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In a religious context, is faith exclusively defined as belief in God?
Answer: False
While belief in God is central to many religions, faith is broadly understood as belief in God or in the doctrines and teachings of a religion, encompassing more than just belief in a deity.
Do religious believers and skeptics generally share the same perspective on the evidential basis of faith?
Answer: False
Religious believers often perceive faith as confidence grounded in perceived warrant or evidence, whereas skeptics tend to view it as belief lacking evidence or even contradicting evidence.
The English word 'faith' originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bheidh-, meaning 'to doubt'.
Answer: False
The etymological analysis indicates that the Proto-Indo-European root *bheidh-, from which the English word 'faith' derives, signifies concepts such as trust, confidence, and persuasion, not 'to doubt'.
The Latin word 'fides', a precursor to the English 'faith', primarily meant religious belief.
Answer: False
The Latin word 'fides', the ultimate origin of 'faith', conveyed broader meanings including trust, confidence, and loyalty, not exclusively religious belief.
The Proto-Indo-European root *were-o- is linked to the English words 'veracity' and 'verify' and relates to the concept of truth.
Answer: True
The Proto-Indo-European root *were-o-, which emphasizes truth and trustworthiness, is indeed connected to English words like 'veracity' and 'verify'.
In the Roman world, 'fides' was understood mainly as unwavering belief in the gods.
Answer: False
In the Roman context, 'fides' referred more broadly to trust, loyalty, and reciprocal obligations, often involving voluntary restraint in situations where harm could be inflicted, rather than solely religious belief.
The primary definition of faith in religion involves belief in God or the doctrines of a religion.
Answer: True
The principal definition of faith within religious contexts centers on belief in God or adherence to the doctrines and teachings of a religion.
Skeptics of religion typically view faith as belief grounded in perceived evidence.
Answer: False
Skeptics of religion generally perceive faith as belief that lacks evidence or even contradicts evidence, contrasting with believers' views of faith being grounded in perceived warrant.
What is the primary definition of faith in a religious context according to the source?
Answer: Belief in God or the doctrines and teachings of a religion.
Within a religious framework, faith is principally defined as belief in God or adherence to the doctrines and teachings of a specific religion. It constitutes a fundamental element of religious observance and commitment for numerous individuals globally.
How do religious believers typically perceive faith, according to the text?
Answer: As confidence grounded in a degree of perceived warrant or evidence.
Religious believers often perceive faith as a confidence grounded in a degree of perceived warrant or evidence, contrasting with the skeptical view of faith as belief lacking such grounding.
The English word 'faith' traces its etymology back to which Proto-Indo-European root signifying trust?
Answer: *bheidh- (trust, confidence, persuasion)
The English word 'faith' originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bheidh-, which signifies concepts such as trust, confidence, and persuasion.
Which Latin word is the ultimate origin of the English word 'faith', conveying meanings like trust and confidence?
Answer: Fides
The English word 'faith' evolved from the Latin word 'fides,' which conveyed meanings of trust, confidence, and belief.
What concept does the Proto-Indo-European root *were-o- contribute to the etymology of 'faith'?
Answer: Truth and trustworthiness
The Proto-Indo-European root *were-o- contributes to the etymology of 'faith' by emphasizing concepts of truth and trustworthiness, evident in related English words like 'veracity'.
How was 'faith' understood in the Roman world, according to the text?
Answer: As a paradoxical set of reciprocal ideas involving trust and restraint.
In the Roman world, 'fides' (faith) was understood as a paradoxical concept involving trust and voluntary restraint, exemplified in social relationships where one party entrusted themselves to another.
The Greek word 'pistis', used for 'faith' in the New Testament, can also be translated as 'faithfulness' or 'trust'.
Answer: True
The Greek term 'pistis', commonly translated as 'faith' in the New Testament, carries nuanced meanings that include 'faithfulness' and 'trust'.
The Greek verb 'pisteuo' related to faith means 'to doubt' or 'to disbelieve'.
Answer: False
The Greek verb 'pisteuo' is primarily translated as 'to trust,' 'to have confidence,' or 'to be faithful,' indicating an active commitment rather than doubt.
Archibald Thomas Robertson noted that the Greek word 'pistis' was sometimes used to mean 'to furnish evidence'.
