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Genderlects are primarily defined by differences in vocabulary, enunciation, and writing styles that are dependent on the speaker's or writer's gender.
Answer: True
The text defines genderlects as distinct sets of enunciation, vocabulary, and/or writing that vary based on the speaker's or writer's gender.
The development of genderlects is often linked to gender-specific social practices such as educational segregation or cultural taboos.
Answer: True
Genderlects frequently originate from gender-specific social practices within a community, including educational segregation or cultural taboos, which lead to distinct linguistic patterns.
The broader field of study related to gender role in language is known as 'Sociolinguistics'.
Answer: False
The broader field of study related to gender role in language is specifically known as 'Language and gender', which is a subfield of sociolinguistics.
The three main categories of common features identified for genderlects include vocabulary, enunciation, and grammatical production differences, in addition to distinct writing systems.
Answer: True
The three main categories of common features identified for genderlects are vocabulary differences, enunciation differences, and grammatical production differences, with distinct writing systems also noted as a feature.
The examples provided in the article suggest that genderlects are rare, isolated linguistic phenomena found only in a few specific cultures.
Answer: False
The numerous examples provided across diverse cultures imply that genderlects are a widespread linguistic feature, not rare or isolated phenomena.
The primary purpose of the article is to discuss the evolution of language over time, with a minor focus on gender roles.
Answer: False
The primary purpose of the article is to discuss 'Language' in the context of gender roles, specifically how language can vary based on the speaker's or writer's gender, rather than focusing on the general evolution of language over time.
What is the primary definition of a genderlect according to the provided text?
Answer: Distinct sets of enunciation, vocabulary, and/or writing dependent on the speaker's or writer's gender.
A genderlect is defined as distinct sets of enunciation, vocabulary, and/or writing that are dependent on the speaker's or writer's gender.
What is one of the primary origins for the development of many genderlects?
Answer: Gender-specific social practices within a community.
Many genderlects arise from gender-specific social practices within a community, such as educational segregation or cultural taboos.
The broader field of study related to gender role in language is known as what?
Answer: Language and gender.
The broader field of study related to gender role in language is known as 'Language and gender'.
Which of the following is NOT explicitly listed as a common feature of genderlects in the text?
Answer: Differences in writing speed.
The text explicitly lists vocabulary differences, enunciation differences, grammatical production differences, and distinct writing systems as common features of genderlects. Writing speed is not mentioned.
What is the general implication of the examples provided in the article regarding genderlects?
Answer: Genderlects are a widespread linguistic feature across diverse cultures.
The numerous examples provided across diverse cultures generally imply that genderlects are a widespread linguistic feature, not rare or isolated curiosities.
Emesal was the main Sumerian language spoken by both genders, while Emegir was a special dialect used primarily by women in religious rituals.
Answer: False
Emesal was a special language speculated to have been used by Sumerian women, distinct from Emegir, which was the main language spoken by both genders. Emesal's unique vocabulary was found in records of religious rituals performed by women and in the speech of goddesses.
In ancient Indian plays, all characters, regardless of social status or gender, spoke Sanskrit, reflecting a unified linguistic practice.
Answer: False
In ancient Indian plays, Sanskrit was spoken by higher-caste characters and men, while women, illiterates, and low-caste males typically spoke Prakrit, reflecting a stratified linguistic practice, not a unified one.
Aristophanes' comedies provide evidence for gender-based speech differences in Ancient Greek by exaggerating social norms and speech patterns.
Answer: True
Aristophanes' comedies are cited as providing evidence for gender-based speech differences in Ancient Greek, as they often exaggerated social norms and speech patterns of the time.
The distinct vocabulary of Emesal was primarily recorded in historical documents detailing Sumerian trade agreements and legal codes.
Answer: False
The distinct vocabulary of Emesal was recorded in texts related to religious rituals performed by women and in the speech of goddesses in mythological texts, not in trade agreements or legal codes.
Emegir was the main language spoken by both genders in Sumerian society, contrasting with Emesal, which was a special language primarily associated with women.
