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Total Categories: 7
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a conflict where Greek revolutionaries fought against the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: True
The Greek War of Independence was indeed a successful war waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire, spanning from 1821 to 1829.
The Ottoman Empire conquered all Greek territories, including the Ionian Islands, during the 15th century.
Answer: False
The Ottoman Empire conquered most Greek territories during the 15th century, but the Ionian Islands remained under Venetian or other foreign control until later periods.
Prior to the 1821 revolution, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule.
Answer: True
Throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule, various localized and sporadic uprisings occurred, demonstrating persistent resistance, though none achieved lasting independence before 1821.
Russo-Turkish Wars of the 18th century discouraged Greeks from seeking Russian aid for emancipation.
Answer: False
The Russo-Turkish Wars of the 18th century actually encouraged Greeks to consider seeking Russian aid for their emancipation, inspired by Russian actions and appeals.
The Greek Revolution led to the increased influence and privileged status of Phanariotes within the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: False
The revolution led to the decline of the Phanariotes' influence, as they were increasingly viewed with suspicion by the Ottoman authorities after the uprising.
The Ottoman Empire conquered most of Greece during which century?
Answer: 15th century
The major Ottoman conquests of Greek territories, including the fall of Constantinople in 1453, occurred during the 15th century.
How did the Greek Revolution impact the position of Phanariotes?
Answer: They lost their privileged status and were viewed with suspicion.
The revolution marked a decline for the Phanariotes, as their traditional roles within the Ottoman administration became untenable due to increased suspicion from Ottoman authorities.
The Greek Revolution began in 1821 and concluded in 1829.
Answer: True
The war commenced in 1821 and officially concluded with the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829, followed by further diplomatic resolutions.
The planned start date for the Greek uprising was March 25, 1821, coinciding with the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation.
Answer: True
March 25th, the Feast of the Annunciation, was designated as the symbolic start date for the revolution, although actual uprisings began earlier in some regions.
The Greek revolt was initiated earlier than planned because Ottoman authorities discovered the revolution's plans.
Answer: True
The discovery of revolutionary plans by Ottoman authorities necessitated an earlier commencement of hostilities than originally scheduled.
The first revolt of the Greek War of Independence began in the Peloponnese and was successful.
Answer: False
The first revolt began in the Danubian Principalities and was ultimately suppressed. The uprising in the Peloponnese began shortly thereafter.
The Maniots were the first Greek group to declare war on the Ottomans in the Peloponnese, doing so on March 17, 1821.
Answer: True
The inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula, known as the Maniots, were among the first to openly revolt in the Peloponnese, initiating hostilities on March 17, 1821.
In September 1821, Greek forces led by Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa, a key Ottoman stronghold in the Peloponnese.
Answer: True
Theodore Kolokotronis was instrumental in the capture of Tripolitsa in September 1821, a significant early victory for the revolutionaries.
Klephts and armatoloi were primarily administrative officials appointed by the Ottoman Sultan.
Answer: False
Klephts and armatoloi were essentially provincial militias and fighters, often operating semi-independently, who formed a significant part of the revolutionary forces.
Why did the Greek uprising begin earlier than the planned date of March 25, 1821?
Answer: The Ottoman authorities discovered the revolution's plans.
The premature discovery of the revolutionary network by Ottoman authorities compelled the Greeks to initiate the uprising earlier than the planned date to avoid immediate suppression.
Where did the first revolt of the Greek War of Independence take place?
Answer: Danubian Principalities
The initial outbreak of the revolution occurred in the Danubian Principalities (modern-day Romania) in February 1821, although this uprising was subsequently suppressed.
Who were the first Greek group to declare war on the Ottomans in the Peloponnese in March 1821?
Answer: Maniots
The Maniots, known for their fierce independence, were among the first in the Peloponnese to openly challenge Ottoman authority, initiating hostilities on March 17, 1821.
