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Extortion is fundamentally defined as obtaining a benefit from another person through coercion and is generally considered a criminal offense.
Answer: True
The source defines extortion as the act of obtaining a benefit through coercion, which is generally classified as a criminal offense.
Robbery is considered a more complex form of extortion that always involves making unfounded threats to gain an unfair business advantage.
Answer: False
The source indicates that robbery is a simpler, more common form of extortion, but extortion itself is not limited to physical taking and can involve unfounded threats for business advantage. The statement incorrectly characterizes robbery as a 'more complex form' and implies it 'always involves' unfounded threats for business advantage, which is a broader aspect of extortion, not robbery specifically.
In all jurisdictions, the actual acquisition of the demanded benefit is a strict prerequisite for the crime of extortion to be committed.
Answer: False
The source clarifies that in some jurisdictions, the actual acquisition of the benefit is not a prerequisite for the offense of extortion; merely making the threat can be sufficient.
Charging excessive interest on loans (usury) is legally classified as a form of extortion.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that while 'extortion' is metaphorically used for practices like usury, usury is not legally classified as extortion.
'Shakedown' is an alternative term or synonym for extortion.
Answer: True
The source explicitly lists 'shakedown' as an alternative term or synonym for extortion.
Coercion involves compelling a person to behave involuntarily through threats, intimidation, or trickery.
Answer: True
The source defines coercion as the practice of compelling or manipulating a person to behave involuntarily through threats, intimidation, trickery, or other forms of pressure or force.
A threat is a central component of extortion, involving the instillation of fear to compel compliance.
Answer: True
The source identifies a threat as a central component of extortion, involving the instillation of fear to compel a victim's compliance.
Which of the following accurately defines the fundamental concept of extortion?
Answer: The act of obtaining a benefit, such as money or goods, from another person through the use of coercion.
Extortion is defined as the act of obtaining a benefit, such as money or goods, from another person through the use of coercion, and is generally considered a criminal offense.
In certain jurisdictions, what action is sufficient for the crime of extortion to be legally constituted, even in the absence of the actual acquisition of the demanded benefit?
Answer: Making a threat of violence that demands a payment of money or property to prevent future harm.
The source states that in some jurisdictions, merely making a threat of violence that demands payment to prevent future harm can be sufficient for the crime of extortion, without the actual acquisition of the benefit.
Based on the provided text, which of the following practices is NOT legally classified as extortion?
Answer: Price-gouging.
The source explicitly states that while 'extortion' is often used metaphorically for practices like usury or price-gouging, neither is legally classified as extortion.
In the majority of legal jurisdictions, what is the typical classification of extortion?
Answer: A criminal offense.
In most jurisdictions, extortion is consistently classified as a criminal offense.
In the context of crimes analogous to extortion, how is 'coercion' formally defined?
Answer: The practice of compelling or manipulating a person to behave in an involuntary manner through threats, intimidation, or trickery.
Coercion is defined as the practice of compelling or manipulating a person to behave involuntarily through threats, intimidation, trickery, or other forms of pressure or force.
Which of the following is cited in the text as an alternative term or synonym for extortion?
Answer: Shakedown.
The text lists 'shakedown' as an alternative term or synonym for extortion.
Analyze the role of a threat as a constituent element in the crime of extortion.
Answer: It is a central component, involving the instillation of fear to compel compliance.
A threat is a central component of extortion, involving the instillation of fear, verbally or in writing, to compel a victim's compliance.
The 'protection racket' is a common form of extortion where racketeers imply that the threats they offer protection from originate from themselves.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that a 'protection racket' is a common form of extortion where racketeers demand payment for protection from threats often implied to originate from themselves.
Extortion and blackmail can involve threats to file true reports of criminal behavior to the police, not just false ones.
Answer: True
The source clarifies that extortion and blackmail can involve threats to file reports of criminal behavior, whether true or false, to the police, or to reveal damaging personal information.
Political corruption, such as selling one's public office, is not considered a form of extortion in a legal sense.
