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Harry Heinz Schwarz, a German-Jewish refugee, was born in South Africa and received his early education in Germany.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz was born in Cologne, Germany, and arrived in South Africa as a refugee in 1934, where he received his education.
Harry Schwarz's formative experiences of childhood poverty and discrimination significantly influenced his political philosophy, leading him to emphasize social justice and the rule of law.
Answer: True
His early experiences, including childhood poverty and discrimination, profoundly shaped Harry Schwarz's political philosophy, which centered on social justice and the rule of law.
Harry Schwarz served as a defense barrister in the Rivonia Trial, successfully defending Jimmy Kantor, and notably refused any payment for his services.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz notably refused payment for his services as a defense barrister for Jimmy Kantor in the Rivonia Trial, rather than accepting a nominal fee.
Harry Schwarz obtained an LLB from the University of the Witwatersrand and was admitted as a solicitor in 1949.
Answer: True
Harry Schwarz earned an LLB from the University of the Witwatersrand and was admitted as a solicitor in 1949, as part of his legal career.
In which year did Harry Schwarz arrive in South Africa as a German-Jewish refugee?
Answer: 1934
Harry Schwarz arrived in South Africa as a German-Jewish refugee in 1934, fleeing Nazi Germany with his family.
Which university in Johannesburg did Harry Schwarz attend, where he formed friendships with future anti-apartheid activists Nelson Mandela and Joe Slovo?
Answer: University of the Witwatersrand
Harry Schwarz attended the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, where he befriended Nelson Mandela and Joe Slovo.
What was Harry Schwarz's specific role during the Rivonia Trial in 1964?
Answer: He was a defense barrister for Jimmy Kantor, who was acquitted.
In the Rivonia Trial, Harry Schwarz served as a defense barrister for his close friend, Jimmy Kantor, who was ultimately acquitted.
In the context of Harry Schwarz and the Rivonia Trial, who was Jimmy Kantor?
Answer: Accused No. 8, a close friend whom Schwarz successfully defended.
Jimmy Kantor was Accused No. 8 in the Rivonia Trial and a close friend whom Harry Schwarz successfully defended as a barrister.
During World War II, what was Harry Schwarz's role within the South African Air Force?
Answer: Navigator
Harry Schwarz served as a navigator in 15 Squadron of the South African Air Force during World War II.
Harry Schwarz's initial elected political office was as a Member of Parliament for Yeoville.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz's first elected political office was to the Johannesburg City Council in 1951, not as a Member of Parliament for Yeoville.
The 'Act of Dedication,' proposed by Harry Schwarz in 1973, was unanimously adopted by the United Party Transvaal caucus but was prevented from being debated in the Provincial Council and Parliament by the National Party.
Answer: False
While the United Party Transvaal caucus unanimously adopted the 'Act of Dedication,' the National Party prevented it from being debated in the council and parliament.
The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, a five-point plan for racial peace, was agreed upon by Harry Schwarz and Mangosuthu Buthelezi in 1974.
Answer: True
The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, a five-point plan for racial peace, was indeed agreed upon by Harry Schwarz and Mangosuthu Buthelezi on January 4, 1974.
The Mahlabatini Declaration represented the first agreement between acknowledged black and white leaders in South Africa to affirm principles of racial peace and non-violent political change.
Answer: True
The Mahlabatini Declaration was historically significant as the first agreement between acknowledged black and white leaders in South Africa to affirm principles of racial peace and non-violent political change.
Harry Schwarz's expulsion from the United Party in 1975 was primarily a consequence of his strong support for the party's conservative 'Old Guard.'
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz was expelled from the United Party due to his liberal positions and clashes with the conservative 'Old Guard,' not because of support for them.
The Torch Commando, co-founded by Harry Schwarz, was a movement primarily dedicated to supporting the National Party's policies during the 1950s.
Answer: False
The Torch Commando, co-founded by Harry Schwarz, was an ex-soldiers' movement that protested against the disenfranchisement of coloured people, not in support of the National Party.
Harry Schwarz opted to remain within the United Party in 1959, intending to reform it from within, even as other liberals departed to establish the Progressive Party.
Answer: True
Harry Schwarz chose to remain in the United Party in 1959, believing he could influence its direction towards a more aggressive opposition to apartheid from within.
In what year was Harry Schwarz first elected to the Johannesburg City Council?
Answer: 1951
Harry Schwarz was first elected to the Johannesburg City Council in 1951, marking the beginning of his political career.
During his tenure on the Johannesburg City Council, what was the principal focus of Harry Schwarz's endeavors?