Answer: True
Archibald Thomas Robertson observed that the Greek word 'pistis', while commonly meaning faith or trust, was also used in classical Greek, such as by Demosthenes, to mean 'to furnish' or 'to bring forward evidence'.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints identifies 'faith in the Lord Jesus Christ' as the second principle of the gospel.
Answer: False
According to the Articles of Faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 'faith in the Lord Jesus Christ' is identified as the first principle of the gospel.
In Buddhism, 'saddhā' or 'shraddhā' signifies doubt and skepticism towards teachings.
Answer: False
In Buddhism, 'saddhā' or 'shraddhā' signifies a serene commitment and trust in the Buddha's teachings and enlightened beings, not doubt or skepticism.
Early Buddhism viewed faith as the ultimate goal on the path to enlightenment.
Answer: False
Early Buddhism considered faith an initial, important step on the path toward wisdom and enlightenment, but it was ultimately seen as something that could be transcended.
The Sanskrit term 'Bhakti' in Hinduism initially referred to intellectual debate about deities.
Answer: False
The Sanskrit term 'Bhakti' in Hinduism literally means 'attachment, participation, fondness, devotion, worship,' and initially referred to devotion and love directed towards a deity.
In Islam, 'Iman' is described as unquestioning belief that is free from reasonable doubt.
Answer: False
In Islam, 'Iman' is described not as unquestioning or naive belief, but as a conviction built on well-grounded certainty, free from reasonable doubt.
Judaism values 'emunah' (faith/trust) but places less emphasis on it compared to Christianity and Islam.
Answer: True
While Judaism values 'emunah' (faith/trust), its emphasis is generally less central than in Christianity or Islam, with Judaism tending to prioritize knowledge and correct practice (orthopraxy).
The Five Ks in Sikhism are considered central religious concepts representing articles of faith.
Answer: True
While faith itself is not always considered the most central concept in Sikhism, the Five Ks (articles worn by initiated Sikhs) are sometimes referred to as the 'Five articles of Faith'.
In the Baháʼí Faith, faith is understood solely as adherence to divine laws.
Answer: False
In the Baháʼí Faith, faith encompasses conscious knowledge, the practice of good deeds, and the acceptance of divine authority, not solely adherence to laws.
The Greek verb 'pisteuo' is directly translated as 'faith' in English texts.
Answer: False
The Greek verb 'pisteuo' is typically translated as 'to trust' or 'to have confidence,' while the noun 'pistis' is translated as 'faith'.
The Five Ks in Sikhism are Kesh, Kanga, Kara, Kirpan, and Kaccha.
Answer: True
The Five Ks, often referred to as articles of faith in Sikhism, are Kesh (uncut hair), Kanga (wooden comb), Kara (steel bracelet), Kirpan (sword/dagger), and Kaccha (special undergarment).
What is the Greek word commonly translated as 'faith' in the New Testament?
Answer: Pistis
The Greek word commonly translated as 'faith' in the New Testament is 'pistis,' which also carries connotations of faithfulness and trust.
The Greek verb 'pisteuo', related to faith, primarily conveys the meaning of:
Answer: To trust or have confidence
The Greek verb 'pisteuo' primarily signifies 'to trust' or 'to have confidence,' highlighting the active and relational aspect of faith.
What did Archibald Thomas Robertson observe about the Greek word pistis?
Answer: It was used by Demosthenes to mean 'to furnish evidence'.
Archibald Thomas Robertson noted that the Greek word 'pistis' was employed by classical authors like Demosthenes to signify 'to furnish' or 'to bring forward evidence'.
What is identified as the first principle of the gospel by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?
Answer: Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ
The first principle of the gospel, according to the Articles of Faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is 'faith in the Lord Jesus Christ'.
What does the Buddhist term 'saddhā' or 'shraddhā' signify?
Answer: A serene commitment and trust in Buddhist teachings and beings
In Buddhism, 'saddhā' or 'shraddhā' signifies a serene commitment to the teachings of the Buddha and trust in enlightened beings, serving as a foundational element for spiritual practice.
How was faith viewed as a step in the path to wisdom and enlightenment in early Buddhism?
Answer: As an initial step that could be transcended.
Early Buddhism viewed faith as an initial step on the path toward wisdom and enlightenment, recognizing its importance but also its potential to be transcended.
