Greek is classified as an independent Hellenic branch within the broader Indo-European language family, sharing a common ancestor with many European and Indian languages.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Greek is an Indo-European language, forming an independent Hellenic branch, and shares a common ancestor with other Indo-European languages.

The Greek language boasts the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, with written records spanning at least 3,400 years.

Answer: True

The source highlights that Greek possesses the longest documented history among Indo-European languages, with its written records extending over at least 3,400 years.

The earliest written evidence of Greek is a Linear B clay tablet from Messenia, dating between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language.

Answer: True

The source identifies the Linear B clay tablet from Messenia (1450-1350 BC) as the earliest written evidence of Greek, establishing it as the world's oldest recorded living language.

Proto-Greek's unity is believed to have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula during the Iron Age.

Answer: False

The source suggests that the unity of Proto-Greek concluded with the arrival of Hellenic migrants in the Greek peninsula during either the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, not specifically the Iron Age.

Ancient Macedonian is considered the ancient language most closely related to Greek, often suggested to be a distinct dialect of Greek itself.

Answer: True

The source identifies Ancient Macedonian as the ancient language most closely related to Greek, often considered a distinct dialect of Greek itself.

To which language family does Greek belong, and what is its specific branch?

Answer: It is an Indo-European language, forming an independent Hellenic branch.

The source classifies Greek as an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch.

What is a notable characteristic of the documented history of the Greek language?

Answer: It boasts the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, with records spanning at least 3,400 years.

The source highlights that the Greek language possesses the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, with written records spanning at least 3,400 years.

When did Greek first appear in the Balkan peninsula, according to historical estimates?

Answer: Around the 3rd millennium BC, possibly earlier.

Historical estimates suggest that Greek first appeared in the Balkan peninsula around the 3rd millennium BC, possibly even earlier.

Which ancient language is considered most closely related to Greek, often suggested to be a distinct dialect of Greek itself?

Answer: Ancient Macedonian

Ancient Macedonian is considered the ancient language most closely related to Greek, with many accounts suggesting it was a distinct dialect of Greek itself.

The Greek language is significant in Western history for being the original language of Homer's epics, foundational scientific and philosophical texts, and the New Testament.

Answer: True

The source emphasizes Greek's profound significance in Western history as the original language for Homeric epics, seminal scientific and philosophical works, and the New Testament.

During antiquity, Greek served as the most widely spoken lingua franca exclusively in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Answer: False

The source states that Greek served as the most widely spoken lingua franca *across the Mediterranean world* during antiquity, not exclusively in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Mycenaean Greek was recorded in the Linear A script on tablets from the 15th century BC onwards.

Answer: False

The source states that Mycenaean Greek was recorded in the Linear B script, not Linear A. Linear A is believed to encode a non-Greek language.

Ancient Greek remained the official language of the Byzantine world after falling out of use in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Ancient Greek, while falling out of use in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, continued as the official language of the Byzantine world.

Koine Greek emerged from the fusion of Doric and Aeolic dialects, becoming a lingua franca across the Eastern Mediterranean.

Answer: False

The source specifies that Koine Greek emerged from the fusion of Ionian and Attic dialects, not Doric and Aeolic dialects.

Koine Greek is significant for Christianity as it was the original language of the New Testament and the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament.

Answer: True

The source highlights Koine Greek's profound significance for Christianity as the original language of the New Testament and the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament.

The term 'Hellenism' first appeared during the period of Classical Greek to denote 'correct Greek.'

Answer: False

The source states that the term 'Hellenism' first appeared during the period of Koine Greek, not Classical Greek, to denote 'correct Greek.'

After the Roman conquest, Rome chose to impose Latin as the primary language throughout the entire Roman Empire, even in the eastern parts.

Answer: False

The source indicates that in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, Rome chose to communicate in Greek rather than imposing Latin, establishing an unofficial bilingualism.

Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, is the continuation of Koine Greek until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

Answer: True

The source defines Medieval Greek (Byzantine Greek) as the direct continuation of Koine Greek, persisting until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

Modern Greek usages can be traced back to the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century.

Answer: True

The source states that Modern Greek usages can be traced back to the Byzantine period, specifically as early as the 11th century, evolving from Medieval Greek.

Diglossia in Greek involved the coexistence of a vernacular form for everyday speech and a simplified written form for formal purposes.

Answer: False

The source defines diglossia in Greek as the coexistence of a vernacular form for everyday speech and an *archaising* written form for formal purposes, not necessarily a simplified one.

The conflict between Dimotiki and Katharevousa was resolved in 1976 when Katharevousa was declared the official language.

Answer: False

The source states that the conflict between Dimotiki and Katharevousa was resolved in 1976 when Dimotiki, having incorporated features of Katharevousa, was declared the official language, not Katharevousa.

