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Total Categories: 7
The ancient city of Hamaxitus was situated in the northern Troad region of Anatolia.
Answer: False
The ancient city of Hamaxitus was situated in the southwestern part of the Troad region of Anatolia, marking the boundary between the Troad and Aeolis regions.
The territory encompassing Hamaxitus was designated as Hamaxitia and encompassed the Satnioeis River.
Answer: True
The territory surrounding Hamaxitus was known as Hamaxitia, which included significant sites such as the temple of Apollo Smintheus, the salt pans at Tragasai, and the Satnioeis River.
The salt pans at Tragasai were located within the territory of Hamaxitia.
Answer: True
The salt pans at Tragasai were situated within the geographical and administrative territory known as Hamaxitia.
What geographical feature marked the boundary associated with Hamaxitus?
Answer: The boundary between the Troad and Aeolis regions
Hamaxitus was strategically located on the boundary separating the Troad region from the Aeolis region.
Which of the following was NOT part of the territory known as Hamaxitia?
Answer: The city of Alexandria Troas
Alexandria Troas was a later city formed through synoecism, distinct from the original territory of Hamaxitia which included the temple of Apollo Smintheus, the Satnioeis river, and the salt pans at Tragasai.
Where has the modern site of ancient Hamaxitus been identified?
Answer: On a rise called Besiktepe near Gülpınar
The archaeological site of ancient Hamaxitus has been identified at Beşiktepe, situated near the modern village of Gülpınar in Turkey.
The significance of Hamaxitus' location on the boundary between Troad and Aeolis regions conferred several significant implications, including:
Answer: Influencing its dialect, interactions, and regional identity.
Hamaxitus' position on the boundary between the Troad and Aeolis regions significantly influenced its dialect, its diplomatic and commercial interactions with neighboring polities, and its regional identity.
The Attic Greek orthography for Hamaxitus preserved the initial 'h' sound, contrasting with the Aeolic dialect.
Answer: True
The Attic Greek orthography for Hamaxitus, evident in Athenian tribute lists, retained the initial 'h' sound (eta) and employed the digraph -chs-, reflecting Attic dialectal features. This contrasted with the Aeolic dialect, which had undergone psilosis, losing the initial /h/ sound.
The nomenclature of Hamaxitus originates from the ancient Greek term 'hamaxa', signifying 'wagon'.
Answer: True
The nomenclature of Hamaxitus originates from the ancient Greek term 'hamaxa' (wagon), with the adjective 'hamaxitos' denoting a 'high-road' or route suitable for wheeled transport, indicating its location on a significant thoroughfare.
Ancient Greek speakers perceived the origin of the epithet 'Sminthos' as unequivocally Greek.
Answer: False
Ancient Greek speakers found the origin of the epithet 'Sminthos' problematic, as its etymology was not readily identifiable as Greek, leading to speculation about Pelasgian or Mysian linguistic roots.
Philological analysis suggests that the consonant cluster '-nth-' within 'Sminthos' is of non-Greek provenance.
Answer: True
Philological investigation posits that the consonant cluster '-nth-' in 'Sminthos' is of non-Greek origin, with Luwian being a proposed source language, indicating a potential borrowing into Greek.
How did the Attic Greek spelling of Hamaxitus differ from its likely original pronunciation, according to the source?
Answer: Attic retained the initial 'h' sound (eta) and used '-chs-', reflecting Attic dialectal features.
The Attic Greek spelling of Hamaxitus featured an initial 'h' (eta) and the digraph -chs-, characteristic of Attic dialectal features, which differed from the Aeolic dialect where the initial /h/ sound was absent (psilosis).
The etymology of the name Hamaxitus relates to which concept?
Answer: A route suitable for wagons or wheeled transport
The name Hamaxitus derives from 'hamaxa' (wagon), indicating a location on or near a significant route for wheeled transport, hence 'high-road' or 'carriage-road'.
What was the linguistic puzzle regarding the epithet 'Sminthos' for ancient Greek speakers?
Answer: Its origin was not recognized as Greek, leading to speculation about foreign sources.