Answer: True
Emegir was indeed the main language spoken by both genders in Sumerian society, in contrast to Emesal, which was a special language primarily associated with women and specific ritualistic contexts.
An alternative interpretation suggests Emesal was a public, informal dialect, while Emegir was a literary language.
Answer: False
An alternative interpretation suggests that Emegir was a public, informal dialect, while Emesal functioned as a literary language, reversing the roles stated in the question.
The use of Sanskrit by women and low-caste males in ancient Indian plays highlighted their elevated social status.
Answer: False
In ancient Indian plays, women and low-caste males typically spoke Prakrit, while Sanskrit was reserved for higher-caste characters and men, reflecting lower, not elevated, social status for those speaking Prakrit.
Which Sumerian language was speculated to have been used by women, distinct from the main language spoken by both genders?
Answer: Emesal.
Emesal was the special Sumerian language speculated to have been used by women, distinct from Emegir, the main language spoken by both genders.
In ancient Indian plays, who typically spoke the popular Prakrit languages?
Answer: Women, illiterates, and low-caste males.
In ancient Indian plays, women, illiterates, and low-caste males typically spoke the popular Prakrit languages, while higher-caste characters and men spoke Sanskrit.
Which ancient Greek playwright's comedies provide evidence for gender-based speech differences?
Answer: Aristophanes.
The comedies of Aristophanes provide evidence for gender-based speech differences in Ancient Greek, often by exaggerating social norms and speech patterns.
The distinct vocabulary of Emesal was recorded in texts related to what specific contexts?
Answer: Religious rituals performed by women and speech of goddesses in mythological texts.
The distinct vocabulary of Emesal was recorded in texts related to religious rituals performed by women and in the speech of goddesses in mythological texts.
In Sumerian society, what was the main language spoken by both genders, in contrast to Emesal?
Answer: Emegir.
In Sumerian society, Emegir was the main language spoken by both genders, contrasting with Emesal, which was a special language primarily associated with women.
Some scholars offer an alternative interpretation of Emesal's role, suggesting it was a literary language while Emegir was what?
Answer: A public, informal dialect.
An alternative interpretation suggests Emesal was a literary language, while Emegir was a public, informal dialect.
How did the use of Sanskrit and Prakrit in ancient Indian plays reflect the social hierarchy?
Answer: Sanskrit was for higher-caste characters and men, Prakrit for women and lower social strata.
The use of Sanskrit and Prakrit in ancient Indian plays reflected social hierarchy by assigning Sanskrit to higher-caste characters and men, and Prakrit to women and lower social strata.
Among the Warlpiri, men extensively use auxiliary sign languages during mourning periods, while women typically know only a few signs.
Answer: False
Among the Warlpiri, it is older women who primarily use auxiliary sign languages during mourning periods due to speech taboos, and they continue to use them with other women. Men typically know only a few signs and do not use them extensively.
In some tribes of western Victoria, Australia, a man and a woman were prohibited from marrying if they spoke different languages, encouraging linguistic diversity within marriage.
Answer: False
In some tribes of western Victoria, Australia, a man and a woman were prohibited from marrying if they spoke the *same* language, not different languages, promoting linguistic exogamy.
Suaheli women used symbolic words in their mysteries to refer to innocent items, borrowing these symbols exclusively from their own language.
Answer: False
Suaheli women used symbolic words in their mysteries to refer to obscene things, not innocent items. These symbols were either ordinary names for innocent items or borrowed from older or other Bantu languages, such as Kiziguha.
The Garifuna language features a vocabulary split where men's terms generally derive from Arawak languages, while women's terms typically come from Carib languages.
Answer: False
In the Garifuna language, when vocabulary differs by gender, men's terms generally derive from Carib languages, while women's terms typically come from Arawak languages.
Raymond Breton was the first to observe that Island Carib had two distinct vocabularies: one for men and women speaking to men, and another for women speaking to each other or men quoting women.
Answer: True
Raymond Breton is credited as the first to observe the distinct vocabularies in Island Carib, noting one for men and women speaking to men, and another for women speaking to each other or men quoting women.
Crawley noted gender-specific vocabulary in several indigenous American languages, including the Karaya, who had a special women's dialect.
