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Vargas's early trajectory involved military service, expulsion from military college, and subsequent enrollment in law school facilitated by a claimed medical condition.
Answer: True
Vargas initially pursued military education, was expelled from military college, and later gained admission to law school by asserting a false claim of epilepsy.
Following his law degree, Vargas immediately transitioned into national politics, serving as a federal deputy.
Answer: False
After law school, Vargas initially served as the state attorney general for Rio Grande do Sul before entering the state legislature. His entry into national politics as a federal deputy occurred later.
Vargas was appointed Minister of Finance by President Washington Luís, despite lacking prior experience in fiscal policy.
Answer: False
While Vargas was appointed Minister of Finance by President Washington Luís, the appointment was largely based on political alliances and gratitude, not a lack of experience; rather, the source implies he gained experience through this role and political maneuvering.
The 'coffee with milk' politics referred to an alliance between São Paulo and Minas Gerais to alternate presidential power.
Answer: True
The term 'coffee with milk' politics describes the oligarchic system of the First Republic where power alternated between the dominant states of São Paulo (coffee) and Minas Gerais (dairy).
Getúlio Vargas was born in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil at the time.
Answer: False
Getúlio Vargas was born in São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, not in Rio de Janeiro.
Where was Getúlio Vargas born?
Answer: São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul
Getúlio Vargas was born on April 19, 1882, in São Borja, a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
What political system characterized Brazil during the First Republic (1889-1930), which Vargas's Liberal Alliance opposed?
Answer: An oligarchic alliance known as 'coffee with milk politics.'
The First Republic was dominated by the 'coffee with milk' system, an oligarchic arrangement where political power alternated primarily between the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
What was the 'coffee with milk' politics during the First Brazilian Republic?
Answer: An oligarchic alliance primarily between São Paulo and Minas Gerais to alternate presidential power.
The 'coffee with milk' political system represented an informal pact between the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais to rotate the presidency between their political elites.
The Liberal Alliance nominated Getúlio Vargas for president and Jango Goulart for vice president in the 1930 election.
Answer: False
The Liberal Alliance nominated Getúlio Vargas for president and João Pessoa for vice president in the 1930 election. Jango Goulart served as Vice President much later.
The assassination of Getúlio Vargas's running mate, João Pessoa, was the primary trigger for the Revolution of 1930.
Answer: True
While the political climate was already tense, the assassination of João Pessoa, Vargas's running mate, provided the critical catalyst and rallying point for the opposition to launch the armed Revolution of 1930.
Upon taking power in 1930, Vargas immediately established a new constitution based on the results of the 1930 election.
Answer: False
Vargas assumed power through a revolution, not via the results of the 1930 election. He established a provisional government and did not immediately enact a new constitution; a new constitution was promulgated in 1934, and another in 1937 with the Estado Novo.
What event provided the critical impetus for the opposition to take up arms and launch the Revolution of 1930?
Answer: The assassination of Getúlio Vargas's running mate, João Pessoa.
While the political landscape was unstable, the assassination of João Pessoa, Vargas's vice-presidential candidate, served as the crucial catalyst that galvanized the opposition and precipitated the armed uprising known as the Revolution of 1930.
How did Vargas assume power after the Revolution of 1930?
Answer: He arrived in Rio de Janeiro and was installed as 'interim president' by revolutionary leaders after the previous president resigned.
Following the success of the revolution and the resignation of President Washington Luís, Vargas was installed as the provisional president by the revolutionary junta, bypassing constitutional procedures.
The communist uprising of 1935 was successfully led by Vargas's forces to establish a communist state in Brazil.
Answer: False
The communist uprising of 1935 was suppressed by Vargas's government, which then utilized the event as a pretext to consolidate power and justify authoritarian measures.
The Cohen Plan was a genuine document detailing a communist plot, used by Vargas to justify the establishment of the Estado Novo dictatorship.
Answer: False
The Cohen Plan was a fabricated document used by Vargas as a pretext to legitimize his coup and establish the authoritarian Estado Novo dictatorship in 1937.