Answer: False
The source indicates that in a legal sense, political corruption, such as selling one's public office or influence peddling, can indeed be considered a form of extortion.
Blackmail is a specific type of extortion that involves threatening to reveal embarrassing or incriminating information about a victim.
Answer: True
The source defines blackmail as a specific type of extortion involving threats to reveal embarrassing, socially damaging, or incriminating information about a victim.
Loan sharking involves offering unsecured loans at extremely high interest rates, often enforced by blackmail or threats of violence.
Answer: True
The source defines loan sharking as offering unsecured loans at extremely high interest rates, often enforced by blackmail or threats of violence against the borrower.
Sextortion is a crime where individuals are voluntarily encouraged to send sexual images of themselves for financial gain.
Answer: False
The source defines sextortion as a crime where individuals are coerced or forced into sending sexual images or performing sexual services, not voluntarily encouraged, making the statement false.
Loan sharking typically involves offering secured loans at low interest rates.
Answer: False
The source states that loan sharking involves offering unsecured loans at extremely high interest rates, making the statement false.
The primary goal of 'sextortion' is to force individuals to send sexual images of themselves or to perform sexual services.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that the primary goal of 'sextortion' is to force individuals to send sexual images of themselves or to perform sexual services.
Which of the following best describes a common characteristic of a 'protection racket'?
Answer: It demands payment for protection from threats that are often implied to originate from the racketeers themselves.
A 'protection racket' is a form of extortion where racketeers demand payment for protection from threats that are frequently implied to originate from the racketeers themselves.
Beyond threats of overt criminal acts, what categories of threats can constitute extortion or blackmail?
Answer: Threats to reveal damaging personal information or to file reports of criminal behavior (whether true or false).
The source indicates that extortion and blackmail can involve threats to reveal damaging personal information or to file reports of criminal behavior, regardless of their veracity.
Under what circumstances can the term 'extortion' be applied to acts of political corruption?
Answer: When demanding bribes in an official capacity, such as selling one's public office or influence peddling.
The source explains that in a legal sense, extortion can refer to political corruption, such as selling one's public office or engaging in influence peddling, as demanding bribes in an official capacity is a form of blackmail or racketeering.
Identify the specific form of extortion characterized by threats to disclose embarrassing or incriminating information about a victim.
Answer: Blackmail.
Blackmail is defined as a specific type of extortion where the extortionist threatens to reveal potentially embarrassing, socially damaging, or incriminating information about a victim.
Which characteristic primarily defines loans provided by 'loan sharks'?
Answer: They are unsecured and come with extremely high interest rates, often enforced through threats or blackmail.
Loans offered by 'loan sharks' are characterized by being unsecured and carrying extremely high interest rates, with enforcement often relying on threats or blackmail.
What is the principal objective of 'sextortion'?
Answer: To coerce or force individuals into sending sexual images of themselves or performing sexual services.
The primary goal of 'sextortion' is to coerce or force individuals into sending sexual images of themselves or performing sexual services.
Cyber extortion typically involves sending threatening emails to a company, demanding money to prevent the exploitation of security vulnerabilities or network attacks.
Answer: True
The source defines cyber extortion as utilizing the internet to demand material gain, often by sending threatening emails to a company, claiming to exploit security vulnerabilities or launch network attacks, and demanding money to prevent these actions.
Anthony Digati was arrested for cyber extortion after successfully receiving a $3 million payment from New York Life Insurance Company.
Answer: False
The source states that Anthony Digati was arrested after New York Life contacted the FBI, and he did not successfully receive the $3 million payment.
The man arrested in the Nintendo cyber extortion case in 2011 published some stolen user data online after Nintendo ignored his demands.
Answer: True
The source confirms that after Nintendo ignored his demands, the perpetrator in the 2011 cyber extortion case published some stolen user data online, leading to his arrest.
Jeffrey P. Bezos publicly denied that the National Enquirer's coverage of his relationship was politically motivated to avoid the publication of nude pictures.