Modern Greek speakers generally consider ancient Greek literary works as part of their own language, emphasizing the historical unity of Greek.

Answer: True

The source highlights that Modern Greek speakers perceive ancient Greek literary works as integral to their own language, underscoring the continuous historical unity of Greek.

Homeric Greek is considered closer to Demotic Greek than 12th-century Middle English is to modern spoken English.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Homeric Greek is considered closer to Demotic Greek than 12th-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, illustrating the relative stability of Greek over time.

What role did Greek play in the Mediterranean world during antiquity?

Answer: It served as the most widely spoken lingua franca, facilitating communication and trade.

The source describes Greek's role as the most widely spoken lingua franca across the Mediterranean world during antiquity, facilitating communication and trade.

What was Mycenaean Greek, and in what script was it recorded?

Answer: The language of the Mycenaean civilization, recorded in the Linear B script.

Mycenaean Greek was the language of the Mycenaean civilization, recorded in the Linear B script on tablets from the 15th century BC onwards.

How did Koine Greek, also known as Hellenistic Greek, initially spread?

Answer: By Alexander the Great's armies and Hellenistic colonization.

Koine Greek initially spread through Alexander the Great's armies and subsequent Hellenistic colonization, extending its influence across the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.

What was the significance of Koine Greek for Christianity?

Answer: It was the original language of the New Testament and the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament.

Koine Greek holds profound significance for Christianity as it was the original language of the New Testament and the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament.

What does the term 'Hellenism' denote in the context of Koine Greek?

Answer: A standard for 'correct Greek' as used by grammarians and Strabo.

In the context of Koine Greek, the term 'Hellenism' was used by grammarians and Strabo to denote a standard for 'correct Greek.'

What was the linguistic situation in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire after the conquest of Greece?

Answer: An unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established, with Rome communicating in Greek in the eastern parts.

After the Roman conquest, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the Roman Empire, with Rome choosing to communicate in Greek in its eastern provinces.

What characterized the linguistic continuum of Medieval Greek?

Answer: It encompassed a wide range of speech and writing styles, from vernacular to highly learned forms.

The linguistic continuum of Medieval Greek was characterized by a wide range of speech and writing styles, from vernacular forms to highly learned forms imitating classical Attic.

What was the 'Greek language question' in the modern era?

Answer: The coexistence of two distinct forms of Greek (diglossia) and which should be official.

The 'Greek language question' in the modern era referred to the diglossia, or coexistence, of two distinct forms of Greek—a vernacular and an archaising written form—and the debate over which should be official.

How do historical changes in Greek compare to those in English, according to the source?

Answer: Homeric Greek is considered closer to Demotic Greek than 12th-century Middle English is to modern spoken English.

The source suggests that historical changes in Greek have been relatively slight compared to English, noting that Homeric Greek is considered closer to Demotic Greek than 12th-century Middle English is to modern spoken English.

Modern Greek is an official language of Greece, Cyprus, and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Modern Greek holds official language status in Greece, Cyprus, and within the European Union.

As of 2012, Greek had at least 13.5 million native speakers, primarily in Greece, Cyprus, and the United States.

Answer: False

The source indicates that while Greek had at least 13.5 million native speakers as of 2012, they were primarily in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, and Turkey, as well as various diaspora countries, not specifically the United States as a primary location.

A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of Greek primarily due to historical trade agreements with Greece.

Answer: False

The source attributes the knowledge of Greek among a significant percentage of Albania's population to Albanian immigration to Greece in the 1980s and 1990s, and the presence of a Greek community in Albania, not primarily historical trade agreements.

After the Greco-Turkish War and population exchange in 1923, a very large population of Greek speakers remained in Turkey.

Answer: False

The source indicates that after the Greco-Turkish War and population exchange in 1923, *very few* Greek speakers remained in Turkey, contrary to the statement.

Greek is an official language in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Greek is indeed an official language in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

Greek is recognized as a minority language in Italy, Armenia, and Hungary, but not in Ukraine.

Answer: False

The source lists Ukraine as one of the countries where Greek is recognized as a minority language, alongside Italy, Armenia, and Hungary.

The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne protects Greek as a minority language in Turkey.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Greek is recognized and protected as a minority language in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

As of 2012, in which countries were the primary native speakers of Greek located?

Answer: Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, and Turkey.

As of 2012, the primary native speakers of Greek were located in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, and Turkey, as well as various diaspora countries.

What caused a significant percentage of Albania's population to have knowledge of the Greek language?

Answer: A wave of Albanian immigration to Greece in the 1980s and 1990s, and the presence of a Greek community in Albania.

A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of Greek due to a wave of Albanian immigration to Greece in the 1980s and 1990s, and the presence of a Greek community within Albania.

What happened to the large Greek-speaking population in Turkey after the Greco-Turkish War and population exchange in 1923?

Answer: Very few Greek speakers remained in Turkey.