Answer: True
Crawley documented gender-specific vocabulary in several indigenous American languages, including the Karaya, who were noted for having a special women's dialect.
In the Lesser Antilles, gender-specific words were most frequently found in terms related to colors and numbers.
Answer: False
In the Lesser Antilles, gender-specific words were most frequently found in terms related to kinship and some parts of the body, not colors and numbers.
The Yanomama language is also mentioned as having similar gender-associated linguistic features, indicating its inclusion in the broader discussion of genderlects.
Answer: True
The Yanomama language is indeed mentioned as exhibiting similar gender-associated linguistic features, placing it within the broader discussion of genderlects.
The indigenous Australian language Yanyuwa is known for having separate dialects for men and women, which are mutually unintelligible.
Answer: False
The Yanyuwa language is known for having separate dialects for men and women that are mutually *intelligible*, meaning speakers of both dialects can understand each other, contrary to being mutually unintelligible.
Suaheli women used symbolic words in their mysteries, which were either ordinary names for innocent items or borrowed from other languages like Kiziguha.
Answer: True
Suaheli women used symbolic words in their mysteries, which were indeed either ordinary names for innocent items or borrowed from older or other Bantu languages, specifically Kiziguha.
In Garifuna, when vocabulary differs by gender, men's terms typically come from Arawak languages, and women's from Carib languages.
Answer: False
In Garifuna, when vocabulary differs by gender, men's terms typically come from Carib languages, and women's from Arawak languages, which is the reverse of the statement.
Gender-specific words in the Lesser Antilles were most commonly found in terms for body parts and abstract concepts.
Answer: False
In the Lesser Antilles, gender-specific words were most commonly found in terms for kinship and some parts of the body, not abstract concepts.
Among the Warlpiri, why do older women primarily use auxiliary sign languages?
Answer: Because they observe a speech taboo during mourning periods.
Older Warlpiri women primarily use auxiliary sign languages because they observe a speech taboo during mourning periods, using sign language to communicate during this time.
What was the unique marriage custom among some tribes in western Victoria, Australia, regarding language?
Answer: A man and a woman were prohibited from marrying if they spoke the same language.
Among some tribes in western Victoria, Australia, a unique marriage custom prohibited a man and a woman from marrying if they spoke the same language.
What did Suaheli women use symbolic words for in their mysteries?
Answer: To denote obscene things.
Suaheli women used symbolic words in their mysteries to denote obscene things, often borrowing these symbols from other languages or using ordinary names for innocent items.
In the Garifuna language, from which language family do terms used by men generally derive when vocabulary differs by gender?
Answer: Carib languages.
In the Garifuna language, when vocabulary differs by gender, terms used by men generally derive from Carib languages.
Who was apparently the first to observe a difference between the language of men and that of women in the Island Carib communities?
Answer: Raymond Breton.
Raymond Breton was apparently the first to observe distinct vocabularies for men and women in the Island Carib communities.
Which indigenous American language was noted by Crawley for having a special women's dialect?
Answer: Karaya.
Crawley noted the Karaya language for having a special women's dialect, among other indigenous American languages with gender-specific vocabulary.
In the Lesser Antilles, gender-specific words were most frequently found in terms related to what category?
Answer: Kinship.
In the Lesser Antilles, gender-specific words were most frequently found in terms related to kinship, such as maternal uncle, son, and wife.
The indigenous Australian language Yanyuwa is notable for what gender-related linguistic feature?
Answer: It has separate dialects for men and women that are mutually intelligible.
The Yanyuwa language is notable for having separate dialects for men and women that are mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of both can understand each other.
Suaheli women borrowed symbolic words for their mysteries from older languages or other Bantu languages, specifically mentioning which one?
Answer: Kiziguha.
Suaheli women borrowed symbolic words for their mysteries from older languages or other Bantu languages, specifically mentioning Kiziguha.
When vocabulary differs in Garifuna, from which language family do terms used by women typically come?
Answer: Arawak languages.
When vocabulary differs in Garifuna, terms used by women typically come from Arawak languages, while men's terms derive from Carib languages.