What is the literal meaning of the Sanskrit term 'Bhakti' in Hinduism?
Answer: Attachment, participation, fondness, devotion
The Sanskrit term 'Bhakti' in Hinduism literally translates to 'attachment, participation, fondness, devotion, worship,' and initially referred to devotion towards a deity.
In Islam, 'Iman' is described as a conviction that is:
Answer: Free from reasonable doubt and well-grounded.
In Islam, 'Iman' signifies a conviction that is free from reasonable doubt and well-grounded, representing complete submission to God's will.
Which of the following is NOT among the six axioms of faith in Islam mentioned in the Hadith of Gabriel?
Answer: Belief in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad
The six axioms of faith in Islam, as per the Hadith of Gabriel, include belief in God, His Angels, His Books, His Messengers, the Hereafter, and the concept of good and evil fate. Belief in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad is encompassed within the belief in His Messengers.
Judaism values 'emunah', but how does its emphasis on faith compare to Christianity and Islam?
Answer: It is less central, prioritizing knowledge and practice.
While Judaism values 'emunah' (faith/trust), its emphasis is generally less central compared to Christianity and Islam, with Judaism tending to prioritize 'true' knowledge and correct practice (orthopraxy).
What are the Five Ks in Sikhism, referred to as 'articles of Faith'?
Answer: Five symbols worn by baptized Sikhs (Kesh, Kanga, Kara, Kirpan, Kaccha).
The Five Ks in Sikhism are Kesh, Kanga, Kara, Kirpan, and Kaccha, which are five symbols worn by initiated Sikhs and are sometimes referred to as the 'Five articles of Faith'.
In the Baháʼí Faith, faith encompasses all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: Blind obedience to clergy
In the Baháʼí Faith, faith is understood as conscious knowledge, the practice of good deeds, and acceptance of divine authority, not blind obedience.
Thomas Aquinas viewed faith primarily as a passive acceptance of divine truths.
Answer: False
Thomas Aquinas conceptualized faith not as passive acceptance, but as an act of the intellect assenting to truth, guided by the will, distinguishing it from mere opinion or passive reception.
Thomas Aquinas considered faith to be a form of intellectual opinion.
Answer: False
Thomas Aquinas differentiated faith from mere opinion, defining it as an intellectual assent to truth guided by the will, distinct from both opinion and scientific demonstration.
Teresa Morgan argues that early Christians viewed faith primarily as a set of correct mental beliefs.
Answer: False
Teresa Morgan suggests that early Christians understood faith more as a relational practice fostering community based on trust, rather than solely as a collection of correct mental beliefs.
All Christians agree that Christian faith should align with the life and example of Jesus Christ.
Answer: True
There is a consensus among Christians that the practice of their faith should be aligned with the life and example of Jesus Christ, guiding their contemplation of God and pursuit of obedience.
Christian faith is viewed as a static state that does not change after initial acceptance.
Answer: False
Christian faith is understood as a dynamic process that encourages personal growth and a deepening understanding of God, rather than a static state.
Christians believe faith can only be developed through formal theological study.
Answer: False
While theological study can contribute, Christians believe faith is also developed through mutual encouragement, personal striving, and other means, not exclusively formal study.
Alister McGrath contrasts his view of faith with Richard Dawkins' by defining faith as 'blind trust in the absence of evidence'.
Answer: False
Alister McGrath contrasts his view of faith with Dawkins' definition of 'blind trust in the absence of evidence' by defining faith as 'intelligent conviction based on adequate evidence'.
In Methodism, living faith is considered a gift imparted through the Holy Spirit and becomes effective when exercised.
Answer: True
Methodist teaching posits that living faith is a divine gift, conveyed through the Word and the Holy Spirit, and its efficacy is realized through its active exercise by the individual.
Methodist teaching describes living faith as a gift imparted through the Word and the Holy Spirit.
Answer: True
Methodist doctrine holds that living faith is a divine gift, conveyed through the Word and the Holy Spirit, becoming effective when exercised by the believer.
According to Thomas Aquinas, what characterizes faith?
Answer: It is an act of the intellect assenting to truth, guided by the will.
Thomas Aquinas defined faith as an act of the intellect that assents to truth, guided by the command of the will, emphasizing its deliberate and reasoned nature.
How did Teresa Morgan suggest early Christians understood faith within their cultural context?