What significant Ottoman stronghold in the Peloponnese was captured by Greek forces led by Theodoros Kolokotronis in September 1821?
Answer: Tripolitsa
The capture of Tripolitsa, the administrative center of the Ottoman Morea (Peloponnese), by Kolokotronis' forces was a major strategic and symbolic victory for the revolutionaries.
The Greek navy's success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea was vital for preventing Ottoman reinforcements by sea.
Answer: True
Naval victories by the Greek fleet were crucial in disrupting Ottoman supply lines and preventing the arrival of reinforcements by sea, thereby aiding the land campaigns.
Internal conflicts among Greek factions led to two civil wars between 1823 and 1825, weakening the revolution.
Answer: True
The revolutionary period was marred by internal strife, including two civil wars between 1823 and 1825, which significantly hampered the Greek cause.
Ibrahim Pasha's arrival in Greece in February 1825 led to most of the Peloponnese falling under Egyptian control by year's end.
Answer: True
The intervention of Muhammad Ali's forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, proved highly effective, resulting in the subjugation of much of the Peloponnese by the end of 1825.
Cretan efforts to achieve liberation during the revolution were ultimately successful due to strong local leadership.
Answer: False
Despite significant resistance, Cretan efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, largely due to intervention by Egyptian forces.
Ottoman rulers in Cyprus reacted mildly to fears of uprising, arresting only a few minor figures.
Answer: False
Ottoman authorities in Cyprus reacted severely, arresting and executing prominent figures, including Archbishop Kyprianos, and carrying out massacres.
Fire ships were an effective weapon for the Greek navy, notably used to destroy the Ottoman flagship at Chios by Konstantinos Kanaris.
Answer: True
Fire ships proved highly effective against the Ottoman fleet, with Konstantinos Kanaris achieving significant success, including the destruction of the Ottoman flagship at Chios.
The Greek fleet, composed mainly of armed merchantmen, held a significant technological advantage over the Ottoman Navy.
Answer: False
While brave and innovative, the Greek fleet, largely composed of armed merchantmen, generally faced a technological disadvantage compared to the larger, purpose-built warships of the Ottoman Navy.
The Greek civil wars fragmented the revolutionary effort due to strong central leadership.
Answer: False
The civil wars fragmented the revolutionary effort primarily due to a lack of strong central leadership and intense factional rivalries.
The 'barbarisation project' alleged that Ibrahim Pasha planned to deport Greek Christians to Egypt as slaves.
Answer: True
The 'barbarisation project' was an alleged plan attributed to Ibrahim Pasha involving the deportation of Greek Christians to Egypt as slaves, which fueled European humanitarian concerns.
The Maniots surrendered to Ibrahim Pasha's ultimatum in 1826, ceasing their resistance.
Answer: False
The Maniots defiantly rejected Ibrahim Pasha's ultimatum and continued their resistance, successfully repelling attempts to invade their territory.
The fall of Missolonghi in 1826 was a devastating blow to the Greek Revolution and caused outrage in Europe.
Answer: True
The heroic but ultimately unsuccessful defense and subsequent fall of Missolonghi deeply affected the morale of the revolutionaries and generated significant sympathy and outrage in Europe.
Which of the following was a major internal conflict that weakened the Greek revolutionary effort?
Answer: Two consecutive civil wars between 1823 and 1825
The internal divisions within the Greek leadership manifested in two civil wars, which severely undermined the coordinated prosecution of the war effort.
What was the immediate impact of Ibrahim Pasha's arrival in the Peloponnese in February 1825?
Answer: He brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control.
Ibrahim Pasha's disciplined forces quickly gained control over large parts of the Peloponnese following their landing in 1825, posing a severe threat to the revolution.
What factor ultimately hindered the success of revolutionary efforts in Crete?
Answer: Intervention by Egyptian forces.
Despite significant uprisings and resistance, Cretan revolutionary efforts were ultimately suppressed due to the intervention of Egyptian forces sent by Muhammad Ali.