The Estado Novo dictatorship (1937-1945) was characterized by democratic elections, freedom of the press, and the absence of censorship.
Answer: False
The Estado Novo was a dictatorship characterized by authoritarian rule, suppression of political opposition, censorship, and the absence of democratic processes.
The DIP (Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda) was responsible for controlling information and conducting propaganda during the Estado Novo.
Answer: True
The DIP served as the regime's primary instrument for media control, censorship, and the dissemination of state propaganda to shape public opinion and reinforce the Estado Novo's ideology.
How did the communist uprising of 1935 contribute to Vargas's consolidation of power?
Answer: It provided a pretext for Vargas to declare a state of emergency and suspend civil rights.
The government leveraged the 1935 communist uprising to justify imposing a state of emergency, curtailing civil liberties, and strengthening executive control, paving the way for further authoritarianism.
What was the 'Cohen Plan' and how did Vargas use it?
Answer: A fabricated document detailing a communist uprising plot, used as a pretext for a coup.
The Cohen Plan was a spurious document alleging a communist conspiracy, which Vargas exploited to justify his coup d'état and establish the dictatorial Estado Novo regime.
The Estado Novo dictatorship, established in 1937, was characterized by:
Answer: Rule by decree, outlawed political parties, and censorship.
The Estado Novo regime was marked by authoritarianism, including rule by decree, the prohibition of political parties, and extensive censorship.
Which of the following actions did Vargas take to promote nationalism and national identity during the Estado Novo?
Answer: Standardizing Portuguese spelling and promoting patriotic education.
The Estado Novo regime actively promoted a unified national identity through measures such as standardizing the Portuguese language and implementing patriotic educational curricula.
What was the role of the DIP (Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda) during the Estado Novo?
Answer: To control information, manage media, and conduct government propaganda.
The DIP was instrumental in the Estado Novo's authoritarian control, serving as the central agency for propaganda, censorship, and the dissemination of state ideology.
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 was a conflict where São Paulo fought against the federal government led by Vargas, ultimately resulting in São Paulo's victory and Vargas's removal.
Answer: False
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 was a defeat for São Paulo. Although São Paulo revolted seeking a new constitution, the federal government under Vargas suppressed the rebellion, leading to the eventual promulgation of the 1934 Constitution but not Vargas's removal.
During his provisional government, Vargas introduced women's suffrage and lowered the voting age to eighteen.
Answer: True
Significant electoral reforms, including the introduction of women's suffrage and lowering the voting age to eighteen, were enacted during Vargas's provisional government, contributing to the 1934 Constitution.
Vargas implemented policies to support the heavily impacted coffee sector during his provisional government by purchasing and destroying excess coffee stocks.
Answer: True
Facing economic crisis, Vargas's government initiated measures to stabilize the coffee market, including purchasing and destroying surplus coffee to control supply and prices.
Vargas's labor policy aimed to encourage independent trade unions and strikes to improve worker conditions.
Answer: False
Vargas's labor policy focused on state control and integration of labor, aiming to repress independent unions and strikes while channeling worker support towards the government.
The National Coffee Department (DNC) was established to promote coffee exports and increase global coffee prices during the Great Depression.
Answer: False
The DNC was established to manage the coffee crisis by controlling supply, including purchasing and destroying surplus coffee, rather than solely promoting exports or increasing global prices.
Vargas's labor legislation, the CLT, primarily benefited agricultural workers, providing them with extensive protections.
Answer: False
The Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT) primarily extended protections and rights to industrial workers, with less comprehensive coverage for agricultural laborers.
What was Vargas's primary approach to the coffee crisis during his provisional government?
Answer: Purchasing and destroying excess coffee stocks to stabilize prices.
To address the oversupply and price collapse caused by the Great Depression, Vargas's government implemented a policy of buying and destroying surplus coffee stocks.
Which of the following was a key aspect of Vargas's labor policy during his provisional government?