The epithet 'Sminthos' presented a linguistic puzzle for ancient Greek speakers because its origin was not readily identifiable as Greek, prompting theories of foreign linguistic roots.
Which language is proposed by philologists as a possible origin for the '-nth-' cluster in 'Sminthos'?
Answer: Luwian
Philologists propose Luwian as a potential source language for the '-nth-' cluster found in the epithet 'Sminthos', suggesting a non-Greek origin.
Hamaxitus is definitively confirmed to have been founded as a Spartan colony.
Answer: False
While Hamaxitus is believed to have been settled by Mytilenean colonists, potentially in the 8th or 7th centuries BC, definitive confirmation of a Spartan foundation is lacking.
Foundation myths for Hamaxitus were primarily linked to the nearby sanctuary of Apollo Smintheus.
Answer: True
All foundation myths concerning Hamaxitus in Classical Antiquity were linked to the nearby temple of Apollo Smintheus, often serving to explain the god's epithet, 'Sminthos'.
Callinus, a 7th-century BC poet, explained 'Sminthos' as meaning 'mouse' based on a founding myth involving Cretan colonists and mice.
Answer: True
Callinus, an early 7th-century BC poet, recounted a tradition wherein 'Sminthos' was interpreted as 'mouse', linked to a founding myth involving Cretan colonists and mice consuming their equipment.
The definitive confirmation of Hamaxitus' initial settlement by Mytilenean colonists in the 8th century BC remains unsubstantiated by current archaeological evidence.
Answer: False
While Hamaxitus is believed to have been settled by Mytilenean colonists, potentially in the 8th or 7th centuries BC, definitive confirmation is lacking due to insufficient excavation.
According to the source, what was the likely origin or founding group of Hamaxitus?
Answer: An Aeolian colony
Hamaxitus is considered to have likely originated as an Aeolian colony, suggesting settlement by people from the Aeolis region.
In what context does Hamaxitus first appear in written historical records?
Answer: In the Athenian tribute lists of 425/4 BC
Hamaxitus is first documented in written historical records within the Athenian tribute lists dating to 425/4 BC.
What myths associated with Hamaxitus' foundation were primarily connected to which deity and epithet?
Answer: Apollo Smintheus
The foundation myths of Hamaxitus were predominantly linked to the deity Apollo and his epithet 'Smintheus'.
According to Callinus' tradition, how did mice lead to the founding of Hamaxitus?
Answer: Mice ate the leather straps of the Cretan colonists' equipment, signaling a place to settle.
Callinus' tradition relates that mice consumed the leather straps of Cretan colonists' equipment, which was interpreted as a divine sign to establish their settlement at that location, leading to the founding of Hamaxitus.
The epithet 'Smintheus' is invoked in Homer's Iliad by the priest Chryses in the context of seeking divine intervention.
Answer: True
The epithet 'Smintheu' is used by Chryses, a priest of Apollo, in the opening of Homer's Iliad. Chryses invokes Apollo Smintheu to send a plague against the Greeks after Agamemnon seizes his daughter, Chryseis.
Strabo observed that the association of divine epithets with the mitigation of plagues caused by small animals constituted a recurring motif within Greek sanctuaries.
Answer: True
Strabo observed that the practice of linking divine epithets to the resolution of plagues, particularly those involving small animals, was a prevalent theme across various Greek sanctuaries.
The extensive remains of the Hellenistic temple of Apollo Smintheus are located near the modern village of Gülpınar.
Answer: True
The substantial archaeological remains of the Hellenistic temple dedicated to Apollo Smintheus are situated on the northern periphery of the contemporary village of Gülpınar.
In Homer's Iliad, the epithet 'Smintheus' is invoked by whom and in what context?
Answer: Chryses, a priest of Apollo, to seek vengeance via plague
In Homer's Iliad, Chryses, a priest of Apollo, invokes Apollo Smintheus to inflict a plague upon the Greek army as retribution for the seizure of his daughter.
What did Strabo observe about the explanations of divine epithets related to animal plagues?
Answer: It was a common theme in Greek sanctuaries, often involving plagues of small animals.
