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The Grand Duchy of Finland constituted an autonomous entity within the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917.
Answer: True
The Grand Duchy of Finland functioned as an autonomous state within the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917, representing the precursor state to modern Finland.
Finland's incorporation into the Russian Empire followed the Napoleonic Wars, formalized by the Treaty of Paris in 1815.
Answer: False
Finland's transition to an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire occurred subsequent to its annexation during the Finnish War of 1808-1809, formalized by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, not the Treaty of Paris in 1815.
During the period of Russian rule, the Emperor of Russia also held the title of Grand Duke of Finland.
Answer: True
The Emperor of Russia, a member of the House of Romanov, bore the title of Grand Duke of Finland, which was appended to the Tsar's extensive list of royal designations.
The Russian Emperor's representation in Finland, in his capacity as Grand Duke, was managed by a Governor-General, not a Prime Minister appointed from the Finnish Senate.
Answer: True
The Russian Emperor, functioning as the Grand Duke of Finland, was represented by a Governor-General, who served as the Tsar's direct representative within the autonomous territory.
At the Diet of Porvoo in 1809, Tsar Alexander I pledged to uphold Finland's existing laws, liberties, and religious practices in return for the Estates' allegiance.
Answer: True
On March 29, 1809, the four Estates of occupied Finland formally pledged allegiance to Tsar Alexander I of Russia. In reciprocation, Alexander I guaranteed the preservation of Finland's established laws, liberties, and religious practices, thereby establishing the foundation for its autonomous status.
Finland's internal affairs were not managed directly by the Russian central administration during the period of the Grand Duchy; rather, they were handled by Finnish institutions.
Answer: True
The autonomous nature of the Grand Duchy of Finland meant that its internal affairs were primarily managed by its own established institutions, rather than being directly administered by the Russian central government.
Established in 1809, the Senate of Finland functioned as the principal governmental body and served as the precursor to contemporary Finnish judicial and administrative courts.
Answer: True
Established in 1809, the Senate of Finland evolved into the paramount governmental organ of the Grand Duchy. It functioned as the antecedent to Finland's contemporary Government, Supreme Court, and Supreme Administrative Court, overseeing the internal administration of the autonomous state.
In 1812, Helsinki was designated as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, succeeding Turku as the administrative center.
Answer: True
The capital was relocated from Turku to Helsinki in 1812. This decision was influenced by Tsar Alexander I's strategic objectives to consolidate Finnish administration and was further prompted by the transfer of Finland's principal university to Helsinki following a fire in Turku.
In 1812, the territory designated as 'Old Finland' was transferred *to* the Grand Duchy of Finland, not back to Sweden.
Answer: True
In 1812, the region referred to as Old Finland, previously annexed by Russia from Sweden in earlier conflicts, was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. This territory was formally designated as Viipuri Province.
During the Crimean War, what types of Finnish locations were subjected to Allied attacks?
Answer: False
During the Crimean War, Finnish ports and fortresses situated on the Baltic Sea, including Suomenlinna and Bomarsund in Åland, were targeted by Allied assaults. Inland administrative centers were not the primary targets.
Describe the population trend observed in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1810 and 1910.
Answer: True
The population of the Grand Duchy of Finland exhibited a consistent increase, rising from approximately 863,000 in 1810 to 2,943,000 by 1910. Post-independence, by 1920, the population had grown to 3,148,000.
Which treaty formally stipulated Finland's transfer to Russian rule after the Finnish War of 1808-1809?
Answer: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn
Finland's transition to an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire occurred subsequent to its annexation during the Finnish War of 1808-1809. This was formally established by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, signed on September 17, 1809, which ratified Finland's transfer to Russian sovereignty.
Identify the individual who held the title of Grand Duke of Finland during the period of Russian rule.
Answer: The Emperor of Russia
The Emperor of Russia, a member of the House of Romanov, bore the title of Grand Duke of Finland, which was appended to the Tsar's extensive list of royal designations.
What specific guarantees did Tsar Alexander I offer to the Finnish Estates during the Diet of Porvoo in 1809?
Answer: Finland's existing laws, liberties, and religion would remain unchanged.
On March 29, 1809, the four Estates of occupied Finland formally pledged allegiance to Tsar Alexander I of Russia. In reciprocation, Alexander I guaranteed the preservation of Finland's established laws, liberties, and religious practices, thereby establishing the foundation for its autonomous status.
Identify the principal governmental body within the Grand Duchy of Finland that also served as the precursor to modern Finnish courts.
Answer: The Senate of Finland
Established in 1809, the Senate of Finland evolved into the paramount governmental organ of the Grand Duchy. It functioned as the antecedent to Finland's contemporary Government, Supreme Court, and Supreme Administrative Court, overseeing the internal administration of the autonomous state.
In which year was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland relocated from Turku to Helsinki?
Answer: 1812
The capital was relocated from Turku to Helsinki in 1812. This decision was influenced by Tsar Alexander I's strategic objectives to consolidate Finnish administration and was further prompted by the transfer of Finland's principal university to Helsinki following a fire in Turku.