What was the significance of fire ships in the Greek navy's strategy?
Answer: They were effective against larger Ottoman warships, notably destroying the flagship at Chios.
Fire ships were a crucial tactical innovation employed by the Greek navy, proving highly effective against the larger Ottoman vessels and achieving notable successes like the destruction of the flagship at Chios.
What was the alleged plan of Ibrahim Pasha's 'barbarisation project'?
Answer: To deport Greek Christians to Egypt as slaves and replace them with Egyptian peasants.
The 'barbarisation project' referred to an alleged scheme by Ibrahim Pasha to depopulate the Peloponnese by enslaving its Christian inhabitants and resettling the region with Egyptians.
How did the Maniots respond to Ibrahim Pasha's ultimatum to surrender in 1826?
Answer: They defiantly rejected the ultimatum and prepared to fight.
The Maniots famously rejected Ibrahim Pasha's demand for surrender, demonstrating their unwavering resolve to resist Egyptian-Ottoman forces.
What was the consequence of the fall of Missolonghi in 1826 for the Greek cause?
Answer: It was a devastating blow that caused grief and outrage.
The fall of Missolonghi represented a significant setback and a moment of profound sorrow and anger, both within Greece and among its international sympathizers.
During the Greek War of Independence, the Ottoman Empire received military aid from the Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire.
Answer: False
The Ottoman Empire received aid primarily from its vassal, the Eyalet of Egypt. The Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire, along with Great Britain, eventually intervened on the side of the Greek revolutionaries.
The Great Powers—Russia, Britain, and France—decided to intervene in the Greek War of Independence in 1827.
Answer: True
In 1827, the major European powers formally agreed to intervene, leading to the decisive naval action at Navarino.
The Battle of Navarino in 1827 resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet by the allied naval forces of Britain, France, and Russia.
Answer: True
The combined fleets of Britain, France, and Russia decisively defeated and destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian naval forces at Navarino, marking a critical turning point.
European powers initially supported the Greek Revolution due to its potential to destabilize the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: False
Initially, European powers were hostile towards the Greek Revolution, fearing the destabilization of the Ottoman Empire and the broader European order (Concert of Europe).
The public execution of Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V in 1821, despite his condemnation of the revolt, caused outrage in Europe and increased support for the Greek rebels.
Answer: True
The execution of Patriarch Gregory V, even after he condemned the revolt, generated significant outrage across Europe and galvanized support for the Greek cause.
The Battle of Navarino in 1827 resulted in the complete annihilation of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet, with only a few ships escaping.
Answer: True
The naval engagement at Navarino led to the near-total destruction of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet, with minimal survivors.
The French expeditionary corps in 1828 successfully expelled Ibrahim Pasha's forces from the Peloponnese.
Answer: True
The French expeditionary force played a crucial role in compelling Ibrahim Pasha's forces to withdraw from the Peloponnese, facilitating the recapture of territory by Greek forces.
The Great Powers initially viewed the Greek Revolution with hostility, fearing the destabilizing effects on the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: True
Initially, the Great Powers prioritized stability within the existing European order and viewed the Greek uprising as a threat to the balance of power.
Which of the following was NOT an assisting European power for the Greek revolutionaries?
Answer: Austrian Empire
While Britain, France, and Russia intervened to support the Greek cause, the Austrian Empire maintained a policy of non-intervention, prioritizing the stability of the existing European order.
The Battle of Navarino in 1827 was a decisive victory for which coalition?
Answer: Britain, France, and Russia
The combined naval forces of Britain, France, and Russia achieved a resounding victory over the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino.
What was the initial reaction of European powers to the Greek Revolution?
Answer: Hostility and fear of destabilization.
The established European powers initially reacted with apprehension, viewing the revolution as a threat to the existing political order and the stability of the Ottoman Empire.
The Constantinople Massacre of 1821, involving the execution of Patriarch Gregory V, had what effect?
Answer: It caused outrage in Europe and increased support for the Greek rebels.