Answer: As a relationship fostering community based on trust.
Teresa Morgan posits that early Christians primarily understood faith as a relational practice that fostered community through trust, rather than solely as a set of mental beliefs.
Which statement accurately reflects the Christian view on faith's alignment with Jesus' life?
Answer: The practice of Christian faith is agreed upon by all Christians to be aligned with Jesus Christ's life and example.
There is a consensus among Christians that the practice of their faith should be aligned with the ideals and example set by the life of Jesus Christ, guiding their contemplation of God and pursuit of obedience.
Christian faith is described as a dynamic process that encourages:
Answer: A greater understanding of God and personal growth.
Christian faith is understood as a dynamic process that fosters personal growth and a deeper comprehension of the divine, rather than a static state.
How is Christian faith distinguished from fideism?
Answer: Christian faith requires understanding in whom and what one believes.
Christian faith is distinguished from fideism by its emphasis on understanding the object of belief and often integrating reason, scripture, tradition, and experience, rather than relying solely on faith without reason.
According to the source, how do Christians foster the deepening of faith?
Answer: Through mutual encouragement and personal striving.
Christians foster the deepening of faith through mutual encouragement and personal striving, indicating that faith is a dynamic process that can mature over time.
Alister McGrath contrasts his view of faith with Richard Dawkins' by defining faith as:
Answer: Intelligent conviction based on adequate evidence.
Alister McGrath contrasts his perspective with Richard Dawkins' definition of faith by characterizing it as 'intelligent conviction based on adequate evidence'.
In Methodism, how is living faith described in relation to justification?
Answer: It is a gift from God, effective when exercised.
Methodist teaching posits that living faith is a divine gift, imparted through the Word and the Holy Spirit, and becomes effective when actively exercised by the individual.
Which of the following is cited as a key work regarding the Reformation view of faith?
Answer: John Calvin's 'The Institutes of the Christian Religion'
John Calvin's 'The Institutes of the Christian Religion' is cited as a seminal work articulating the Reformation perspective on faith.
Does natural theology analyze divine questions using revelation and scripture?
Answer: False
Natural theology analyzes divine questions using reason, common experience, and empirical observation, rather than relying on revelation or scripture.
In Christianity, faith is sometimes equated with fideism, meaning belief without reason.
Answer: False
Christian faith is generally distinguished from fideism; it requires understanding in whom and what one believes, often integrating reason, scripture, tradition, and experience, rather than being solely belief without reason.
John Lennox argues that 'blind faith' is the only valid form of faith.
Answer: False
John Lennox distinguishes between faith lacking warrant and faith having warrant, arguing that 'blind faith' is not the necessary or normal concept, and that evidence-based faith is foundational.
Secular faith is based on religious or supernatural doctrines.
Answer: False
Secular faith is characterized by beliefs and convictions not derived from religious or supernatural doctrines, but rather from philosophical ideas, personal values, and cultural influences.
Immanuel Kant believed reason's primary vocation was to produce happiness, not necessarily a good will.
Answer: False
Immanuel Kant posited that reason's true vocation is to produce a good will, which he considered the highest good and a prerequisite for happiness.
Epistemology primarily studies the nature of sensory perception.
Answer: False
Epistemology primarily studies the nature of knowledge, including epistemic justification and the rationality of belief, rather than focusing solely on sensory perception.
Fideism posits that reason is the superior path to discovering religious truths.
Answer: False
Fideism is the philosophical position that faith is independent of, or superior to, reason for attaining certain truths, asserting that faith is necessary where reason is insufficient or conflicts.
Critics argue that fideism is epistemologically sound because it doesn't require external validation.
Answer: False
Critics contend that fideism is epistemologically unsound precisely because it dismisses the need for evidence and reason, potentially leading to unjustified or dogmatic beliefs.
Reformed epistemology suggests belief in God requires extensive external justification through arguments.
Answer: False
Reformed epistemology posits that belief in God can be 'properly basic,' meaning it does not necessarily require extensive external justification through traditional arguments.
From a scientific perspective, morality is seen as entirely dependent on religious faith.
Answer: False
From a scientific viewpoint, morality is understood to be influenced by factors such as empathy, reason, and social norms, rather than being entirely dependent on religious faith.