Strabo noted that the practice of explaining divine epithets through a god's role in averting plagues, particularly those caused by small animals, was a recurring motif found in numerous Greek sanctuaries.
Hamaxitus' primary source of wealth was derived from its agricultural output.
Answer: False
Hamaxitus derived significant wealth not primarily from agriculture, but from the productive salt pans at Tragasai and its advantageous harbor facilitating trade.
The discovery of Chian and Thasian wine amphorae provides evidence of Hamaxitus' participation in Aegean maritime commerce.
Answer: True
The discovery of Chian and Thasian wine amphorae from the 4th century BC at Beşiktepe, alongside an inscription honoring a merchant, indicates Hamaxitus' active engagement in Aegean trade networks.
During the Hellenistic period, how did the prominence of the cult of Apollo Smintheus contribute to Hamaxitus' prosperity?
Answer: True
During the Hellenistic period, the growing popularity of the cult of Apollo Smintheus attracted numerous pilgrims who utilized Hamaxitus' convenient port, thereby stimulating the city's commerce and prosperity.
The salt pans at Tragasai were of considerable economic significance, evidenced by King Lysimachus's attempt to impose taxes upon them.
Answer: True
The salt pans at Tragasai were economically significant, as demonstrated by King Lysimachus's attempt to tax them and Hamaxitus' subsequent successful lobbying for tax exemption, highlighting their substantial contribution to the city's wealth.
The city of Hamaxitus possessed a significant harbor that contributed to its prosperity.
Answer: True
Hamaxitus benefited from a significant harbor which played a crucial role in its economic prosperity by facilitating trade and serving pilgrims.
What economic activities contributed significantly to Hamaxitus' wealth?
Answer: Salt production from the pans at Tragasai and trade via its harbor
Hamaxitus derived significant wealth from the productive salt pans at Tragasai and the commercial activities facilitated by its advantageous harbor.
Evidence of Hamaxitus' participation in Aegean trade includes finds of:
Answer: Chian and Thasian wine amphorae
Archaeological finds at Hamaxitus, specifically Chian and Thasian wine amphorae from the 4th century BC, indicate the city's involvement in Aegean trade networks.
How did the cult of Apollo Smintheus benefit Hamaxitus during the Hellenistic period?
Answer: It attracted pilgrims who used the city's port, boosting commerce.
During the Hellenistic period, the growing popularity of the cult of Apollo Smintheus attracted numerous pilgrims who utilized Hamaxitus' convenient port, thereby stimulating the city's commerce and prosperity.
What indicates the continued economic importance of the salt pans at Tragasai even after synoecism?
Answer: King Lysimachus's attempt to tax them.
King Lysimachus' attempt to tax the salt pans at Tragasai between 301-281 BC demonstrates their ongoing profitability and economic significance, even after the synoecism of Hamaxitus.
The economic yield from the salt pans at Tragasai was substantial enough to:
Answer: Allow Hamaxitus to pay a relatively high tribute to the Delian League.
The substantial economic yield from the salt pans at Tragasai contributed significantly to Hamaxitus' wealth, influencing its tribute assessment to the Delian League.
Following the synoecism of Hamaxitus, the minting of coinage featuring Apollo Smintheus ceased abruptly.
Answer: False
Contrary to the assertion, coinage depicting Apollo Smintheus did not cease immediately after Hamaxitus' synoecism; it continued to be minted by Alexandreia Troas until the reign of Emperor Gallienus, indicating the cult's enduring importance.
Following the Mytilenean revolt, Athens granted Hamaxitus to Mytilene.
Answer: False
Following the Mytilenean revolt in 427 BC, Athens transferred control of Hamaxitus and other 'Actaean cities' in the Troad away from Mytilene.
Hamaxitus was forcibly incorporated into the Persian Empire in 399 BC, but its subsequent period of Persian control was brief.
Answer: True
Hamaxitus was forcibly incorporated into the Persian Empire in 399 BC, but it was liberated by the Spartan commander Dercylidas in 398 BC, indicating a brief period of Persian control.