The brutal execution of the Patriarch, despite his condemnation of the revolt, shocked European opinion and galvanized support for the Greek cause among various nations.
Which battle resulted in the complete destruction of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet in 1827?
Answer: Battle of Navarino
The Battle of Navarino was a decisive naval engagement where the combined Allied fleet annihilated the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet.
What was the role of the French expeditionary corps in the Peloponnese in 1828?
Answer: To expel Egyptian forces and implement an armistice.
The French expeditionary force successfully compelled Ibrahim Pasha's troops to evacuate the Peloponnese, contributing significantly to the consolidation of Greek control.
The Greek War of Independence successfully led to the formation of modern Greece.
Answer: True
The war concluded with the successful establishment of an independent Greek state, recognized internationally.
The Treaty of Adrianople (1829) granted Greece autonomy within the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Adrianople recognized Greek autonomy, paving the way for eventual full independence through subsequent diplomatic agreements.
Greece was officially recognized as an independent state by the London Protocol of February 1830.
Answer: True
The London Protocol of 1830 formally recognized Greece as an independent sovereign state, solidifying the outcome of the revolution.
Prince Otto of Bavaria became the first king of Greece following negotiations in 1832.
Answer: True
Prince Otto was chosen as the first monarch of the independent Greek kingdom through international agreements finalized in 1832.
The Battle of Petra in September 1829 was the final major engagement, where Greek forces defeated the Ottomans, leading to the surrender of territory in Central Greece.
Answer: True
The Battle of Petra marked the conclusion of major hostilities, with Greek forces securing the surrender of Ottoman garrisons in Central Greece.
As a result of the war, Crete was ceded to Greece, becoming part of the new Greek state.
Answer: False
Crete was not ceded to Greece; instead, it was ceded to Egypt as part of the post-war arrangements, remaining under Ottoman suzerainty.
The success of the Greek Revolution did not influence other nationalist movements in the Balkans.
Answer: False
The success of the Greek Revolution served as a significant inspiration and model for other nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving independence.
The total casualties for the Greek War of Independence are estimated to be around 50,000.
Answer: False
Estimates suggest that the total casualties for the Greek War of Independence exceeded 240,000.
The Greek Revolution's success legitimized the concept of small nation-states in Europe.
Answer: True
The establishment of an independent Greece provided a precedent and inspiration for nationalist movements seeking self-determination and the formation of their own nation-states.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) concerning Greece?
Answer: It granted Greece autonomy within the Ottoman Empire.
The Treaty of Adrianople compelled the Ottoman Empire to recognize Greek autonomy, a crucial step towards full independence.
Which protocol officially recognized Greece as an independent state?
Answer: London Protocol of 1830
The London Protocol, signed in February 1830 by the Great Powers, formally acknowledged Greece as an independent and sovereign state.
Who was established as the first king of Greece through negotiations finalized in 1832?
Answer: Prince Otto of Bavaria
Prince Otto of Bavaria was selected and installed as the first King of Greece following international negotiations and agreements concluded in 1832.
The Battle of Petra in September 1829 is significant because it:
Answer: Was the final major engagement, concluding the conflict in Central Greece.
The Battle of Petra represented the last significant military engagement of the war, resulting in the surrender of Ottoman forces in Central Greece and effectively ending hostilities.
Which territory was ceded to Egypt as a result of the war?
Answer: Crete
As part of the post-war settlements, Crete was ceded to Egypt, remaining under Ottoman suzerainty but administered by Muhammad Ali's government.
How did the Greek Revolution influence other nationalist movements in the Balkans?
Answer: It served as an inspiration, demonstrating that independence was achievable.
The successful establishment of an independent Greece provided a powerful example and encouragement for other subjugated peoples in the Balkans to pursue their own nationalist aspirations.
What was the estimated total casualty figure for the Greek War of Independence?
Answer: Over 240,000
The human cost of the Greek War of Independence was immense, with estimates placing the total casualties at over 240,000.