Besides kinship terms, what other category of words in the Lesser Antilles sometimes showed gender-specific usage?
Answer: Some parts of the body.
Besides kinship terms, some parts of the body also exhibited gender-based distinctions in the Lesser Antilles.
Around 1700 in France, women were observed to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound, a pronunciation considered less advanced than men's.
Answer: False
Around 1700 in France, women were observed to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound, sometimes pronouncing it as a 'z', which was considered a *more* advanced pronunciation, not less advanced.
Old English grammarians stated that men had a more advanced pronunciation than women, particularly regarding the raising of vowels.
Answer: False
Old English grammarians explicitly stated that women, not men, had a more advanced pronunciation, particularly regarding the raising of vowels.
Chukchi women's language differs from men's in eastern Siberia through an arbitrary alternation between 'r' and 'c' or 'ch' sounds.
Answer: False
The 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in Chukchi women's language is not arbitrary but originated from an asymmetric collapse of three cognate sets into two, demonstrating a historical linguistic divergence.
In the Lakota language, approximately eight enclitics differ based on the speaker's gender, and their usage is strictly exclusive to each gender.
Answer: False
While approximately eight enclitics in Lakota differ based on gender, their usage is not strictly exclusive; individual men or women may occasionally use enclitics typically associated with the opposite gender.
In the Chiquitos language of Bolivia, women would add the suffix '-tii' to indicate a male person, a distinction men did not make.
Answer: False
In the Chiquitos language, men, not women, would add the suffix '-tii' to indicate a male person, a distinction women did not make.
In 16th-century France, women's tendency to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound was considered a more advanced pronunciation.
Answer: True
In 16th-century France, the tendency for women to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound was indeed considered a more advanced pronunciation by some grammarians.
The Chukchi language's 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in women's language is a random phonetic variation without a historical linguistic basis.
Answer: False
The 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in Chukchi women's language is not a random phonetic variation but originated from a specific historical linguistic process involving an asymmetric collapse of cognate sets.
Lakota enclitics that differ by gender are always used exclusively by the gender they are associated with, without any exceptions.
Answer: False
While Lakota enclitics are generally associated with particular genders, their usage is not always exclusive; individual men or women may occasionally use enclitics typically associated with the opposite gender.
What historical enunciation difference was noted for women in France around 1700?
Answer: They were inclined to pronounce the vowel 'e' instead of 'o'.
Around 1700 in France, women were observed to be inclined to pronounce the vowel 'e' instead of 'o', and in the 16th century, to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound.
How did Old English grammarians describe women's pronunciation compared to men's?
Answer: Women's pronunciation was described as more advanced.
Old English grammarians explicitly stated that women's pronunciation was considered more advanced than men's, particularly regarding the raising of vowels.
The 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in Chukchi women's language is significant because it originated from what?
Answer: An asymmetric collapse of three cognate sets into two.
The 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in Chukchi women's language is significant because it originated from an asymmetric collapse of three cognate sets into two, indicating a historical linguistic process.
Approximately how many enclitics in the Lakota language differ in form based on the speaker's gender?
Answer: Eight.
In the Lakota language, approximately eight enclitics differ in form based on the speaker's gender.
What grammatical distinction did Chiquitos men make that women did not, regarding substantives?
Answer: Men would prefix a vowel to many substantives.
Chiquitos men would prefix a vowel to many substantives, a grammatical distinction that women did not employ.
In 16th-century France, the tendency for women to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound and sometimes pronounce it as a 'z' was considered what?
Answer: A more advanced pronunciation.
In 16th-century France, the tendency for women to omit the trilling of the 'r' sound and sometimes pronounce it as a 'z' was considered a more advanced pronunciation.
The Chukchi language's 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in women's language is significant because it is not arbitrary but originated from what specific linguistic process?
Answer: An asymmetric collapse of three cognate sets into two.
The 'r' and 'c'/'ch' alternation in Chukchi women's language is significant because it originated from an asymmetric collapse of three cognate sets into two, demonstrating a deep-seated historical divergence.