Answer: Mandating that at least two-thirds of workers in any factory must be Brazilian.
Vargas's labor policies included nationalist measures such as requiring that a minimum proportion of employees in Brazilian companies be native-born citizens.
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 was primarily a revolt by which state against Vargas's federal government?
Answer: São Paulo
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 was a significant armed conflict initiated by the state of São Paulo against Vargas's provisional government, demanding a new constitution.
Which of the following electoral reforms was NOT introduced under Vargas's provisional government leading up to the 1934 Constitution?
Answer: Direct election of the president by popular vote.
While women's suffrage, a lower voting age, and the Electoral Justice system were introduced, the 1934 Constitution established indirect election for the president, not direct popular vote.
What was the purpose of the Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT) enacted during Vargas's rule?
Answer: To codify and standardize labor laws, establishing worker rights and protections.
The CLT represented a comprehensive codification of labor legislation, standardizing worker rights, benefits, and regulations across various sectors, particularly benefiting industrial labor.
The 'March to the West' policy initiated by Vargas's government aimed to:
Answer: Promote the settlement and development of Brazil's interior regions.
The 'March to the West' was a strategic policy designed to encourage migration and economic development in Brazil's vast, underpopulated interior regions, integrating them more fully into the national economy.
How did Vargas's government handle discrimination against groups like Japanese Brazilians and Jewish Brazilians?
Answer: It engaged in discrimination through measures like closing foreign newspapers and schools.
While promoting national unity, Vargas's government implemented measures that targeted and discriminated against certain minority groups, such as closing their cultural and media institutions.
During World War II, Brazil initially maintained strong alliances with Axis powers before declaring war on them.
Answer: True
Brazil's foreign policy during World War II evolved; initially maintaining trade and diplomatic relations with Axis powers, Brazil eventually declared war on Germany and Italy, aligning with the Allied forces.
How did Brazil's foreign policy shift during World War II under Vargas?
Answer: Brazil initially maintained relations with Axis powers but later declared war on Germany and Italy, aligning with the Allies.
Brazil's wartime foreign policy evolved from initial neutrality and trade with Axis nations to a formal declaration of war against Germany and Italy in 1942, joining the Allied cause.
What was the significance of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) in World War II?
Answer: They participated in the Allied effort in the Italian campaign.
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) was deployed to fight alongside Allied troops in the Italian theater of operations during World War II.
Between 1945 and 1951, Vargas retired completely from politics and held no public office.
Answer: False
Following his ouster in 1945, Vargas remained politically active, serving as a senator for Rio Grande do Sul before launching his successful presidential campaign in 1950.
Getúlio Vargas returned to the presidency in 1951 through a military coup, bypassing elections.
Answer: False
Getúlio Vargas returned to the presidency in 1951 by winning a free and secret ballot election as the candidate for the Brazilian Labor Party.
The creation of Petrobras, a state-controlled oil company, was a key policy of Vargas's first presidency (1930-1945).
Answer: False
Petrobras, a significant nationalist initiative, was founded during Vargas's second presidency, which began in 1951, not during his first term.
What political role did Getúlio Vargas hold between his first presidency (ending 1945) and his second presidency (starting 1951)?
Answer: He was elected as a senator for Rio Grande do Sul.
After being deposed in 1945, Vargas remained a significant political force and was elected as a senator representing his home state of Rio Grande do Sul.
How did Vargas win the presidency in the 1950 election to begin his second term?
Answer: Through a free and secret ballot election as the candidate for the Brazilian Labor Party.
Vargas made a successful political comeback by winning the 1950 presidential election through popular vote in a free and secret ballot, representing the Brazilian Labor Party.
What significant nationalist initiative was founded during Vargas's second presidency?
Answer: Petrobras (Brazilian Petroleum).
A cornerstone of Vargas's nationalist agenda during his second term was the establishment of Petrobras, the state-controlled oil company, in 1953.
What was the primary goal of establishing Petrobras in 1953?
Answer: To reduce foreign dependency in the petroleum sector and utilize national resources.