Bertrand Russell argued that faith, defined as belief without evidence, often leads to strife.
Answer: True
Bertrand Russell contended that faith, understood as belief without evidence, frequently results in strife, citing the substitution of emotion for evidence as a contributing factor.
Richard Dawkins describes faith as a process of critical thinking and evidence evaluation.
Answer: False
Richard Dawkins criticizes faith, describing it as belief without evidence and an 'active process of non-thinking,' arguing it degrades understanding by allowing claims untested against reality.
Peter Boghossian asserts that faith is the most reliable method for determining truth claims about the world.
Answer: False
Peter Boghossian argues that reason and evidence are the most reliable methods for determining truth claims, asserting that faith alone cannot resolve conflicting religious claims without evidence.
The 'See also' section lists 'Dogma' as a concept related to faith and belief.
Answer: True
The 'See also' section indeed lists 'Dogma,' which refers to a set of beliefs accepted as authoritative, as a concept related to faith and belief systems.
The concept of 'Incorrigibility' is listed as related to faith and rationality.
Answer: True
The 'See also' section includes 'Incorrigibility,' which pertains to the characteristic of a belief or proposition that cannot be corrected or revised, a concept relevant to discussions of faith and rationality.
Alvin Plantinga is associated with the development of reformed epistemology.
Answer: True
Alvin Plantinga, along with Nicholas Wolterstorff, is a prominent figure in the development and articulation of reformed epistemology.
What is natural theology, as described in the source?
Answer: An approach to divine questions using reason and common experience, without revelation.
Natural theology is a tradition that explores theological questions through reason, science, and common human experience, distinct from methods relying on divine revelation.
John Lennox distinguishes between faith lacking warrant and faith that:
Answer: Has warrant and is evidence-based.
John Lennox differentiates faith lacking warrant from faith that possesses warrant and is evidence-based, arguing against the notion that faith must necessarily be blind.
Secular faith derives its convictions from sources such as:
Answer: Philosophical ideas, personal values, and cultural influences.
Secular faith draws its convictions from sources such as philosophical ideas, personal values, and cultural influences, rather than religious or supernatural doctrines.
What did Immanuel Kant profess regarding his secular faith in reason?
Answer: Reason's true vocation is to produce a good will.
Immanuel Kant asserted that reason's primary vocation is to produce a good will, which he considered the highest good and a condition for all other moral imperatives.
Epistemology, the study of knowledge, is concerned with:
Answer: Epistemic justification and the rationality of belief.
Epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge, primarily investigates epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and the acquisition of knowledge.
Which philosophical position holds that faith is independent of, or superior to, reason for attaining certain truths?
Answer: Fideism
Fideism is the philosophical stance asserting that faith is independent of, or superior to, reason in the pursuit of certain truths, often positing faith as the primary or sole means of access.
What is a primary criticism leveled against fideism from an epistemological standpoint?
Answer: It is epistemologically unjustified because it dismisses reason and evidence.
A principal epistemological criticism of fideism is that it is unjustified, as it dismisses the roles of reason and evidence in validating beliefs, potentially leading to dogmatism.
What is the core idea of 'reformed epistemology'?
Answer: Belief in God can be 'properly basic' without external justification.
Reformed epistemology's central tenet is that belief in God can be considered 'properly basic,' meaning it can be rational without requiring extensive external justification through arguments.
From a scientific perspective, what is the relationship between morality and faith?
Answer: Morality is influenced by factors like empathy and reason, not solely faith.
From a scientific perspective, morality is understood to be influenced by multifaceted factors including empathy, reason, and social dynamics, rather than being solely contingent upon religious faith.
Bertrand Russell argued that faith, defined as belief without evidence, often leads to:
Answer: Strife
Bertrand Russell contended that faith, defined as belief without evidence, frequently results in strife, citing the substitution of emotion for evidence as a contributing factor.
Richard Dawkins describes faith as belief without evidence and:
Answer: An active process of non-thinking.
Richard Dawkins characterizes faith as belief without evidence and an 'active process of non-thinking,' arguing that it undermines critical evaluation and understanding.
Peter Boghossian argues that the most reliable methods for determining truth claims about the world are:
Answer: Reason and evidence
Peter Boghossian asserts that reason and evidence constitute the most reliable methodologies for ascertaining truth claims concerning the world.