Answer: False
The source states that Jeffrey P. Bezos refused to deny the political motivation and instead publicly disclosed the threat, making the statement false.
The Vastaamo cyber extortion incident in 2020 involved the theft of approximately 40,000 patient records.
Answer: True
The source confirms that approximately 40,000 patient records were stolen from Vastaamo during the cyber extortion incident in October 2020.
The Vastaamo cyber extortion case revealed that sensitive patient data was securely encrypted, but the system's root password was weak.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that sensitive patient data was not encrypted and the system's root password was very weak, making the statement false.
Cryptovirology is a software scam that uses public-key cryptography to encrypt a user's data, demanding payment for the decryption key.
Answer: True
The source defines cryptovirology as a software scam that employs public-key cryptography to encrypt a user's data, demanding payment for the legitimate decryption key.
The Vastaamo extorters released 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board to exert pressure on the company.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the Vastaamo extorters published 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board as a tactic to pressure the company.
When the Vastaamo extortion of the company failed, the extorters decided to abandon their efforts.
Answer: False
The source states that when the company extortion failed, the extorters shifted tactics and sent emails directly to the victims, demanding payment, rather than abandoning their efforts.
The Vastaamo cyber extortion incident revealed that intrusions only occurred for a brief period in March 2019.
Answer: False
The source indicates that intrusions in the Vastaamo case dated back to November 2018 and continued until March 2019, meaning they occurred over a longer period than just March 2019, making the statement false.
The Finnish president described the Vastaamo cyber attack as 'relentlessly cruel'.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the President of Finland described the Vastaamo cyber attack as 'relentlessly cruel'.
The Vastaamo extorters initially demanded 400 bitcoins from the company to prevent the publication of patient data.
Answer: False
The source states that the Vastaamo extorters initially demanded 40 bitcoins, not 400, from the company, making the statement false.
The leaked Vastaamo patient records contained sensitive personal information including patients' full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and notes from their therapists and doctors.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the leaked Vastaamo patient records contained sensitive personal information including full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and notes from therapists and doctors from each session.
Provide a definition of cyber extortion.
Answer: Utilizing the internet to demand material gain, often by threatening to exploit security vulnerabilities or publish confidential information.
Cyber extortion is defined as the use of the internet to demand material gain, typically through threats to exploit security vulnerabilities or publish confidential information.
In the cyber extortion case involving Anthony Digati and New York Life Insurance Company, what was Digati's initial demand?
Answer: A return of over $198,000 on a life insurance policy.
Anthony Digati initially demanded a return of $198,303.88 on a variable life insurance policy from New York Life Insurance Company.
In 2019, what specific action did Jeffrey P. Bezos accuse the National Enquirer and its parent company of attempting?
Answer: Attempting to extort him by threatening to reveal nude pictures unless he publicly denied their coverage was politically motivated.
Jeffrey P. Bezos accused the National Enquirer of attempting to extort him by threatening to reveal nude pictures unless he publicly denied that their coverage of his relationship was politically motivated.
Which of the following constituted a significant security vulnerability identified during the Vastaamo cyber extortion case?
Answer: Sensitive patient data was not encrypted and the system's root password was very weak.
The Vastaamo cyber extortion case revealed that sensitive patient data was not encrypted and the system's root password was notably weak, facilitating the data breach.
Define 'cryptovirology' in the context of digital scams.
Answer: A software scam that uses public-key cryptography to encrypt a user's data and demands payment for the decryption key.
Cryptovirology is a software scam that employs public-key cryptography to encrypt user data, subsequently demanding payment for the decryption key.
Quantify the total number of patient records stolen during the Vastaamo cyber extortion incident.
Answer: Roughly 40,000 records.
Approximately 40,000 patient records were stolen from Vastaamo during the cyber extortion incident.
Describe the method employed by the Vastaamo extorters to pressure the company into paying the ransom.
Answer: By publishing 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board.
The Vastaamo extorters attempted to pressure the company by publishing 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board.