The creation of Petrobras was a key component of Vargas's nationalist economic strategy, aimed at asserting Brazilian control over its petroleum resources and reducing reliance on foreign entities.
The fall of Vargas's Estado Novo in 1945 was primarily due to external military pressure from Allied forces.
Answer: False
The end of the Estado Novo in 1945 was primarily driven by increasing domestic discontent with authoritarian rule and pressure from Brazilian military factions, rather than external Allied military actions.
The assassination attempt on Carlos Lacerda was directly linked to Vargas's personal guard and intensified the crisis leading to Vargas's suicide.
Answer: True
The assassination attempt on Carlos Lacerda's associate, involving Vargas's chief of personal guard, significantly escalated the political crisis and military pressure on Vargas, contributing directly to his decision to commit suicide.
Getúlio Vargas died of natural causes in 1954 after completing his second term.
Answer: False
Getúlio Vargas died by suicide on August 24, 1954, amidst a severe political crisis, prior to completing his second term.
Vargas's suicide note famously declared his departure from life to enter history, adopting a defiant warrior image.
Answer: True
Vargas's final message, his suicide note, contained the poignant phrase, 'Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity. I leave life to enter History,' reflecting a defiant and historical self-perception.
The public reaction to Vargas's death was one of indifference, with minimal public mourning.
Answer: False
Vargas's suicide provoked widespread public outcry, leading to riots in major cities and massive crowds participating in his funeral procession, demonstrating profound popular sentiment.
Getúlio Vargas is often called 'the Father of the Poor' due to his implementation of labor reforms and promotion of industrialization.
Answer: True
The appellation 'Father of the Poor' is widely attributed to Vargas due to his significant labor legislation and policies that fostered industrial development, impacting the lives of many Brazilians.
Who was Getúlio Vargas and what is his historical significance in Brazil?
Answer: A lawyer and politician who served as President twice and is considered the most influential Brazilian politician of the 20th century.
Getúlio Vargas was a dominant figure in 20th-century Brazilian politics, serving as president for extended periods and profoundly influencing the nation's development, labor laws, and political structure.
What was the primary reason for the fall of Vargas's Estado Novo in 1945?
Answer: Increasing domestic discontent with authoritarian policies and military intervention.
The end of the Estado Novo was precipitated by mounting internal opposition to Vargas's authoritarian rule and pressure from the military, particularly in the context of Brazil fighting alongside democratic Allied nations in World War II.
The political crisis that led to Vargas's suicide in 1954 was intensified by which event?
Answer: An assassination attempt on a political adversary, implicating Vargas's personal guard.
The assassination attempt on Carlos Lacerda's associate, with strong evidence pointing to Vargas's personal guard, dramatically escalated the political crisis and military pressure, leading directly to Vargas's suicide.
What famous declaration did Vargas make in his suicide note?
Answer: "Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity. I leave life to enter History."
Vargas's suicide note contained the widely quoted declaration, 'Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity. I leave life to enter History,' signifying his defiant stance and historical self-awareness.
How did the public react immediately following Vargas's death by suicide?
Answer: Riots broke out in major cities, and large crowds mourned.
Vargas's suicide triggered significant public demonstrations, including riots and massive mourning gatherings, underscoring his deep connection with segments of the Brazilian populace.
Getúlio Vargas earned the nickname 'the Father of the Poor' primarily because he:
Answer: Implemented labor reforms and promoted industrialization.
The moniker 'Father of the Poor' stems largely from Vargas's introduction of comprehensive labor laws and his policies aimed at fostering national industrial development, which significantly impacted the working class.
The 'Rua Tonelero shooting' incident in 1954 was significant because it:
Answer: Implicated Vargas's personal guard in an assassination attempt on a political adversary's associate, intensifying a political crisis.
The assassination attempt on Major Rubens Vaz, linked to Vargas's inner circle, dramatically heightened political tensions and military pressure, contributing significantly to the crisis that culminated in Vargas's suicide.