Answer: Challenging forced evictions of black and coloured people
While on the Johannesburg City Council, Harry Schwarz primarily focused on challenging the forced evictions of black and coloured people and improving housing and education conditions.
Which document did Harry Schwarz present to the Transvaal Provincial Council in 1973, advocating for a non-discriminatory society?
Answer: The Act of Dedication
In 1973, Harry Schwarz presented the 'Act of Dedication' to the Transvaal Provincial Council, calling for a non-discriminatory society.
Who was the Chief Executive Councillor of the KwaZulu homeland who co-signed the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith alongside Harry Schwarz?
Answer: Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Chief Executive Councillor of the KwaZulu homeland, co-signed the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith with Harry Schwarz.
What was the immediate repercussion for Harry Schwarz within the United Party following the Mahlabatini Declaration?
Answer: He was expelled from the party the following year.
The Mahlabatini Declaration provoked an angry response from the United Party's 'Old Guard,' leading to Harry Schwarz's expulsion the following year.
Which statement did Harry Schwarz utter in Parliament in February 1975, precipitating his expulsion from the United Party?
Answer: I am my brother's keeper.
Harry Schwarz's public declaration, 'I am my brother's keeper,' in Parliament in February 1975, led to his expulsion from the United Party.
What was the stated purpose of the Torch Commando, co-founded by Harry Schwarz in the 1950s?
Answer: To protest against the disenfranchisement of coloured people.
The Torch Commando, co-founded by Harry Schwarz, was an ex-soldiers' movement established to protest against the disenfranchisement of coloured people.
What specific role did Harry Schwarz hold in the Transvaal Provincial Council from 1963 to 1974?
Answer: Leader of the Opposition
From 1963 to 1974, Harry Schwarz served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Transvaal Provincial Council.
Beyond Mangosuthu Buthelezi, which other chief ministers of black homelands endorsed the Mahlabatini Declaration?
Answer: Cedric Phatudi, Lucas Mangope, Hudson Nisanwisi
The Mahlabatini Declaration was endorsed by chief ministers including Cedric Phatudi, Lucas Mangope, and Hudson Nisanwisi, in addition to Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
Following his expulsion from the United Party, Harry Schwarz promptly established the Reform Party, which subsequently merged to form the Progressive Federal Party.
Answer: True
After his expulsion, Harry Schwarz immediately launched the Reform Party, which then merged with the Progressive Party to form the Progressive Reform Party, later becoming the Progressive Federal Party.
Harry Schwarz earned the moniker 'Harry the Hawk' due to his aggressive stance against military spending and his advocacy for immediate, radical political change.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz was known as 'Harry the Hawk' for his strong support for military defense and insistence on law and order, despite his liberal political leanings, not for opposing military spending or advocating radical change.
Harry Schwarz's Bill of Rights proposal in 1983 garnered widespread support from all major parties within the South African Parliament.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz's Bill of Rights proposal in 1983 was supported by virtually all Progressive Federal Party MPs but was rejected by other major parties, including the Conservative and National Parties.
The principles championed by Harry Schwarz for a Bill of Rights were ultimately integrated into the constitution of the new democratic South Africa.
Answer: True
Despite initial parliamentary rejection, the principles Harry Schwarz advocated for a Bill of Rights were indeed incorporated into the 1996 constitution of the new democratic South Africa.
The primary disagreements between Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman originated from their divergent views on racial policy within the Progressive Federal Party.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman's disagreements were not over racial policy but primarily concerned Schwarz's 'hawkish' support for the South African Defence Force.
Harry Schwarz advocated for a unitary system of government for post-apartheid South Africa, believing it would effectively consolidate power.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz supported a federal system of government for post-apartheid South Africa, similar to the United States, to protect the rights of both minorities and the majority.
Colin Eglin was elected as the leader of the Progressive Reform Party following its merger in 1975.
Answer: True
After the merger of the Reform Party and the Progressive Party in July 1975, Colin Eglin was elected as the leader of the newly formed Progressive Reform Party.
Harry Schwarz served as the Shadow Minister of Defence for the Progressive Federal Party from 1984 to 1991.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz served as Shadow Minister of Defence from 1977 to 1984, not from 1984 to 1991.
Which two political parties merged in July 1975 to establish the Progressive Reform Party?
Answer: Reform Party and Progressive Party
The Reform Party, launched by Harry Schwarz, merged with the Progressive Party in July 1975 to form the Progressive Reform Party.
Which significant scandal of 1979 did Harry Schwarz play a pivotal role in exposing?
Answer: The Muldergate Scandal
Harry Schwarz played a key role in exposing the Muldergate Scandal of 1979, which led to the resignation of Prime Minister B. J. Vorster.
