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Total Categories: 6
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) exclusively measures the market value of all goods and services, including those produced by citizens abroad.
Answer: False
GDP is a measure of economic activity within a specific territory. It includes production by foreign entities within the country but excludes production by domestic entities abroad, which is captured by Gross National Income (GNI).
Simon Kuznets developed the modern concept of GDP in the early 20th century and advocated for its use as the sole measure of national welfare.
Answer: False
Simon Kuznets developed the modern GDP concept in 1934 but cautioned against using it as the sole measure of national welfare, recognizing its limitations.
World War II significantly contributed to the political acceptance and widespread adoption of GDP as a key economic indicator.
Answer: True
The role of GDP in managing and measuring the economy during World War II was crucial for its subsequent political acceptance and widespread adoption as a primary economic indicator.
The System of National Accounts (SNA) is a framework for measuring national economic activity, with SNA2008 being the current international standard.
Answer: True
The System of National Accounts (SNA) provides the international standard for compiling national accounts, including GDP. SNA2008 is the current version of this framework.
The 'Maddison Project' provides historical estimates of GDP, extending back thousands of years for some nations.
Answer: True
The Maddison Project compiles historical data on GDP for countries worldwide, providing estimates that extend back thousands of years for some nations.
What is the fundamental definition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
Answer: A monetary measure of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as a monetary measure representing the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's geographical borders during a specific time period. It serves as a principal indicator of a nation's economic activity.
What role did Simon Kuznets play in the history of GDP?
Answer: He developed the modern GDP concept in 1934 but warned against its misuse.
Simon Kuznets developed the foundational concepts for modern GDP measurement in 1934. However, he also cautioned that national income statistics should not be used as the sole measure of national welfare, highlighting their limitations.
How does GDP account for the value of goods and services produced?
Answer: By only counting the market value of final goods and services.
GDP accounts for the value of goods and services produced by measuring the market value of final goods and services. This approach avoids double-counting by excluding intermediate goods, which are used in the production of other goods and services.
According to the source, national statistical agencies are typically responsible for measuring GDP because:
Answer: They have access to necessary government and production data.
National statistical agencies are typically responsible for measuring GDP because they possess the requisite access to comprehensive government and production data, which is essential for accurate and complete economic accounting.
The expenditure approach calculates GDP by summing the incomes earned by factors of production within the economy.
Answer: False
The expenditure approach sums total spending on final goods and services (C+I+G+NX). Summing incomes earned by factors of production is characteristic of the income approach.
The production approach to GDP calculation sums the value added at each stage of production.
Answer: True
The production approach, also known as the value added approach, calculates GDP by summing the value added at each stage of production across all industries.
The income approach sums primary incomes distributed by resident producer units, including wages, profits, interest, and rent.
Answer: True
The income approach calculates GDP by summing the primary incomes earned by factors of production within the economy, such as wages, profits, interest, and rent, distributed by resident producer units.
How does the income approach calculate GDP?
Answer: By summing the primary incomes distributed by resident producer units.
The income approach calculates GDP by summing the primary incomes earned by factors of production within the economy, such as wages, profits, interest, and rent, distributed by resident producer units.
What adjustment is needed to convert Net Domestic Income at Factor Cost to GDP?
Answer: Add depreciation and add indirect taxes minus subsidies.
To convert Net Domestic Income at Factor Cost to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), one must add depreciation (to move from net to gross) and add indirect taxes less subsidies (to move from factor cost to market prices).
The production approach to GDP calculation is also known as the:
Answer: Value added approach
The production approach to calculating GDP is also commonly referred to as the value added approach, as it sums the value added at each stage of production across all industries.
Which of the following is NOT included in the calculation of GDP using the production approach?
Answer: Taxes on products.
The production approach calculates GDP by summing the Gross Value Added (GVA) across all economic activities. While taxes on products are added and subsidies on products are subtracted to reconcile GVA with GDP at market prices, they are considered adjustments rather than direct components of the GVA summation itself.
GDP includes the value of financial investments, such as the purchase of stocks and bonds, as it represents economic activity.
Answer: False
Financial investments like stocks and bonds are not directly included in GDP calculations, as GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced, not the transfer of existing assets.
Government transfer payments, like social security benefits, are included in the 'G' component of the GDP expenditure formula.
Answer: False
Government transfer payments are not included in 'G' (Government Spending) for GDP calculations. 'G' represents government purchases of goods and services, not income redistribution.
Intermediate goods are directly included in GDP calculations to ensure all economic activity is captured.
Answer: False
Intermediate goods are excluded from GDP calculations to avoid double-counting. Only final goods and services are included, as their value incorporates the value of intermediate goods used in their production.
Gross Value Added (GVA) is calculated by summing the gross value of output without subtracting intermediate consumption.
Answer: False
Gross Value Added (GVA) is calculated by subtracting the value of intermediate consumption from the gross value of output.