Identify the territory, previously annexed by Russia from Sweden, that was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812.
Answer: Old Finland (Viipuri Province)
In 1812, the region referred to as Old Finland, previously annexed by Russia from Sweden in earlier conflicts, was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. This territory was formally designated as Viipuri Province.
Alexander II's reign (1855–1881) was characterized by economic decline and suppression of cultural activities in Finland.
Answer: False
Alexander II's reign (1855–1881) is recognized as a period of significant cultural, social, and intellectual progress in Finland, often referred to as an era of liberalization.
The reign of which Russian Tsar is described as a period of significant cultural, social, and intellectual progress in Finland?
Answer: Alexander II
Alexander II's reign (1855–1881) is recognized as a period of significant cultural, social, and intellectual progress in Finland, often referred to as an era of liberalization.
Finnish was elevated to be on par with Swedish and Russian in the Grand Duchy's administration in 1863.
Answer: True
Finnish achieved official parity with Swedish and Russian within the Grand Duchy in 1863, signifying a crucial advancement in its linguistic and cultural standing.
The Diet of Finland was reconvened in 1863 by Tsar Alexander II after a hiatus since its initial summoning in 1809.
Answer: True
The Diet of Finland, which had not convened since its initial summoning in 1809, was reconvened by Tsar Alexander II in 1863.
Finland established its own monetary system, the Finnish markka, and its own army during the 1860s.
Answer: True
During the 1860s, Finland established its own monetary system, the Finnish markka, and created its own army, thereby solidifying its autonomous status within the Russian Empire.
What landmark in Helsinki commemorates the reconvening of the Diet of Finland in 1863 by Tsar Alexander II?
Answer: The statue of Alexander II in Senate Square
The statue of Alexander II in Helsinki's Senate Square serves as a commemoration of his pivotal action in re-establishing the Diet of Finland in 1863, a significant event in the Grand Duchy's political trajectory.
What financial and military autonomy did Finland gain in the 1860s?
Answer: Establishment of its own currency and army.
During the 1860s, Finland established its own monetary system, the Finnish markka, and created its own army, thereby solidifying its autonomous status within the Russian Empire.
What notable language reform was enacted in Finland in 1863?
Answer: Finnish was elevated to be on par with Swedish and Russian in the Grand Duchy.
Finnish achieved official parity with Swedish and Russian within the Grand Duchy in 1863, signifying a crucial advancement in its linguistic and cultural standing.
Russification policies aimed to culturally and politically assimilate Finland into the Russian Empire, intensifying after 1898.
Answer: True
Russification policies were measures implemented by the Russian Empire to culturally, socially, economically, and politically assimilate Finland into Russia, with these policies intensifying after 1898.
The February Manifesto of 1899 declared Finnish law as the supreme law within the Grand Duchy, reinforcing its autonomy.
Answer: False
The February Manifesto, issued under Nicholas II, declared Russian law as the supreme law of the land, effectively curtailing Finland's autonomy and downgrading its status within the Russian Empire.
The Finnish population largely welcomed the Russification policies and the reduction of their autonomy.
Answer: False
The Finnish population reacted with increasing unrest and resistance to the Russification policies, rather than welcoming them.
Nikolay Bobrikov, as Governor-General, implemented policies such as mandatory military service for Finns in Russian units.
Answer: True
Nikolay Bobrikov, serving as Governor-General of Finland, enacted reactionary policies aimed at Russification, including the imposition of mandatory military service for Finnish conscripts within Russian military units.
The Finnish Army was dissolved in 1901 as a measure to strengthen Finland's military self-determination within the Empire.
Answer: False
The Finnish Army was dissolved in 1901 as a direct measure to undermine Finland's autonomy and military self-determination, not to strengthen it.
Governor-General Nikolay Bobrikov was assassinated in 1904 by Eugen Schauman in Helsinki.
Answer: True
Nikolay Bobrikov was assassinated by Eugen Schauman on June 16, 1904, in Helsinki, as an act of protest against Bobrikov's Russification policies.
What was the primary goal of the Russification policies implemented by the Russian Empire in Finland?
Answer: To culturally, socially, economically, and politically assimilate Finland into Russia.
The primary objective of the Russification policies was the comprehensive assimilation of Finland into the Russian Empire, encompassing its cultural, social, economic, and political spheres.
Which decree, issued under Nicholas II, declared Russian law as the supreme law of the land in Finland, curtailing its autonomy?
Answer: The February Manifesto
The February Manifesto, promulgated under Nicholas II, asserted the supremacy of Russian law within Finland, thereby significantly diminishing the Grand Duchy's autonomy.
How did the Finnish population generally react to the intensified Russification policies starting in the late 1890s?
Answer: With increasing unrest and resistance.
The Finnish populace responded to the escalating Russification policies with growing dissent and resistance, manifesting in various forms of opposition.
Who was Nikolay Bobrikov, and what was his role in Finland?
Answer: Governor-General of Finland implementing Russification policies.