While Lakota enclitics are generally associated with particular genders, what is true about their usage?
Answer: Individual men or women may occasionally use enclitics typically associated with the opposite gender.
While Lakota enclitics are generally associated with particular genders, their usage is not always exclusive; individual men or women may occasionally use enclitics typically associated with the opposite gender.
Irish Sign Language developed separate vocabularies for males and females because it was exclusively taught in mixed-gender schools, leading to divergent linguistic patterns.
Answer: False
Irish Sign Language developed gender-specific vocabularies because it was primarily taught in single-sex schools, not mixed-gender ones, leading to distinct sign sets for each gender.
Among the Plains Indians, men were primarily responsible for creating picture writing on buffalo hide robes, using a distinct language unknown to women.
Answer: False
Among the Plains Indians, women, not men, were primarily responsible for creating picture writing on buffalo hide robes, possessing a distinct picture language unknown to men.
Nüshu was a Chinese script used exclusively by women, allowing them to communicate among themselves, often in secret.
Answer: True
Nüshu was indeed a Chinese script used exclusively by women, enabling them to communicate among themselves, often in secret, and independently of male-dominated literacy systems.
Warlpiri women continue to use their auxiliary sign language with other women even after mourning periods, indicating it becomes an established part of their communication.
Answer: True
Warlpiri women do continue to use their auxiliary sign language with other women even after mourning periods, suggesting it becomes an established part of their gender-specific communication repertoire.
The separate vocabularies for males and females in Irish Sign Language emerged due to what specific educational practice?
Answer: The language being primarily taught in single-sex schools.
The separate vocabularies in Irish Sign Language for males and females emerged because the language was primarily taught in single-sex schools.
What unique writing system was associated with women among the Plains Indians?
Answer: Picture writing on buffalo hide robes.
Among the Plains Indians, women were associated with creating picture writing on buffalo hide robes, a distinct visual language unknown to men.
Nüshu was a Chinese script used solely by which group?
Answer: Women for communication among themselves.
Nüshu was a Chinese script used solely by women, allowing them to communicate among themselves, often in secret.
Why do Warlpiri women continue to use auxiliary sign language with other women even after mourning periods?
Answer: It becomes an established part of their gender-specific communication repertoire.
Warlpiri women continue to use their auxiliary sign language with other women even after mourning periods because it becomes an established part of their gender-specific communication repertoire.
In the early 20th century, Jespersen observed that men in the Basque Country and Livonia were more faithful in maintaining their traditional languages than women.
Answer: False
Jespersen observed the opposite: women in the Basque Country and Livonia demonstrated greater fidelity in maintaining their traditional languages, while men were abandoning them.
Linguistic conservatism, in the context of genderlects, describes when one gender adopts newer language forms while the other maintains older, traditional ones.
Answer: True
Linguistic conservatism, within the study of genderlects, refers to instances where one gender, often women, maintains older or more traditional linguistic forms while the other adopts newer or more dominant language patterns.
Jespersen's observations in the Basque Country and Livonia indicated that women were often the preservers of traditional language forms.
Answer: True
Jespersen's observations in the Basque Country and Livonia indeed indicated that women demonstrated greater fidelity in maintaining traditional language forms, often acting as preservers of their native languages.
According to Jespersen's observations in the early 20th century, which gender demonstrated greater fidelity in maintaining the Livonian language?
Answer: Women, who maintained it with great fidelity.
Jespersen observed that women demonstrated greater fidelity in maintaining the Livonian language, while men were abandoning it in favor of Lettish.
In the context of genderlects, what does 'linguistic conservatism' refer to?
Answer: When one gender maintains older linguistic forms while the other adopts newer ones.
Linguistic conservatism, in the context of genderlects, describes when one gender, often women, maintains older or more traditional linguistic forms while the other gender adopts newer or more dominant language patterns.
Jespersen's observations in the Basque Country noted that wives continued to speak Basque even when their husbands did what?
Answer: Did not understand it and prevented their children from learning it.
Jespersen's observations noted that Basque wives continued to speak Basque even when their husbands did not understand it and prevented their children from learning it.