After the Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 population exchange, very few Greek speakers remained in Turkey, significantly reducing the previously large population.

In which British Overseas Territory is Greek recognized as an official language?

Answer: Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Greek is recognized as an official language in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

Which treaty protects Greek as a minority language in Turkey?

Answer: The Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne protects Greek as a recognized minority language in Turkey.

Greek's syllabic structure allows for complex syllabic codas but has very restricted onsets.

Answer: False

The source describes Greek's syllabic structure as allowing for complex syllabic *onsets* but having very restricted *codas*, which is the opposite of the statement.

Major phonological changes in Greek during the Hellenistic and Roman periods included the replacement of pitch accent with stress accent and the simplification of vowels.

Answer: True

The source confirms that significant phonological changes during the Hellenistic and Roman periods included the shift from pitch accent to stress accent and the simplification of vowels and diphthongs.

A significant change in Greek nominal morphology since the classical stage was the increased usage of the dative case.

Answer: False

The source states that a major change in nominal morphology was the *disuse* of the dative case, with its functions largely taken over by the genitive case, not an increased usage.

The Greek verbal system has lost the infinitive and optative mood since the classical stage, with many functions now expressed periphrastically.

Answer: True

The source confirms that the Greek verbal system has lost the infinitive and optative mood since the classical stage, with many of these functions now expressed periphrastically.

In Greek, pronouns, nouns, articles, and adjectives all show distinctions in person, number, gender, and case.

Answer: False

The source clarifies that while pronouns show distinctions in person, number, gender, and case, nouns, articles, and adjectives show all these distinctions *except for person*.

Ancient Greek verbs had present, past, and future tenses, while Modern Greek has only past and non-past tenses.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Ancient Greek verbs had present, past, and future tenses, whereas Modern Greek has past and non-past tenses, with the future expressed periphrastically.

Ancient Greek syntax tended to be verb-final, whereas modern Greek's neutral word order is typically verb-subject-object (VSO) or subject-verb-object (SVO).

Answer: True

The source states that Ancient Greek syntax tended to be verb-final, while Modern Greek's neutral word order is typically verb-subject-object (VSO) or subject-verb-object (SVO).

What are the characteristics of Greek's syllabic structure?

Answer: It allows for complex syllabic onsets but has very restricted codas, featuring only oral vowels.

Greek's syllabic structure is characterized by complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas, featuring only oral vowels.

What major phonological change occurred in Greek during the Hellenistic and Roman periods regarding accent?

Answer: The replacement of the pitch accent with a stress accent.

During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, a major phonological change in Greek was the replacement of the pitch accent with a stress accent.

What significant change occurred in the nominal morphology of Greek since the classical stage?

Answer: The disuse of the dative case, with its functions taken over by the genitive case.

A significant change in the nominal morphology of Greek since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case, with its functions largely assumed by the genitive case.

Which parts of the verbal system were lost in Greek since the classical stage, and how are their functions now expressed?

Answer: The infinitive, future, perfect tenses, and optative mood, with functions now expressed periphrastically.

Since the classical stage, the Greek verbal system has lost the infinitive, the synthetically-formed future and perfect tenses, and the optative mood, with many of these functions now expressed periphrastically.

How do Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ in their verbal tense systems?

Answer: Ancient Greek had present, past, and future tenses, while Modern Greek has past and non-past tenses with periphrastic future.

Ancient Greek verbs featured present, past, and future tenses, while Modern Greek has past and non-past tenses, with the future expressed periphrastically.

What is a constant aspect of Greek syntax throughout its history?

Answer: Verbs agreeing only with their subject, and articles preceding nouns.

A constant aspect of Greek syntax throughout its history is that verbs agree only with their subject, and articles consistently precede nouns.

Greek roots have been extensively used to coin new words in other languages and remain a predominant source of international scientific vocabulary.

Answer: True

The source explicitly states that Greek roots have been widely used to form new words in other languages and continue to be a primary source for international scientific terminology.

Modern Greek vocabulary is primarily derived from Latin and Ottoman Turkish.

Answer: False

The source indicates that Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, an Indo-European language, with borrowings from pre-Greek populations, not primarily Latin and Ottoman Turkish.

Older loanwords into Greek typically retained their original inflections, while modern borrowings are usually inflected.

Answer: False

The source states that older loanwords into Greek typically *acquired* Greek inflections, while modern borrowings are usually *not* inflected, which is the opposite of the statement.

What are the primary sources of Modern Greek vocabulary?

Answer: Mostly Ancient Greek, with borrowings from pre-Greek populations.

Modern Greek vocabulary primarily derives from Ancient Greek, an Indo-European language, and includes borrowings from pre-Greek populations.

How did older loanwords in Greek typically differ from modern borrowings in terms of inflection?

Answer: Older loanwords acquired Greek inflections, while modern borrowings are usually not inflected.