Nikolay Bobrikov served as Governor-General of Finland from 1898, actively implementing policies aimed at Russification and the reduction of Finnish autonomy.
What significant event occurred on June 16, 1904, in Helsinki related to the Russification policies?
Answer: The assassination of Governor-General Nikolay Bobrikov.
On June 16, 1904, Governor-General Nikolay Bobrikov was assassinated in Helsinki by Eugen Schauman, a nationalist protesting Bobrikov's policies.
What was the economic consequence of the Russo-Finnish Tariff revisions implemented in 1885 and 1897?
Answer: They negatively affected Finland's industries and created economic difficulties.
The revisions to the Russo-Finnish Tariff in 1885 and 1897, motivated by objectives of economic uniformity, adversely impacted Finland's developing industries, leading to economic challenges. These adjustments were partly influenced by apprehension regarding Finland's commercial prosperity.
Describe the manner in which the Finnish team participated in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Answer: They marched behind the Russian team, identified by a sign reading 'Finland'.
During the 1912 Summer Olympics, the Finnish contingent marched behind the Russian team in the opening ceremony, identified by a placard bearing the inscription 'Finland'. In medal ceremonies, the Russian flag was displayed above a white-blue pennant inscribed with 'Finland'.
The official languages of the Grand Duchy of Finland were exclusively Finnish and Russian.
Answer: False
The official languages of the Grand Duchy of Finland were Finnish and Swedish. Russian gained co-official status from 1900 to 1917.
The Fennoman movement primarily aimed to promote the Swedish language and culture in Finland.
Answer: False
The Fennoman movement was a nationalistic endeavor focused on promoting the Finnish language and culture, aiming to strengthen Finnish national identity.
The publication of the Finnish epic *Kalevala* in 1835 significantly bolstered Finnish nationalism.
Answer: True
The publication of the Finnish epic *Kalevala* in 1835 was a landmark event that significantly bolstered Finnish nationalism and fostered a sense of national unity.
Which languages served as official languages in the Grand Duchy of Finland?
Answer: Finnish and Swedish only.
The official languages of the Grand Duchy of Finland were Finnish and Swedish. Russian gained co-official status from 1900 to 1917.
What was the official religion in the Grand Duchy of Finland until 1867?
Answer: Evangelical Lutheran Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Church held official status in the Grand Duchy of Finland until 1867, after which the Russian Orthodox Church also gained official status.
The Fennoman movement primarily aimed to promote which aspect of Finnish identity?
Answer: The Finnish language and culture.
The Fennoman movement was a nationalistic endeavor focused on promoting the Finnish language and culture, aiming to strengthen Finnish national identity.
What impact did the publication of the Finnish epic *Kalevala* in 1835 have?
Answer: It significantly bolstered Finnish nationalism and unity.
The publication of the Finnish epic *Kalevala* in 1835 was a landmark event that significantly bolstered Finnish nationalism and fostered a sense of national unity.
Which of the following was NOT an official language of the Grand Duchy of Finland during its existence?
Answer: German
The official languages of the Grand Duchy of Finland were Finnish and Swedish. Russian gained co-official status from 1900 to 1917, but German was never an official language.
By which organization was the blue cross flag, evocative of the modern Finnish flag, first utilized in 1861?
Answer: The yacht club Nyländska Jaktklubben
A blue cross flag, bearing resemblance to the contemporary Finnish flag, was initially employed by the yacht club Nyländska Jaktklubben in 1861. This ensign featured the coat of arms of Uusimaa in its upper quadrant.
Following the 1905 Russian Revolution, Finland reformed its constitution and established a parliament based on universal suffrage, granting women the right to vote.
Answer: True
In the aftermath of the 1905 Russian Revolution, Finland enacted significant constitutional reforms, establishing a unicameral parliament elected through universal suffrage, which included full voting rights for women.
The reformed Finnish parliament established after the 1905 Revolution was permanently dissolved by Tsar Nicholas II himself.
Answer: False
The reformed Finnish parliament was eventually disbanded by Pyotr Stolypin, Nicholas II's prime minister, in 1909, as part of efforts to curtail Finnish autonomy.
Finland declared its independence on December 6, 1917, following the collapse of the Russian Empire.
Answer: True
The collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 provided the context for Finland to declare its independence on December 6, 1917, marking the end of the Grand Duchy's era.
Who was responsible for disbanding the reformed Finnish parliament in 1909?
Answer: Pyotr Stolypin
The reformed Finnish parliament was disbanded by Pyotr Stolypin, Nicholas II's prime minister, in 1909, as part of efforts to curtail Finnish autonomy.
When did Finland declare its independence from the Russian Empire?
Answer: 1917
The collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 provided the context for Finland to declare its independence on December 6, 1917, marking the end of the Grand Duchy's era.
What major political reform did Finland undertake following the 1905 Russian Revolution?
Answer: Reform of the constitution and establishment of a parliament with universal suffrage.
In the aftermath of the 1905 Russian Revolution, Finland enacted significant constitutional reforms, establishing a unicameral parliament elected through universal suffrage, which included full voting rights for women.