What was Harry Schwarz's position regarding press restrictions, such as those imposed by the National Key Points Act of 1980?
Answer: He argued that press freedom was a 'precious treasure' and vital for defense.
Harry Schwarz strongly opposed press restrictions, arguing that press freedom was a 'precious treasure' and a vital weapon for South Africa's defense.
In which year did Harry Schwarz submit the inaugural motion to Parliament advocating for a Bill of Rights to be integrated into South Africa's new constitution?
Answer: 1983
Harry Schwarz submitted the first motion to Parliament calling for a Bill of Rights in August 1983.
What was the reason for Harry Schwarz being nicknamed 'Harry the Hawk' within the Progressive Federal Party?
Answer: For his strong support for military defense and insistence on law and order.
Harry Schwarz was nicknamed 'Harry the Hawk' due to his strong support for military defense and his insistence on maintaining law and order.
What constituted the primary point of contention in the parliamentary clashes between Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman?
Answer: Schwarz's 'hawkish' support for the South African Defence Force.
The primary point of contention between Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman was Schwarz's 'hawkish' support for the South African Defence Force, not their racial policy views.
Which system of government did Harry Schwarz advocate for post-apartheid South Africa, drawing parallels to the United States?
Answer: A federal system of government
Harry Schwarz supported a federal system of government for post-apartheid South Africa, similar to that of the United States.
Upon its launch by Harry Schwarz, what constituted the core principle of the Reform Party's charter?
Answer: Calling for universal franchise and equality for all people.
The Reform Party's charter, launched by Harry Schwarz, primarily called for universal franchise and equality for all people in South Africa.
Harry Schwarz served as the South African Ambassador to the United States from 1995 to 1999, following the nation's transition to majority rule.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz served as Ambassador to the United States from 1991 to November 1994, concluding his tenure shortly after Nelson Mandela's state visit.
Harry Schwarz's appointment as South African Ambassador to the United States was notable as he was the first serving politician from the parliamentary opposition to hold such a senior ambassadorial position.
Answer: True
Harry Schwarz's appointment was historically significant as he was the first serving politician from the parliamentary opposition to be appointed to a senior ambassadorial post in South African history.
Harry Schwarz accepted the ambassadorial post to the United States without imposing any conditions, eager to serve the new government.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz accepted the ambassadorial appointment on the condition that the National Party would not attempt to take his parliamentary seat in Yeoville.
As Ambassador to the United States, Harry Schwarz played a crucial role in securing a $600 million aid package from President Bill Clinton for South Africa.
Answer: True
Among his key diplomatic achievements, Harry Schwarz was instrumental in securing a $600 million aid package from President Bill Clinton for South Africa.
Harry Schwarz concluded his tenure as Ambassador to the United States in early 1994, prior to Nelson Mandela's state visit.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz concluded his tenure in November 1994, after agreeing to President Nelson Mandela's request to remain in the post until after Mandela's state visit in October of that year.
Which of the following represents one of Harry Schwarz's significant diplomatic achievements as Ambassador to the United States?
Answer: Negotiating the lifting of US sanctions against South Africa.
Among his key diplomatic achievements, Harry Schwarz successfully negotiated the lifting of US sanctions against South Africa.
In which month and year did Harry Schwarz conclude his term as South African Ambassador to the United States?
Answer: November 1994
Harry Schwarz concluded his tenure as South African Ambassador to the United States in November 1994.
Harry Schwarz was granted immediate access to visit Nelson Mandela on Robben Island following the Rivonia Trial.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz was initially refused access to Nelson Mandela on Robben Island and was only granted visits after 1988, when Mandela was transferred to Victor Verster Prison.
Harry Schwarz's economic philosophy for the Democratic Party was encapsulated by the phrase: 'Economic prosperity is the sole measure of true liberty.'
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz's economic philosophy was summarized by the phrase: 'Freedom is incomplete if it is exercised in poverty,' emphasizing that economic well-being is essential for true liberty.
Harry Schwarz contended that Judaism was fundamentally antithetical to segregation, underscoring the necessity of a democratic society for all.
Answer: True
Harry Schwarz explicitly argued that Judaism was fundamentally opposed to segregation, emphasizing the need for a democratic society for all.
Harry Schwarz's friendship with Nelson Mandela led to the isolation of the Jewish community in South Africa following the unbanning of the ANC.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz's lifelong friendship with Nelson Mandela helped prevent the Jewish community from feeling isolated after the unbanning of the ANC and Mandela's election.
Harry Schwarz was highly supportive of the Democratic Party's merger with the New National Party in 2000, viewing it as a strategic political maneuver.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz was highly critical of the Democratic Party's merger with the New National Party in 2000, stating they should have allied with black political groups instead.