Older loanwords in Greek typically acquired Greek inflections, integrating them into the language's grammatical system, whereas modern borrowings are usually not inflected.

For approximately the last 2,800 years, Linear B has been the primary writing system for the Greek language.

Answer: False

The source indicates that while Linear B was an early writing system, the Greek alphabet has been the primary system for approximately the last 2,800 years, not Linear B.

Linear B was deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s.

Answer: True

The source confirms that Linear B was deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick during the 1950s.

Linear A is a deciphered precursor to Linear B, encoding an early form of the Greek language.

Answer: False

The source states that Linear A is an *undeciphered* precursor to Linear B and is believed to encode a *non-Greek* language.

The Greek alphabet was created around the 9th century BC by modifying the Phoenician alphabet.

Answer: True

The source confirms that the Greek alphabet was created around the 9th century BC through modifications of the Phoenician alphabet.

Lowercase Greek letters were developed by medieval scribes to facilitate faster cursive writing.

Answer: True

The source states that lowercase Greek letters were indeed developed by medieval scribes to enable more rapid and convenient cursive writing.

The Greek alphabet consists of 26 letters, with sigma having a special form at the end of a word.

Answer: False

The source indicates that the Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, not 26, and confirms that sigma has an additional lowercase form specifically for word-final positions.

The monotonic orthography, adopted in Greece in 1982, uses only the acute accent and the diaeresis.

Answer: True

The source confirms that the monotonic orthography, adopted in Greece in 1982, is a simplified system that utilizes only the acute accent and the diaeresis.

In Greek, the question mark is written as an English question mark (?), and the colon/semicolon functions are performed by a raised point.

Answer: False

The source clarifies that in Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon (;), and the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (·).

*Scriptio continua*, or continuous writing without spaces, was a common practice in Ancient Greek texts.

Answer: True

The source confirms that *scriptio continua*, the practice of continuous writing without spaces, was indeed a common feature in Ancient Greek texts.

'Greeklish' refers to the practice of writing Greek in the Latin script, especially in online communications.

Answer: True

The source defines 'Greeklish' as the modern practice of writing the Greek language using the Latin script, particularly prevalent in online communications.

The Yevanic dialect of Greek was written using the Arabic Alphabet by Romaniote Jews.

Answer: False

The source states that the Yevanic dialect of Greek was written using the *Hebrew* Alphabet by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews, not the Arabic Alphabet.

'Greek Aljamiado' refers to the tradition of writing Cretan Greek and Epirote Greek in the Arabic alphabet by some Greek Muslims.

Answer: True

The source defines 'Greek Aljamiado' as the tradition of writing Cretan Greek and Epirote Greek in the Arabic alphabet by some Greek Muslims, and also by Arabic-speaking Byzantine-rite Christians.

Which writing systems were initially used for the Greek language before the Greek alphabet became primary?

Answer: Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary.

The source indicates that Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary were initially used for Greek before the Greek alphabet became its primary writing system.

When was the Greek alphabet created, and what was its key innovation?

Answer: Around the 9th century BC, by modifying the Phoenician alphabet and adopting letters for vowels.

The Greek alphabet was created around the 9th century BC through modifications of the Phoenician alphabet, with its key innovation being the adoption of letters to represent vowels.

What variant of the Greek alphabet is used today, and when were lowercase letters developed?

Answer: The late Ionic variant, with lowercase letters developed by medieval scribes.

The late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet is used today, and lowercase letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to facilitate faster cursive writing.

How many letters are in the Greek alphabet, and what special form does sigma have?

Answer: 24 letters, with sigma having an additional lowercase form for word-final positions.

The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, and the letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) specifically used at the end of a word.

What is the monotonic orthography, and when was it adopted in Greece?

Answer: A simplified system using only the acute accent and diaeresis, adopted in 1982.

The monotonic orthography is a simplified system using only the acute accent and diaeresis, adopted in Greece in 1982 for official purposes and education.

How does Greek punctuation differ from English regarding the question mark and colon/semicolon?

Answer: The Greek question mark is written as the English semicolon (;), and the colon/semicolon functions are performed by a raised point (·).

In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon (;), and the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (·).

Which Greek dialect was written using the Hebrew Alphabet, and by whom?

Answer: The Yevanic dialect of Greek by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews.

The Yevanic dialect of Greek was written using the Hebrew Alphabet by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews.

What is 'Greek Aljamiado,' and among which communities was it practiced?

Answer: The tradition of writing Cretan Greek and Epirote Greek in the Arabic alphabet by some Greek Muslims and Arabic-speaking Byzantine-rite Christians.

'Greek Aljamiado' refers to the tradition of writing Cretan Greek and Epirote Greek in the Arabic alphabet by some Greek Muslims and Arabic-speaking Byzantine-rite Christians.