Upon the company's failure to meet their demands, what subsequent action did the Vastaamo extorters undertake?
Answer: They sent emails directly to the victims, demanding payment to prevent their sensitive data from being published.
When Vastaamo did not meet their demands, the extorters sent emails directly to the victims, demanding payment to prevent the publication of their sensitive data.
Enumerate the categories of sensitive information found within the leaked Vastaamo patient records.
Answer: Patients' full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and notes from their therapists and doctors.
The leaked Vastaamo patient records contained sensitive personal information including full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and notes from therapists and doctors from each session.
How did the President of Finland react to the Vastaamo cyber attack?
Answer: He described the attack as 'relentlessly cruel'.
The President of Finland described the Vastaamo cyber attack as 'relentlessly cruel,' highlighting its severe impact.
Specify the total quantity of bitcoins initially demanded by the extorters from Vastaamo.
Answer: 40 bitcoins.
The Vastaamo extorters initially demanded 40 bitcoins from the company.
At the time of the Vastaamo incident, what was the approximate euro equivalent of the 40 bitcoins demanded?
Answer: Around 450,000 euros.
The 40 bitcoins demanded from Vastaamo were valued at approximately 450,000 euros at the time of the incident.
When directly targeting victims, what was the range of individual payments demanded by the Vastaamo extorters?
Answer: 200 or 500 euros.
The Vastaamo extorters demanded individual payments of either 200 euros within 24 hours or 500 euros within 48 hours from the victims.
Prior to his arrest, what was the ultimate demand amount made by Anthony Digati to New York Life Insurance Company?
Answer: $3 million.
Anthony Digati increased his demand to $3 million before New York Life contacted the FBI, leading to his arrest.
Detail the specific categories of personal information found within the leaked Vastaamo patient records.
Answer: Patients' full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and notes from their therapists and doctors from each session.
The leaked Vastaamo patient records contained highly sensitive personal information, including full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and detailed notes from therapy and doctor sessions.
Describe the initial strategy employed by the Vastaamo extorters to exert pressure on the company.
Answer: Publishing 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board.
The initial method used by the Vastaamo extorters to pressure the company was publishing 100 patient records daily on a Tor message board.
The formal definition of 'exaction' includes not only forceful demanding but also the infliction of pain and suffering.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the formal definition of 'exaction' extends beyond forceful demanding to include the infliction of pain and suffering or making someone endure something unpleasant.
A 'badger game' is a scam where a victim is tricked into a compromising situation to make them vulnerable to blackmail.
Answer: True
The source defines a 'badger game' as a scam where a victim is deliberately tricked into a compromising situation to make them vulnerable to blackmail.
A 'clip joint' is an establishment that provides high-quality goods or services at fair prices, often under the guise of adult entertainment.
Answer: False
The source defines a 'clip joint' as an establishment that deceives customers into paying for poor quality or non-existent goods/services, often under the guise of adult entertainment, making the statement false.
A 'confidence trick' primarily relies on intimidating the victim into compliance rather than gaining their trust.
Answer: False
The source states that a 'confidence trick' attempts to defraud a person by first gaining their trust or 'confidence,' making the statement false.
Dognapping typically targets mixed-breed dogs due to their high demand in the pet market.
Answer: False
The source states that dognapping typically targets purebred dogs due to the high profit from their sale, making the statement false.
Price gouging is legally classified as a felony in all parts of the United States, regardless of the circumstances.
Answer: False
The source states that price gouging is legally classified as a felony only in some parts of the United States and specifically during civil emergencies, not in all parts regardless of circumstances.
A 'racket' is a service fraudulently offered to solve a problem that either doesn't exist or was created by the racketeer.
Answer: True
The source defines a 'racket' as a service fraudulently offered to solve a problem that either does not exist, would not be affected by the 'service,' or would not exist without the racketeer's involvement.
Terrorism is commonly understood as an act intended to create fear for an ideological goal, often targeting non-combatants.