Scholarly opinion is divided regarding the timing of Hamaxitus' synoecism with Antigoneia Troas; recent research suggests it occurred later than the city's foundation around 310 BC, possibly between 188 and 171 BC.
Answer: True
Scholarly opinion is divided regarding the timing of Hamaxitus' synoecism with Antigoneia Troas; recent research suggests it occurred later than the city's foundation around 310 BC, possibly between 188 and 171 BC.
The continued reference to Hamaxitus' port in later itineraries suggests its persistence as a functional site, rather than indicating a decline of the settlement itself.
Answer: False
The continued mention of the Smintheum and its port in Roman and early medieval itineraries suggests that the port likely remained in use for pilgrims, even if the settlement of Hamaxitus itself experienced a decline.
After Hamaxitus was synoecized, the depiction of Apollo Smintheus continued on the coinage of which city?
Answer: Alexandreia Troas
Following the synoecism of Hamaxitus into Alexandreia Troas, the depiction of Apollo Smintheus persisted on the coinage issued by Alexandreia Troas.
What happened to Hamaxitus in 399 BC according to the source?
Answer: It was forcibly incorporated into the Persian Empire.
In 399 BC, Hamaxitus experienced a period of forced incorporation into the Persian Empire.
What do the Roman and early medieval itineraries suggest about the site of Hamaxitus?
Answer: The port likely remained in use for pilgrims visiting the Smintheum.
Roman and early medieval itineraries suggest that the port associated with Hamaxitus likely continued to function for pilgrims visiting the Smintheum, even if the settlement itself declined.
In the context of ancient Greek city-states, what is the precise meaning of the term 'synoecism'?
Answer: The merger of several smaller settlements into a single city-state.
Synoecism denotes the process by which multiple smaller settlements or communities are integrated into a single, unified city-state, often consolidating political and administrative authority.
Which statement most accurately characterizes the political trajectory of Hamaxitus subsequent to 399 BC?
Answer: It regained freedom shortly after being incorporated into the Persian Empire.
Following its forced incorporation into the Persian Empire in 399 BC, Hamaxitus regained its freedom in 398 BC under the command of the Spartan Dercylidas.
Archaeological findings supporting the etymological derivation of the name include remnants of an ancient roadway originating from the city's location.
Answer: True
The etymological derivation of the name Hamaxitus is substantiated by the discovery of remnants of an ancient roadway extending from the city's site, indicating its position along a significant thoroughfare.
Coins minted by Hamaxitus in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC featured the god Apollo Smintheus.
Answer: True
Coinage minted by Hamaxitus during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC prominently featured the image of Apollo Smintheus, underscoring the cult's significance to the city's identity.
A specific bronze coin originating from Hamaxitus displays Apollo on the obverse and a representation of the city's fortifications on the reverse.
Answer: False
A specific bronze coin from Hamaxitus features Apollo on the obverse and a lyre on the reverse, reflecting the city's devotion to Apollo and its political identity, rather than city walls.
What physical evidence supports the etymological meaning of the name Hamaxitus?
Answer: Remains of an ancient road leading from the city site
The etymological meaning of Hamaxitus as relating to a 'high-road' is supported by the identification of remnants of an ancient roadway originating from the city's location.
What imagery appeared on coins minted by Hamaxitus in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC?
Answer: Apollo Smintheus and a lyre
Coins minted by Hamaxitus in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC typically featured Apollo Smintheus on the obverse and a lyre, a symbol associated with Apollo, on the reverse.
A specific bronze coin from Hamaxitus described in the source features Apollo on the obverse and what on the reverse?
Answer: A lyre
A specific bronze coin from Hamaxitus features Apollo on the obverse and a lyre on the reverse, symbolizing the city's connection to the god.
What key aspects of the city's identity are primarily conveyed by the coinage of Hamaxitus, which features Apollo and a lyre?
Answer: Its strong religious devotion to Apollo and its political identity.
The coinage of Hamaxitus, depicting Apollo and a lyre, primarily signifies the city's profound religious devotion to Apollo and asserts its political identity and autonomy through the inscription 'AMAXI'.