The Filiki Eteria was a secret organization founded in 1814 in Odessa with the goal of liberating Greece from Ottoman rule.
Answer: True
Founded in 1814 in Odessa, the Filiki Eteria was a secret society dedicated to achieving Greek independence from Ottoman rule, though its ultimate objective was the revival of the Byzantine Empire.
The primary objective of the Filiki Eteria, founded in 1814, was the establishment of a modern, democratic Greek nation-state.
Answer: False
While the Filiki Eteria aimed for liberation, its ultimate goal was the revival of the Byzantine Empire, not necessarily a modern democratic state.
Rigas Feraios, inspired by the French Revolution, aimed to create a Balkan Republic for all liberated Balkan nations.
Answer: True
Rigas Feraios envisioned a unified republic encompassing various Balkan peoples, inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.
Rigas Feraios and his associates were executed by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1798.
Answer: False
Rigas Feraios and his associates were arrested by Austrian officials, handed over to Ottoman authorities, and executed in Belgrade by the Ottomans in 1798.
Adamantios Korais advocated for improved Greek education and envisioned a democratic Greece.
Answer: True
Adamantios Korais was a prominent intellectual who championed educational reform and promoted the idea of a democratic Greek state.
Emmanouil Pappas coordinated revolutionary activities in Macedonia and was a member of the Filiki Eteria.
Answer: True
Emmanouil Pappas, a member of the Filiki Eteria, played a key role in organizing and coordinating revolutionary efforts in Macedonia.
Frank Abney Hastings introduced steamships, a new technology, to the Greek Navy.
Answer: True
Frank Abney Hastings was instrumental in introducing steamships to the Greek Navy, marking a significant technological advancement in naval warfare.
What was the primary objective of the Filiki Eteria, founded in 1814?
Answer: To liberate Greece from Ottoman rule.
The Filiki Eteria's fundamental goal was to organize and initiate a widespread uprising to achieve Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.
What was Rigas Feraios' vision for the Balkan region?
Answer: To create a unified Balkan Republic encompassing all liberated nations.
Rigas Feraios advocated for a federal republic that would unite diverse Balkan peoples, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the French Revolution.
What happened to Rigas Feraios and his co-conspirators in 1798?
Answer: They were arrested by Austrians, handed to Ottomans, and executed in Belgrade.
Rigas Feraios and his associates were apprehended by Austrian authorities, transferred to Ottoman control, and subsequently executed in Belgrade in 1798.
What technological innovation did Frank Abney Hastings introduce to the Greek Navy?
Answer: Steamships
Frank Abney Hastings championed the adoption of steamships, a novel technology at the time, for naval operations.
Greek intellectuals and humanists primarily focused on military strategies during the revolution.
Answer: False
Greek intellectuals and humanists primarily focused on advocating for liberation through education, disseminating writings, and fostering national identity, rather than direct military strategy.
The 'Megali Idea' aimed to liberate and unify all Greek-speaking populations into a single state.
Answer: True
The 'Megali Idea' (Great Idea) was a potent nationalistic aspiration focused on uniting all Greek populations and territories into an expanded Greek state.
What became the national motto of Greece as a result of the revolution?
Answer: Eleftheria i thanatos
The revolutionary slogan 'Eleftheria i thanatos' (Freedom or Death) became deeply ingrained and is recognized as Greece's national motto.
How did Greek intellectuals and humanists contribute to the national movement?
Answer: By advocating for liberation through education and dissemination of writings.
Intellectuals played a vital role by promoting education, disseminating nationalist ideas through publications, and fostering a sense of shared identity crucial for the movement.
What nationalistic concept, aiming to unite Greek-speaking populations, influenced Greek foreign policy after the revolution?
Answer: The Great Idea (Megali Idea)
The 'Megali Idea' became a driving force in Greek foreign policy, articulating the aspiration to incorporate all Greek-speaking territories into the modern Greek state.