Answer: True
The source describes terrorism as an act intended to create fear for an ideological goal, often deliberately targeting or disregarding the safety of non-combatants.
'Tiger kidnapping' is a term used when a wild animal is taken hostage to compel a zoo or wildlife organization to pay a ransom.
Answer: False
The source defines 'tiger kidnapping' as taking an innocent human hostage to compel a loved one or associate to perform a specific action, not involving wild animals, making the statement false.
The image titled 'Loot and Extortion' at Trago Mills humorously critiques a government tax collection agency.
Answer: True
The source references an image titled 'Loot and Extortion' at Trago Mills, featuring statues that humorously critique the Inland Revenue, a government tax collection agency.
The core mechanism of a 'confidence trick' is to gain the trust of a person or group in order to defraud them.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that the core mechanism of a 'confidence trick' is to gain the trust or 'confidence' of a person or group in order to defraud them.
The distinguishing feature of a 'racket' is that the problem it purports to solve either doesn't exist or was caused by the racketeer.
Answer: True
The source defines a 'racket' by its distinguishing feature: a fraudulently offered service to solve a problem that either does not exist, would not be affected by the 'service,' or was created by the racketeer.
The term 'tiger kidnapping' originates from the aggressive nature of the kidnappers, who are compared to tigers.
Answer: False
The source states that the term 'tiger kidnapping' originates from the prior observation of the victim, similar to how a tiger stalks its prey, not from the aggressive nature of the kidnappers, making the statement false.
In the context of crimes analogous to extortion, what defines a 'badger game'?
Answer: A scam where a victim is tricked into a compromising situation to make them vulnerable to blackmail.
A 'badger game' is a scam designed to trick a victim into a compromising situation, thereby rendering them susceptible to blackmail.
Identify the fundamental operational mechanism of a 'confidence trick'.
Answer: To gain the trust or 'confidence' of a person or group in order to defraud them.
The core mechanism of a 'confidence trick' is to gain the trust or 'confidence' of a person or group as a prerequisite for defrauding them.
Under what specific conditions is price gouging legally categorized as a felony in certain regions of the United States?
Answer: Specifically during civil emergencies.
Price gouging is legally classified as a felony in some parts of the United States specifically during civil emergencies.
In the context of criminal activities, what constitutes the distinguishing feature of a 'racket'?
Answer: It is a service fraudulently offered to solve a problem that either does not exist, would not be affected by the 'service,' or would not exist without the racketeer's involvement.
A 'racket' is characterized by a fraudulently offered service to solve a problem that is either non-existent, unaffected by the service, or created by the racketeer.
Define 'tiger kidnapping'.
Answer: Taking an innocent hostage to compel a loved one or associate of the victim to perform a specific action.
'Tiger kidnapping' involves taking an innocent hostage to compel a loved one or associate of the victim to perform a specific action, often involving ransoms.
Explain the etymological origin of the term 'tiger kidnapping'.
Answer: It originates from the prior observation of the victim, similar to how a tiger stalks its prey.
The term 'tiger kidnapping' originates from the meticulous prior observation of the victim, akin to how a tiger stalks its prey, before taking an innocent hostage.
Define 'dognapping'.
Answer: The crime of stealing a dog from its owner, typically targeting purebred dogs for profit.
Dognapping is the crime of stealing a dog from its owner, typically targeting purebred dogs due to their high market value for profit.
Beyond its common association with extortion, what does the term 'exaction' formally denote?
Answer: The infliction of pain and suffering or making someone endure something unpleasant.
The formal definition of 'exaction' includes not only forceful demanding but also the infliction of pain and suffering or making someone endure something unpleasant.
In United States law, the key distinction between extortion and robbery is that robbery always involves a verbal or written threat, whereas extortion may not.
Answer: False
The source clarifies that in United States law, extortion always involves a verbal or written threat, whereas robbery may not, making the statement false.
Under United States federal law, extortion can be committed without the use of physical force or a weapon.