Consumption ('C') in the GDP expenditure formula includes all private household expenditures, including the purchase of new housing.
Answer: False
Consumption (C) in the GDP expenditure formula includes private household spending on final goods and services, but excludes the purchase of new housing, which is classified under investment.
Exports are subtracted in the GDP expenditure formula because they represent domestic production consumed abroad.
Answer: False
Exports (X) are added to the GDP expenditure formula as they represent domestic production consumed by foreign entities. Imports (M) are subtracted to exclude foreign production.
GDP at factor cost includes indirect taxes on production and imports.
Answer: False
GDP at factor cost represents the cost of production factors. GDP at producer prices (or market prices) is derived by adding indirect taxes on products and subtracting subsidies on products from GDP at factor cost.
An increase in business inventories is treated as a reduction in investment within GDP calculations.
Answer: False
An increase in business inventories is treated as an addition to investment in GDP calculations, representing unsold output produced during the period.
Which of the following is NOT a primary component of GDP according to the expenditure approach?
Answer: Gross National Income (GNI)
The expenditure approach to GDP calculation comprises Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government Spending (G), and Net Exports (X-M). Gross National Income (GNI) is a related but distinct measure.
Which of the following best describes 'Consumption' (C) in the GDP expenditure formula?
Answer: Private spending by households on final goods and services, excluding new housing.
'Consumption' (C) in the GDP expenditure formula represents private spending by households on final goods and services. It includes expenditures on durable goods, non-durable goods, and services, but notably excludes the purchase of new housing, which is classified under investment.
What does 'Investment' (I) in the GDP expenditure formula specifically include?
Answer: Spending on capital goods, new housing construction, and changes in inventories.
'Investment' (I) in the GDP expenditure formula encompasses spending on new capital goods (machinery, equipment), new residential construction (including new housing), and changes in business inventories. It does not include financial investments.
Why are imports subtracted in the GDP expenditure formula (Y = C + I + G + (X - M))?
Answer: To avoid counting goods produced in other countries as part of domestic production.
Imports (M) are subtracted in the GDP expenditure formula to ensure that only domestic production is measured. Since imported goods may be included in consumption (C), investment (I), or government spending (G), their subtraction prevents the inclusion of foreign output in the calculation of domestic GDP.
Which of the following is included in 'G' (Government Spending) for GDP calculations?
Answer: Salaries of public school teachers and military personnel.
'G' (Government Spending) in GDP calculations includes government expenditures on goods and services, such as the salaries of public employees (e.g., teachers, military personnel) and purchases of defense equipment. It excludes transfer payments.
What does Gross Value Added (GVA) represent in GDP accounting?
Answer: The value of output minus the cost of intermediate consumption for a specific economic activity.
Gross Value Added (GVA) represents the contribution to GDP made by a particular sector or industry. It is calculated as the value of output minus the cost of intermediate consumption.
What is the main difference between GDP and GNI (Gross National Income)?
Answer: GDP measures production within borders; GNI measures production by citizens/businesses abroad.
The primary distinction between GDP and GNI lies in their scope: GDP measures economic activity within a country's geographical borders, while GNI measures the income earned by a country's residents and businesses, regardless of where the production occurs.
Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for changes in the price level, using prices from the current year.
Answer: False
Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for changes in the price level by utilizing prices from a base year, not the current year, to reflect changes in the volume of production.
The GDP deflator is used to adjust nominal GDP for inflation and includes changes in prices for all domestically produced goods and services.
Answer: True
The GDP deflator is a price index that measures the average price level of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy, and it is used to convert nominal GDP to real GDP.
GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country's total population by its GDP.
Answer: False
GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country's total GDP by its total population, not the other way around.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) adjustments are used to compare GDP figures based on current market exchange rates.
Answer: False
PPP adjustments are used to compare GDP figures by accounting for differences in the cost of living and relative prices between countries, rather than solely relying on current market exchange rates.
What is the key difference between nominal GDP and real GDP?
Answer: Nominal GDP uses current prices, while real GDP adjusts for inflation using base year prices.
Nominal GDP is calculated using current prices, reflecting both changes in quantity and price level. Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for inflation or deflation by using prices from a base year, thereby measuring changes in the volume of production.
How is GDP per capita calculated?
Answer: Total GDP / Total Population
GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country's total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by its total population. This metric provides an average economic output per person.
What is the purpose of adjusting GDP using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?
Answer: To reflect the actual volume of goods and services that can be purchased in different countries.
Adjusting GDP using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) aims to provide a more accurate comparison of living standards across countries by accounting for differences in the cost of living and the relative prices of goods and services. It helps to understand the actual purchasing power of income in different economies.
What does the GDP deflator measure?
Answer: Changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services.
The GDP deflator is a price index that measures the average level of prices for all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. It is used to convert nominal GDP into real GDP.