President Jacob Zuma paid tribute to Harry Schwarz in his State of the Nation address, recognizing his significant role in South Africa's democratic transition.
Answer: True
President Jacob Zuma paid tribute to Harry Schwarz in his State of the Nation address, acknowledging his crucial role in the country's democratic transition.
Harry Schwarz confronted Eugène Terre'Blanche in 1987 by publicly endorsing the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging's racial policies.
Answer: False
Harry Schwarz confronted Eugène Terre'Blanche in 1987 by challenging his organization's racial policy towards non-Afrikaans and non-Christian citizens, not by endorsing it.
Annette Louise Schwarz, Harry's wife, was primarily recognized for her work as a politician and served alongside him in Parliament.
Answer: False
Annette Louise Schwarz was a trade unionist, artist, and humanitarian who ran Harry's election campaigns and co-established a charity trust, but she did not serve as a politician in Parliament.
The hall at Sir John Adamson Secondary School was named in honor of Harry Schwarz because he was a prominent alumnus of the institution.
Answer: False
The hall at Sir John Adamson Secondary School was named after Harry Schwarz because he served as the first chairperson of the school's governing body, not because he was an alumnus.
In his final public speech in 2009, Harry Schwarz reiterated his conviction that economic well-being is fundamental for true liberty.
Answer: True
In his final public speech in 2009, Harry Schwarz reiterated his philosophy that 'freedom is incomplete if it is exercised in poverty,' underscoring the importance of economic well-being for liberty.
What was Harry Heinz Schwarz's principal political role in South Africa prior to his appointment as an ambassador?
Answer: Long-standing leader of the political opposition against apartheid
Before becoming an ambassador, Harry Schwarz was a long-standing leader of the political opposition against apartheid, a role that defined much of his career.
What was Harry Schwarz's economic philosophy, often encapsulated in a distinctive phrase he employed?
Answer: Freedom is incomplete if it is exercised in poverty.
Harry Schwarz's economic philosophy was encapsulated by the phrase: 'Freedom is incomplete if it is exercised in poverty,' emphasizing the link between economic well-being and liberty.
What was Harry Schwarz's central argument concerning Judaism and apartheid?
Answer: Judaism was fundamentally opposed to segregation.
Harry Schwarz argued that Judaism was fundamentally opposed to segregation, emphasizing the need for a democratic society for all.
What was the impact of Harry Schwarz's lifelong friendship with Nelson Mandela on the Jewish community in South Africa?
Answer: It helped ensure Jews did not feel isolated after the ANC's unbanning and Mandela's election.
Harry Schwarz's friendship with Nelson Mandela helped prevent the Jewish community from feeling isolated after the unbanning of the ANC and Mandela's election.
What was Harry Schwarz's perspective on the Democratic Party's merger with the New National Party in 2000?
Answer: He was highly critical, stating they should have allied with black political groups.
Harry Schwarz was highly critical of the Democratic Party's merger with the New National Party, suggesting an alliance with black political groups would have been preferable.
In 1987, Harry Schwarz confronted Eugène Terre'Blanche, leader of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, regarding which specific issue?
Answer: His organization's racial policy towards non-Afrikaans and non-Christian citizens.
Harry Schwarz confronted Eugène Terre'Blanche over his organization's racial policy towards non-Afrikaans and non-Christian citizens of South Africa.
What was the designation of the charity trust established by Harry Schwarz and his wife upon his return from Washington?
Answer: The Schwarz Upliftment Trust
Upon returning to South Africa after his ambassadorship, Harry Schwarz and his wife established the Schwarz Upliftment Trust.
What was Annette Louise Schwarz's principal role in Harry Schwarz's election campaigns?
Answer: She served as his campaign manager and ran all his campaigns.
Annette Louise Schwarz, Harry's wife, ran all of his election campaigns.
Which of the subsequent awards did Harry Schwarz receive in 1988?
Answer: The Order for Meritorious Service (Gold)
In 1988, Harry Schwarz received the Order for Meritorious Service (Gold).
Which of the following positions was NOT held by Harry Schwarz during his distinguished career?
Answer: Prime Minister of South Africa
Harry Schwarz held many significant roles, including Shadow Minister of Finance, Ambassador to the United States, and Leader of the Opposition in the Transvaal Provincial Council, but he was never Prime Minister of South Africa.
What is the name of the school hall that was dedicated in honor of Harry Schwarz?
Answer: Sir John Adamson Secondary School Hall
The hall at Sir John Adamson Secondary School was named after Harry Schwarz, recognizing his service as the school's first governing body chairperson.