Answer: True
The source confirms that under United States federal law, extortion can be committed with or without the use of physical force and with or without the use of a weapon.
Violations of state extortion statutes are rarely connected to the federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).
Answer: False
The source indicates that violations of many state extortion statutes can constitute 'racketeering activity' under the federal RICO Act, implying a significant connection, not a rare one.
In the United States, a federal crime of extortion committed using modern communication methods is only complete once the threatening message reaches the intended recipient.
Answer: False
The source states that under United States federal law, the offense of extortion using modern communication methods is complete once the threatening message is sent, regardless of whether it reaches the intended recipient.
In England and Wales, blackmail is legally defined as any 'unwarranted demand with menaces,' including threats of physical harm.
Answer: True
The source confirms that in England and Wales, blackmail is legally defined as any 'unwarranted demand with menaces,' which includes threats of physical harm.
In Scotland, the legitimacy of the demand is the primary factor in determining if the common law crime of extortion has been committed.
Answer: False
The source states that in Scotland, the legitimacy of the demand itself is irrelevant; the crime is committed if illegitimate threats of harm are used to enforce it.
The article provides a global perspective on extortion, covering various legal systems worldwide.
Answer: False
The source states that the article's examples and perspective primarily focus on the English-speaking world, not a global view, making the statement false.
The federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) is unrelated to state extortion statutes.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that violations of many state extortion statutes can constitute 'racketeering activity' under the federal RICO Act, indicating a direct relationship, not an unrelated one.
In Scotland, extortion is a common law crime where the legitimacy of the demand itself is irrelevant if illegitimate threats of harm are used to enforce it.
Answer: True
The source confirms that in Scotland, the legitimacy of the demand is irrelevant if illegitimate threats of harm are used to enforce the demand, constituting the common law crime of extortion.
In United States law, what is the primary distinction between robbery and extortion concerning the nature of the threat?
Answer: Robbery involves the immediate use of force or fear of immediate force, whereas extortion involves verbal or written threats instilling fear of future harm.
The source clarifies that robbery involves immediate force or fear of immediate force, while extortion involves verbal or written threats instilling fear of future harm, and is not limited to property.
Under United States federal law, what are the stipulations concerning the use of physical force and weapons in the commission of extortion?
Answer: Extortion can be committed with or without the use of physical force and with or without the use of a weapon.
The source states that under United States federal law, extortion can be committed irrespective of the use of physical force or a weapon.
By what means can extortion be perpetrated as a federal crime in the United States when utilizing modern communication technologies?
Answer: By using a computer system, phone, mail, or any instrument of interstate commerce.
The source indicates that federal extortion can be committed using a computer system, phone, mail, or any instrument of interstate commerce, and the crime is complete upon sending the message.
In England and Wales, what legal definition encompasses the offense of blackmail?
Answer: Any 'unwarranted demand with menaces,' including threats of physical harm.
The source defines blackmail in England and Wales as any 'unwarranted demand with menaces,' which includes threats of physical harm.
Which federal act in the United States is pertinent to state extortion statutes, categorizing their violations as 'racketeering activity'?
Answer: The Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).
The federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) is relevant to state extortion statutes, classifying violations as 'racketeering activity'.
In United States law, what is the fundamental distinction between extortion and robbery concerning the nature of the threat employed?
Answer: Extortion always involves a verbal or written threat, whereas robbery may not.
The source highlights that extortion in United States law always involves a verbal or written threat, a characteristic not necessarily present in robbery.
Under Scottish common law, which aspect of a demand is considered irrelevant in determining the commission of extortion?
Answer: The legitimacy of the demand itself.
In Scotland, the legitimacy of the demand itself is irrelevant; the crime of extortion is committed if illegitimate threats of harm are used to enforce it.
Characterize the primary geographical and legal focus of the article's examples and perspective on extortion.
Answer: Extortion primarily in the English-speaking world.
The article's examples and perspective on extortion primarily focus on the English-speaking world, rather than providing a global view.