GDP calculation includes the value of unpaid household labor and volunteer work because they contribute to societal well-being.
Answer: False
Unpaid household labor and volunteer work are generally excluded from GDP calculations because they are not transacted in formal markets, despite their contribution to societal well-being.
The 'GDP paradox' highlights how activities detrimental to the environment can sometimes increase GDP.
Answer: True
The 'GDP paradox' refers to the situation where activities harmful to the environment or societal well-being can paradoxically increase GDP, highlighting a conflict between economic growth metrics and sustainability.
Robert F. Kennedy argued that GDP effectively measures the health of children and the quality of education.
Answer: False
Robert F. Kennedy argued that GDP fails to measure crucial aspects of well-being, such as the health of children and the quality of education, while including expenditures on negative societal issues.
The 'GDP-B' proposal aims to measure the benefits derived from new and free goods, especially in the digital economy.
Answer: True
The 'GDP-B' proposal seeks to account for the value of new and free goods, particularly those in the digital economy, by measuring the benefits or welfare derived from them.
The 'digital economy' poses challenges for GDP measurement because its activities are primarily captured by traditional market transactions.
Answer: False
The digital economy challenges GDP measurement because many of its goods and services have zero monetary price, making them difficult to capture through traditional market transaction-based accounting.
The primary purpose of GDP is to provide a comprehensive measure of a nation's overall well-being and quality of life.
Answer: False
While GDP is a key indicator of economic activity, its primary purpose is not to measure overall well-being or quality of life, as it omits many social and environmental factors.
Which of the following is a major criticism of using GDP as a measure of societal well-being?
Answer: It does not account for income distribution, environmental degradation, or unpaid work.
A significant criticism of GDP is its failure to capture crucial aspects of societal well-being, such as income inequality, the value of unpaid labor (e.g., household work), and the impact of environmental degradation. It focuses primarily on market transactions.
Why is GDP often criticized for not accurately reflecting a country's development or standard of living?
Answer: It can be misleading due to factors like jobless growth or environmental damage.
GDP is criticized for not accurately reflecting development or standard of living because it can be misleading. For instance, GDP growth may occur without job creation ('jobless growth'), or it may increase due to activities that harm the environment, without accounting for the long-term costs.
According to the source, what is a key characteristic of the 'digital economy' that challenges GDP measurement?
Answer: Its goods and services often have zero monetary price (e.g., free online content).
A key challenge posed by the digital economy to GDP measurement is that many of its goods and services, such as online information or social media platforms, are provided at zero monetary price. Traditional GDP accounting, which relies on market prices, struggles to capture the value of these non-market offerings.
Robert F. Kennedy used examples like 'locks for doors' and 'jails' to illustrate what criticism of GDP?
Answer: GDP counts expenditures that result from negative events or social problems.
Robert F. Kennedy used examples like 'locks for doors' and 'jails' to illustrate that GDP includes expenditures on goods and services that arise from societal problems or negative events, rather than solely reflecting improvements in well-being or positive economic activity.
The concept of 'jobless growth' implies that:
Answer: GDP is growing, but employment levels are stagnant or falling.
The concept of 'jobless growth' signifies a situation where a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is increasing, yet the number of jobs or employment levels remains stagnant or declines. This indicates that economic expansion is not translating into increased employment opportunities.
The 'GDP paradox' suggests a potential conflict between:
Answer: Economic growth and environmental sustainability.
The 'GDP paradox' highlights a potential conflict where activities that increase GDP, such as resource extraction or pollution-generating production, may simultaneously harm environmental sustainability. This raises questions about the long-term viability of growth measured solely by GDP.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure that solely focuses on a country's Gross National Income per capita.
Answer: False
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure that includes life expectancy, education levels, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, not solely GNI per capita.
The 'capability approach' focuses on measuring the monetary value of goods and services produced within a country.
Answer: False
The 'capability approach' emphasizes individuals' freedoms and opportunities to achieve valued functionings (like health or education), rather than solely measuring the monetary value of goods and services produced.
Gross National Happiness (GNH), originating from Bhutan, is a framework that prioritizes economic output above all other development indicators.
Answer: False
Gross National Happiness (GNH), originating from Bhutan, is a holistic framework that prioritizes overall well-being, encompassing multiple dimensions beyond economic output.
Which alternative measure aims to capture broader aspects of well-being beyond economic output, originating from Bhutan?
Answer: Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Gross National Happiness (GNH), originating from Bhutan, is an alternative framework designed to measure socioeconomic development based on holistic well-being, encompassing multiple dimensions beyond mere economic output.
What does the 'capability approach' emphasize in assessing development?
Answer: Individuals' freedoms and opportunities to achieve valued functionings.
The 'capability approach' emphasizes assessing development by focusing on individuals' freedoms and opportunities to achieve valued 'functionings,' such as being healthy, educated, or participating in community life, rather than solely on economic output or income.