
What later legislative action further prohibited employment discrimination in the U.S.?
Answer: Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was a subsequent legislative action that significantly expanded the prohibition of employment discrimination in the U.S.
How did World War II affect Italian and German Americans, and how was this perceived by some government officials?
Answer: Many were negatively affected, and some officials considered this discrimination more pressing than that against Black Americans.
Many Italian and German Americans were negatively affected by World War II, with some government officials viewing this discrimination as a more pressing issue than that faced by Black Americans.
Why did Executive Order 8802 often fail to provide the same protections to Mexican Americans as other groups?
Answer: Due to America's foreign policy concerning Latin American nations, specifically the Good Neighbor Policy.
Executive Order 8802 often failed to provide equivalent protections to Mexican Americans due to America's foreign policy, particularly the Good Neighbor Policy, which prioritized diplomatic relations over addressing domestic discrimination.
What was the 'Good Neighbor Policy' and how did it influence the enforcement of Executive Order 8802 for Mexican Americans?
Answer: A foreign policy towards Latin American countries, leading the FEPC to cancel hearings on discrimination against Mexican Americans to avoid harming diplomatic relations.
The 'Good Neighbor Policy' was a U.S. foreign policy that led the FEPC to cancel hearings on discrimination against Mexican Americans, fearing that publicizing such issues would damage diplomatic relations with Latin American countries.
What was the broader impact of Executive Order 8802 on the concept of equal opportunity in the United States?
Answer: It was the first federal action to actively promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination, setting a precedent.
Executive Order 8802 was a pivotal federal action that actively promoted equal opportunity and prohibited employment discrimination, thereby establishing a crucial precedent for future civil rights initiatives in the United States.
A. Philip Randolph was a key civil rights and labor activist who pressured President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802.
Answer: True
A. Philip Randolph, a prominent civil rights and labor activist, was instrumental in pressuring President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 through his leadership of the March on Washington Movement.
The March on Washington Movement initially planned to bring 100,000 participants to the Lincoln Memorial to protest racial discrimination.
Answer: False
The March on Washington Movement initially planned to bring 10,000 Black Americans to the Lincoln Memorial, with the target later increased to 100,000 participants.
A. Philip Randolph was the leader of a large Black railroad worker union.
Answer: True
A. Philip Randolph was indeed the leader of a significant Black railroad worker union, and he used this platform to advocate for civil rights.
The March on Washington Movement (MOWM) was formed in December 1940.
Answer: False
The March on Washington Movement (MOWM) was formed in January 1941, not December 1940.
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt supported the planned March on Washington, encouraging its organizers.
Answer: False
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt did not support the planned March on Washington; she sent a letter to A. Philip Randolph calling it a 'grave mistake.'
President Roosevelt initially refused A. Philip Randolph's demand for an executive order due to concerns about setting a precedent for other groups.
Answer: True
President Roosevelt initially refused Randolph's demand, stating his concern that issuing an executive order for one group would set a precedent for other groups to make similar demands.
President Roosevelt's initial objection to issuing an executive order for non-discrimination was that it would be too difficult to enforce.
Answer: False
President Roosevelt's initial objection was his concern about setting a precedent for other groups to demand executive orders, not primarily about enforcement difficulty.
The Pittsburgh Courier was a newspaper that played a role in civil rights advocacy leading to Executive Order 8802.
Answer: True
*The Pittsburgh Courier* played a significant role by publishing A. Philip Randolph's demand for Black Americans' right to work and fight for their country, contributing to the advocacy for Executive Order 8802.
New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia was involved in the final series of meetings that resulted in the draft order for Executive Order 8802.
Answer: True
New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia was among the key figures involved in the final series of meetings that led to the drafting of Executive Order 8802.
Who was a key civil rights and labor activist whose pressure led to the issuance of Executive Order 8802?
Answer: A. Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph was a pivotal civil rights and labor activist whose persistent pressure, particularly through the March on Washington Movement, led to the issuance of Executive Order 8802.
What was the March on Washington Movement's initial plan that prompted negotiations with the Roosevelt administration?
Answer: To bring 10,000 Black Americans to the Lincoln Memorial to protest racial discrimination.
The March on Washington Movement's initial plan was to bring 10,000 Black Americans to the Lincoln Memorial to protest racial discrimination, which prompted the Roosevelt administration to negotiate.
Who was Walter White, and what was his role in the March on Washington Movement?
Answer: He was the secretary of the NAACP and a prominent Black leader of the MOWM.
Walter White was the secretary of the NAACP and a prominent Black leader within the March on Washington Movement, advocating for civil rights.
How did the Roosevelt administration initially react to the planned March on Washington?
Answer: They were anxious to stop the march, with Eleanor Roosevelt calling it a 'grave mistake.'
The Roosevelt administration was anxious to prevent the march, with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt expressing strong disapproval and calling it a 'grave mistake.'
What was President Roosevelt's initial objection to issuing an executive order for non-discrimination, as stated in the source?
Answer: He feared it would set a precedent for other groups to demand executive orders.
President Roosevelt's initial objection was his concern that issuing an executive order for non-discrimination would establish a precedent, leading other groups to demand similar executive actions.
Who were Aubrey Williams and Anna M. Rosenberg, and what was their role in the negotiations for Executive Order 8802?
Answer: They were enlisted by Roosevelt to help organize meetings and negotiate with MOWM leaders.
Aubrey Williams and Anna M. Rosenberg were government officials enlisted by President Roosevelt to organize meetings and negotiate with the leaders of the March on Washington Movement, facilitating the discussions for Executive Order 8802.
Besides A. Philip Randolph and Walter White, who else was involved in the final series of meetings that resulted in the draft order for EO 8802?
Answer: New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia
New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia was among the key individuals, alongside A. Philip Randolph and Walter White, involved in the final series of meetings that led to the drafting of Executive Order 8802.